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The arrangement of the induction coil influences the electromagnetic damping force and output characteristics of electromagnetic energy harvesters. Based on the aforementioned information, this paper presents a proposal for a multiple off-center coil electromagnetic galloping energy harvester (MEGEH). This study establishes both a theoretical model and a physical model to research the influence of the position and quantity of the induction coils on the output characteristics of an energy harvester. Additionally, it conducts wind tunnel tests and analyzes the obtained results. With the increase in the number of induction coils, there is a significant improvement in the duty cycle and output power of the MEGEH, resulting in an amplified energy conversion efficiency. At a wind speed of 9 m/s, the duty ratios of a single set of coils (SC), two sets of coils (TC), and multiple sets of coils (MC) are 30%, 51%, and 100%, respectively. The total output powers are 0.4 mW, 0.62 mW, and 0.72 mW. However, the rate of output growth has decreased from 55% to 16%. The position of the coils affects the initial electromagnetic damping of the energy harvester. Changing the position can reduce the initial electromagnetic damping, thereby decreasing the critical wind speed. The critical wind speed of the MEGEH decreases as the induction coil is positioned further away from the vibration center. When the distance is sufficiently large, the electromagnetic damping force becomes negligible. When the induction coil is positioned centrally, the MEGEH demonstrates its maximum critical wind speed, which has been measured at 4.01 m/s. When the initial distance between the induction coil and the vibrating component is increased to 10 mm, the critical wind speed reaches its minimum value of 2.23 m/s. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the arrangement of the coils. The coils of the MEGEH should be arranged with the MC and a 10 mm offset from the center.

The circular Halbach array is of great application value in electromagnetic energy conversion. The Halbach array can be formed with multiple magnets according to a specific method. The magnetic flux intensity of the magnet array is concentrated and enhanced in a certain area. The concentrated magnetic flux intensity could lead to a higher rate of change in the magnetic flux when the magnet and the coil move relatively. The spatial arrangement, structural dimensions, and residual flux density of the Halbach array are the main factors affecting its performance. Some areas with almost no magnetic induction in the Halbach array affect the performance of electromagnetic energy conversion. This paper conducted a comparative study of the Halbach array and the two-directional magnet array in terms of energy conversion. The root mean square (RMS) value and phase of the induced voltage in the coil were analyzed by a finite element method. Simulation shows that the RMS value of the induced voltage in the coil is equal when the gap is 1.55 mm and the REMEH adopts either of the two magnet arrays. The two-directional array has advantages in the energy harvesting performance when the gap is less than 1.55 mm, while the Halbach array has advantages in the energy harvesting performance when the gap is greater than 1.55 mm. The experimental verification of the designed prototype was implemented in this study. The experimental voltage is in good agreement with the simulation voltage. The threshold value of the gap in the experiment is about 2 mm, which is slightly higher than the simulation value. This characteristic has a certain reference value for the application of the Halbach array in the electromagnetic field.