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In this paper, we studied resource allocation in a dynamic multiplexing scenario of two 5G services, namely, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultrareliable low-latency communication (URLLC). Considering that eMBB services focus on high data rates while URLLC is very strict in terms of latency and reliability, we formulate a joint eMBB/URLLC resource allocation problem. To solve the formulated problem, in particular, we propose a joint resource allocation algorithm that can satisfy both eMBB user rate and URLLC interrupt probability requirements. We propose an RB allocation scheme that takes into account the needs of eMBB and URLLC users. The program consists of two phases as follows: (1) establish an RB allocation for eMBB users and (2) assign the minislot for URLLC users and calculate the transmission power of URLLC users that ensures the reliability constraint. We also realize and verify the algorithm through the simulation.

Hierarchical layered double hydroxide (HLDH) was synthesized by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a soft-template agent for the removal of two charged organic dyes (i.e. methylene blue (MB; cationic dye) and methyl orange (MO; anionic dye)). The experimental results based on response surface methodology (RSM) demonstrated distinct removal behaviours of HLDH towards these two dyes: (1) the maximum capacity was 416.7 mg g–1 for MO and 58.7 mg g–1 for MB at 25°C; (2) the increase in temperature could enhance MO removal significantly, whereas it had a negligible effect on the MB treatment process; and (3) rapid removal of MB (5 min) compared to MO (480 min) was observed. In addition, the removal process for both dyes was pH-independent. Multiple characterization techniques further revealed the removal mechanisms, demonstrating that SDS played a significant role in the removal of both dyes; that is, MO replaced SDS to be intercalated into the HLDH interlayer via anion exchange. MB could influence the –SO3 group of SDS, resulting in it modifying the electrodensity of SDS. It could then be further combined with an SDS anion (DS–) via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions to form DS-MB monolayers. This work not only provides an efficient capture agent for charged dyes, but also offers a deep insight into the underlying removal mechanism.

Activation of dopamine (DA) neurons is essential for the transition from sleep to wakefulness and maintenance of awakening, and sufficient to accelerate the emergence from general anesthesia in animals. Dopamine receptors (DR) are involve in arousal mediation. In the present study, we showed that the olfactory tubercle (OT) was active during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia, local injection of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) agonist chloro-APB (1 mg/mL) and D2 receptor (D2R) agonist quinpirole (1 mg/mL) into OT enhanced behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia, while D1R antagonist SCH-23390 (1 mg/mL) and D2R antagonist raclopride (2.5 mg/mL) prolonged recovery time. Optogenetic activation of DAergic terminals in OT also promoted behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia. However, neither D1R/D2R agonists nor D1R/D2R antagonists microinjection had influences on the induction of isoflurane anesthesia. Optogenetic stimulation on DAergic terminals in OT also had no impact on the anesthesia induction. Our results indicated that DA signals in OT accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, the induction of general anesthesia, different from the emergence process, was not mediated by the OT DAergic pathways.

The Ganjiang River, one of eight major tributaries of the Yangtze River, located in the western hinterland of the Cathaysia Block, SE China, has a length of 823 km and a drainage area of 82 809 km2, whose detrital zircons provide a valuable means to trace sediment provenances of the river and explore the crustal growth and evolution of the Cathaysia Block. In the current study, 389 concordia zircon U–Pb age spots and rare earth element (REE) contents, in combination with 201 Lu–Hf isotope analyses, have been determined. Oscillatory zoning, high Th/U ratios and REE distribution patterns indicate that most detrital zircon grains are of magmatic origin. The age can be further divided into seven groups: 130–185 Ma with a peak at 153 Ma (7 %); 217–379 Ma with a peak at 224 Ma (16 %); 390–494 Ma with a peak at 424 Ma (37 %); 500–698 Ma with a peak at 624 Ma (5 %); 716–897 Ma with a peak at 812 Ma (10 %); 902–1191 Ma with a peak at 976 Ma (13 %); and 2232–2614 Ma with a peak at 2471 Ma (5 %). The sources of almost all the zircon age groups can be found from the exposed rocks. In particular, Yanshanian, Hercynian to Indosinian, Pan-African, Grenvillian and Palaeoproterozoic–Archaean zircons can be mainly sourced from the northern Guangdong – southern Jiangxi – western Fujian region, while Caledonian zircons come from southern and central Jiangxi, and Jinningian zircons are from central and northern Jiangxi. Most determined zircon grains exhibit negative εHf(t) values and TDM2 ages of 797 to 4016 Ma with a wide peak at 1500–2100 Ma and a keen peak at 1824 Ma, suggesting that most zircons are sourced from the reworked ancient crustal materials or crust–mantle mixing. The zircon Hf model age cumulative probability diagram shows that rapid crustal growth took place at the Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic and that about 90 % of the crust of the Cathaysia Block was formed before 1.5 Ga.

Heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in unrelated individuals, is an important measure of the genetic contribution to human diseases and plays a critical role in studying the genetic architecture of human diseases. Linear mixed model (LMM) has been widely used for SNP heritability estimation, where variance component parameters are commonly estimated by using a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. REML is an iterative optimization algorithm, which is computationally intensive when applied to large-scale datasets (e.g. UK Biobank). To facilitate the heritability analysis of large-scale genetic datasets, we develop a fast approach, minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimator (MINQUE) with batch training, to estimate variance components from LMM (LMM.MNQ.BCH). In LMM.MNQ.BCH, the parameters are estimated by MINQUE, which has a closed-form solution for fast computation and has no convergence issue. Batch training has also been adopted in LMM.MNQ.BCH to accelerate the computation for large-scale genetic datasets. Through simulations and real data analysis, we demonstrate that LMM.MNQ.BCH is much faster than two existing approaches, GCTA and BOLT-REML.

Over the past decade, statistical methods have been developed to estimate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability, which measures the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by all measured SNPs in the data. Estimates of SNP heritability measure the degree to which the available genetic variants influence phenotypes and improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex phenotypes. In this article, we review the recently developed and commonly used SNP heritability estimation methods for continuous and binary phenotypes from the perspective of model assumptions and parameter optimization. We primarily focus on their capacity to handle multiple phenotypes and longitudinal measurements, their ability for SNP heritability partition and their use of individual-level data versus summary statistics. State-of-the-art statistical methods that are scalable to the UK Biobank dataset are also elucidated in detail.

Locus coeruleus (LC) sends widespread outputs to many brain regions to modulate diverse functions, including sleep/wake states, attention, and the general anesthetic state. The paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is a critical thalamic area for arousal and receives dense tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) inputs from the LC. Although anesthesia and sleep may share a common pathway, it is important to understand the processes underlying emergence from anesthesia. In this study, we hypothesize that LC TH neurons and the TH:LC-PVT circuit may be involved in regulating emergence from anesthesia. Only male mice are used in this study. Here, using c-Fos as a marker of neural activity, we identify LC TH expressing neurons are active during anesthesia emergence. Remarkably, chemogenetic activation of LC TH neurons shortens emergence time from anesthesia and promotes cortical arousal. Moreover, enhanced c-Fos expression is observed in the PVT after LC TH neurons activation. Optogenetic activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections accelerates emergence from anesthesia, whereas, chemogenetic inhibition of the TH:LC-PVT circuit prolongs time to wakefulness. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections produces electrophysiological evidence of arousal. Together, these results demonstrate that activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections is helpful in facilitating the transition from isoflurane anesthesia to an arousal state, which may provide a new strategy in shortening the emergence time after general anesthesia.

Background:Substantial substance use disorders and related health conditions emerged during the mid-20th century and continue to represent a remarkable 21st century global burden of disease. This burden is largely driven by the substance-dependence process, which is a complex process and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. During the past few decades, a great deal of progress has been made in identifying genetic variants associated with Substance Use and Dependence (SUD) through linkage, candidate gene association, genome-wide association and sequencing studies.Methods:Various statistical methods and software have been employed in different types of SUD genetic studies, facilitating the identification of new SUD-related variants.Conclusion:In this article, we review statistical methods and software that are currently available for SUD genetic studies, and discuss their strengths and limitations.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of VMP regimen applied to the patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (LR-GTN) treated in Anhui provincial hospital. Materials and methods: Between 2005 and 2017, 87 patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia received VMP regimen, consisted of vincristine (VCR), methotrexate (MTX) and platinum (cisplatin, carboplatin or nedaplatin), 68 of whom received VMP as their first-line chemotherapy, and 19 methotrexate-failed patients received VMP regimen as their second-line chemotherapy. The staging and scoring system was based on International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO 2000) criteria. We describe and analyze their baseline characteristics, remission/resistance/recurrence rates, adverse reactions and prognosis. Results: The first-line VMP protocol can achieve an 83.8% remission rate and it tended to develop resistance when the pretreatment β-hCG reaches 7503.5 IU/L, and can achieve complete remission with FAV and EMA-CO as the salvage regimen. Among the 19 methotrexate-failed patients, 2 of whom were yet resistant to VMP regimen, followed by several courses of salvage chemotherapy such as FAV and EMP, and achieved 89.5% remission rate in second-line VMP group. Resistance to this regimen was obviously related with higher pre-treatment HCG whether used as primary or salvage treatment. Severe myelosuppression (grade 3 or 4) was shown in 4 (5.9%) of 68 cases, of which none was grade 4. Conclusion: For patients diagnosed with LR-GTN VMP regimen was a safe and effective treatment with a high rate of remission. Keywords: Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, Vincristine, Methotrexate, Platinum, Efficacy

The Jiangnan Orogen in the South China Block collapsed rapidly after the Neoproterozoic assembly of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. Extensional collapse of orogens is generally triggered by post-orogenic extension and/or continental rifting. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and trace elements geochemistry was conducted on sedimentary rocks across the Neoproterozoic angular unconformity in the Northwestern Zhejiang Basin. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the Chentangwu Formation (upper Pingshui Group) and the Heshangzhen Group were deposited from 840 to 820 Ma and 810-780 Ma, respectively. The Trace elements geochemistry of early Neoproterozoic detrital zircons suggests that the source rocks of the Chentangwu Formation were derived from continental arcs and oceanic islands whereas those of the Heshangzhen Group (the Luojiamen and the Hongchicun formations) were likely related to continental arcs, oceanic islands and mid-oceanic ridges. This study reveals that the Chentangwu Formation was probably deposited in a Neoproterozoic back-arc basin which was filled by sediments from the Cathaysia Block, the Shuangxiwu Arc, and the Jiangnan Orogen. The source regions of the Hongchicun formations outcrops in the eastern and western Northwestern Zhejiang Basin are the Cathaysia Block and the Jiangnan Orogen, respectively. However, the Shangshu Formation in the west has the same source regions as the underlying Hongchicun Formation in the east. The variations in thickness and source rocks exhibited by the Hongchicun formations in the west and east are controlled by normal faulting along the Dexing-Huangshan fault zone, which is the western boundary fault of the Northwestern Zhejiang Basin. The growth fault resulted in the formation of a ridged rollover anticline in the middle of the Northwestern Zhejiang Basin and prevented ∼810 Ma zircons from being transported to the west during deposition of the Hongchicun Formation. Comprehensive analysis reveals that the extensional collapse of the Jiangnan Orogen resulted from 810 to 780 Ma post-orogenic extension.

Normal sleep-wake behavior is extremely important for humans to maintain basic physiological and cognitive activities. However, the neural mechanisms underlying sleep-wake regulation are not fully understood. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has been classically defined as a region for the regulation of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system and autonomic nervous system. Here, we identify the glutamatergic neurons in the PVN that play a unique role in sleep-wake regulation. Firstly using in vivo fiber photometry, we found altered calcium activities of PVN glutamatergic neurons during three sleep state transitions in freely behaving mice. The calcium activities of PVN glutamatergic neurons began to increase before non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep to wake transitions and NREM sleep to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep transitions and began to decrease before wake to NREM sleep transitions. Then we used chemogenetic manipulations together with polysomnographic recordings, activation of PVN neurons increased wakefulness and decreased NREM sleep, while inhibition of PVN neurons caused a reduction in wakefulness and an increase in NREM sleep. Altogether, our findings revealed an important role for PVN glutamatergic neurons in the regulation of wake state.

Based on the network observation data of seven stations in Beijing from 2018 to 2019, this paper proposes a set of comprehensive quality control and quality assessment method for the brightness temperature data of microwave radiometer. Different from other methods, this paper designs a quality control method for the influence of water film attached to the radome on the observation. In addition, in order to obtain more accurate simulation results, the Cloud Radar’s liquid water profile information is introduced when using the MonoRTM radiation transfer model to simulate the brightness temperature. The results of quality assessment show that the overall passing rate of bright temperature data of seven stations is above 67%, and the data availability rate is more than 70%. The availability of bright temperature of water vapor channel and oxygen channel increased by 3.74% and 1.38% respectively. The overall root mean square error of the seven sites before and after the deviation correction is 4.06K and 1.91K respectively.

GABA, the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, is closely linked with sleep and wakefulness. As the largest area input to the ventral pallidum (VP), the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been confirmed to play a pivotal role in promoting non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep through inhibitory projections from NAc adenosine A

The effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on the enzymolysis thermodynamics and physicochemical properties of whey protein, and the mechanisms behind those effects, were investigated. Changes in the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and immunomodulatory activities of whey protein hydrolysates after ultrasonic pretreatment were also determined. Results showed that the ultrasonicated whey protein had a higher in degree of hydrolysis than the non-sonicated protein. After the pretreatment, the activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (ΔH) and entropy of activation (ΔS) of whey protein enzymolysis were decreased by 15.9%, 16.8%, and 16.4%, respectively. There was no significant change in free energy (ΔG) (P > 0.05). Physicochemical analysis revealed that ultrasound had induced unfolding of the whey protein, resulting in a 43.7% increase in its surface free sulfhydryl content and a 62.6% increase in surface hydrophobicity. Ultrasound significantly decreased the protein’s α-helical content and significantly increased its β-sheets and β-turns (P

The Jingdezhen ductile shear zone is evolved from the Neoproterozoic Zhangyuan ophiolite melange belt in the eastern Jiangnan Orogen, South China. Comprehensive study of geometry, kinematics, quartz c-axis fabric, temperature-pressure conditions and geochronology were conducted in this study. The Jingdezhen shear zone extends ∼180 km along the NE orientation with two groups of subvertical foliation and subhorizontal lineation. One group of foliation strikes NEN orientation whereas another one NEE orientation. Field investigation, microscopic observation and quartz c-axis fabric show that sinistral shearing along NEN-striking foliation occurred earlier than dextral shearing along NEE-striking foliation. Syn-tectonic staurolite porphyroblasts and deformation manner of feldspar imply that sinistral shearing occurred at 530–420 oC and 6–2 kbar. Deformation manner and c-axis fabric of quartz and pre-tectonic staurolite porphyroblasts indicate that dextral shearing took place at 420–300 oC. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb and mica 40Ar/39Ar dating indicate that the sinistral shearing occurred during Neoproterozoic orogeny (830–800 Ma) whereas the dextral shearing at 447±12 Ma. The sinistral shearing resulted from the Neoproterozoic final assembly between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. The dextral shearing was caused by Early Paleozoic orogen parallel extension and clockwise rotation.

While substantial progress has been made in finding genetic variants associated with nicotine dependence (ND), a large proportion of the genetic variants remain undiscovered. The current research focuses have shifted toward uncovering rare variants, gene-gene/gene-environment interactions, and structural variations predisposing to ND, the impact of genetic heterogeneity in ND has been nevertheless paid less attention. The study of genetic heterogeneity in ND not only could enhance the power of detecting genetic variants with heterogeneous effects in the population but also improve our understanding of genetic etiology of ND. As an initial step to understand genetic heterogeneity in ND, we applied a newly developed heterogeneity weighted U (HWU) method to 26 ND-related genes, investigating heterogeneous effects of these 26 genes in ND. We found no strong evidence of genetic heterogeneity in genes such as CHRNA5. However, results from our analysis suggest heterogeneous effects of CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 on nicotine dependence in males and females. Following the gene-based analysis, we further conduct a joint association analysis of two gene clusters, CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 and CHRNB3-CHRNA6. While both CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 and CHRNB3-CHRNA6 clusters are significantly associated with ND, there is a much stronger association of CHRNB3-CHRNA6 with ND when considering heterogeneous effects in gender (p-value = 2.11E-07).

Steroid cell tumors (SCT), not otherwise specified (NOS) are particularly rare ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors, which comprise

The Mesozoic tectonic transition from the Palaeo-Tethys tectonic regime to the Palaeo-Pacific tectonic regime in the eastern South China Block has long been debated. Geochemical and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic studies were conducted on the Dashuang complex in the eastern Zhejiang Province. The Dashuang complex consists mainly of quartz syenite in the northwestern part and quartz monzonite in the southeastern part. New laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb data show that the quartz syenite, the quartz monzonite, and its chilled margin (fine-grained granite) crystallized at 235 ± 4 Ma, 232 ± 3 Ma, and 230 ± 1 Ma, respectively. The Dashuang complex intrudes into the Chencai Group gneiss that postdated ~646 Ma and underwent anatexis at 443 ± 14 Ma. The quartz monzonite shows A-type granite affinity, characterized by high K2O + Na2O and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y, high FeOT/(MgO + FeOT) and Ga/Al ratios, an enrichment in light rare earth elements, and depletions in Ba, Sr, and Eu. The quartz monzonite has zircon εHf(t) values of −14.2 to –11.9 and two-stage model ages of 1788–1922 Ma. Zircon εHf(t) values of the chilled margin (fine-grained granite) and wall rock (gneiss) are scattered (−18.2 to –6.3 and −19.5 to 10.2). The corresponding two-stage model ages are 1482–2133 Ma and 1184–2471 Ma, respectively. The Dashuang complex was derived mainly from partial melting of Neoproterozoic clastic rocks in the Cathaysia Block. Geochemical data indicate that the quartz monzonite formed in a post-collision extensional environment. These results, considered with previous data, indicate that the transition from the Palaeo-Tethys to the Palaeo-Pacific tectonic regimes of the eastern South China Block occurred during the Late Triassic (225–215 Ma).

Vegetation segmentation from images is an essential issue in the application of computer vision in agriculture. In this paper, we present a new vegetation segmentation method based on Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) clustering and morphology modelling in CIE L∗a∗b∗ colour space. At the off-line learning stage, a new method is put forward to determine the clustering number. Secondly, the tools of morphological dilation and erosion are employed to establish the vegetation colour model. At the online segmentation stage, the PSO-based k-means is used to cluster the vegetation image into vegetation classes and non-vegetation classes. Afterwards, the established colour model is used to distinguish the vegetation classes and give the segmentation result. In the experiments, the proposed method was applied to segment 200 smaller regions of the full camera images of rice and 100 smaller regions of the full camera images of cotton. The means of segmentation qualities reached 88.1% and 91.7% respectively. Moreover, the proposed method was compared with three well-known vegetation segmentation methods and two skin segmentation methods. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method yielded the highest mean of segmentation qualities and lowest standard deviations of segmentation qualities. In addition, the vegetation colour models built with different structuring element types are analysed.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most common prostaglandin in the human body, meaning that its malfunction impacts on the development of numerous diseases. Prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) is involved in the synthesis of PGE2. In the present study, immunohistochemistry of PTGES2 was performed in 152 patients with endometrial cancer and in 66 patients with normal endometria. The results indicate a notable association among increased expression of PTGES2 and age (P=0.0092) and the depth of myometrial invasion (P

Crop segmentation from the images taken in the outdoor fields is a complex task. In this paper, a new morphology modeling method is utilized to establish the crop color model in the CIE L^*a^*b^* (or Lab for simplification) color space and to realize the crop image segmentation. In the supervised learning stage, morphology modeling is applied to deal with the color characteristics of the crop with respect to the pixel lightness component and establish the crop color model. To verify the performance of the proposed method, 56 test images which in size of 601x601 and taken from April 27, 2011 to May 21, 2011 are utilized to compare the proposed method with eight other famous approaches. Experiment shows that the segmentation quality of the proposed method is approximately 87.2% for the Automatic Target Recognition Working Group (ATRWG) evaluation method and 96.0% for another evaluation method. Moreover, the segmentation performance for images taken on cloudy, overcast and sunny days is analyzed. Experiment demonstrates that our method is robust to the variation of illumination in the field and performed better than eight other approaches. Furthermore, the impact of different structuring element types to the proposed method is compared. Overall, the proposed crop segmentation method can be used to crop segmentation in the field effectively.

Growth stage information of field crops is not only an important basic data for analyzing the relationship between the crop growth process and the agrometeorological conditions, but it is also useful for various aspects of precision agriculture. Up to now, it is primarily obtained manually, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, subjective and discontinuous. Therefore, a noninvasive method to note observations that also proves to be more efficient, continuous, and automatic is needed. At present, an alternative method based on computer vision has been widely used for monitoring crop growth status due to advantages linked to its low-cost, its intuitiveness and non-contact manner of data gathering it provides. However, little research has been done to improve close observation of different growth stages of field crops using digital cameras. To overcome the drawbacks caused by the current manual observation, a study was conducted to explore the application of computer vision technology for the automatic detection technology of two critical growth stages of maize (emergence and three-leaf stage). In order to identify the growth stages, the first task is to extract the plants from images properly. According to complex factors on farm fields, we proposed a novel crops segmentation method (AP-HI) which is robust and not sensitive to the challenging variation of outdoor luminosity and complex environmental elements. It has laid the foundation for subsequent studies. By virtue of the AP-HI, two automatic detection methods based on imaging were investigated for the two critical growth stages of maize. The former method uses the spatial distribution feature to judge accurately whether the field crop has reached the emergence stage or not. The latter uses the skeleton endpoint to characterize the leaf of seedling and transforms a matter of judgment into that of probability estimation, which leads to the final conclusion. In order to verify the feasibility and validity of our proposed methods, the comparing experiments have been carried out. Five well-established algorithms were utilized to make comparison with AP-HI and its results showed that our method outperformed the other algorithms in yielding the highest performance of 96.68% with the lowest standard deviation of 2.37%. As for the two automatic detection methods, the crops of two experimental fields located in Zhengzhou, Henan and Taian, Shandong provinces in China were observed both with a human observer and by using automated routines to process images obtained from a camera. In determining the time at which a growth stage occurred, the proposed methods produced the similar results to the manual observation method. Overall, the automated methods can meet the demand for practical observation needed for agronomic modeling and in triggering action alerts to farmers.

This paper proposes an efficient joint implementation algorithm for computing color space conversion, quantization and discrete cosine transform (DCT) in an image coder/decoder. By combining the three stages, the proposed algorithm reduces the operation amount of computing color space conversion considerably. In the case of color sampling 4:4:4, the proposed algorithm reduces the multiplication amount by 40% and the addition amount by 42% for the conversion from RGB to YCbCr in an image coder, and reduces the multiplication amount by 60% and the addition amount by 42% for the conversion from YCbCr to RGB in an image decoder. In the cases of down-sampling 4:2:2 and 4:1:1, there are the similar results. The existing fast methods in the literatures can still be applied together with this proposed algorithm into the implementation of the international image coding standards which use the transform coding technology, such as JPEG, MPEG and H.26X, and raises the image coding/decoding speed efficiently.

The winter wheat late frost disaster (WFD) occurs mainly in the Yellow and Huaihe River area, of which Henan Province covers the most part. Henan is the major area of wheat production in China, but it is severely hit by the WFD. In this study, we construct a WFD index based on the minimum temperature and the winter wheat development period (WDP). The WFD degrees and days at 30 agrometeorological stations in Henan Province during the period of 1981–2004 are calculated. For the large-scale temporal variation analysis of WFD, the 24-yr WDP observation series is relatively short, so it is expanded by using the relation between the turning green date of winter wheat and the 5-day running mean temperature and that between the stem elongation phase and the effective cumulative temperature above a critical value of 2.5°C. The WFD data are also expanded for the last 50 years and are analyzed by using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and the Morlet wavelet methods. Characteristics in the spatial distribution and temporal variation of WFD are revealed. The results show that the frequency of WFD is generally high, exceeding 40% in parts of Henan, and exhibits a rising trend in the period of 1970–1990. The variation trend of WFD degrees is similar to that of WFD days, and the areas with higher WFD degrees coincide the areas with more WFD days. Moreover, the WFD degree has a greater impact on the winter wheat yield than the WFD days. The areas with high WFD degrees lie in the southeast and southwest of Henan, and the areas with low WFD degrees lie in the south of the Huaihe River and parts of western Henan. Temporal variations of the first and second EOF modes of the WFD degree display 16- and quasi-22-yr periodicities, respectively. The areas of high (low) WFD frequency are distributed in the northern Henan and the southwest border of Henan (the northeast Henan and the middle part of southwest Henan). The temporal variation of the first (second) EOF mode of WFD days exhibits a periodicity (periodicities) of quasi-4 yr (quasi-3 and quasi-6-7 yr).

An interface super molecular structure model for oil-water-surfactant mixture and calcite was established. By using a molecular dynamics method, the effects of rhamnolipid, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium hexadecyl sulfonate on the interface adsorption behavior of oil molecules were investigated. It was found that these three surfactants could reduce oil-calcite interface binding energy, and play a role of oil-displacing agent.