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After simply filtering and evaporating, the recovery rates of compound 1 and mineral oil are 81% and 93%, respectively.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare, severe soft tissue infection, characterized by rapid and extensive necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and superficial and deep fascia. It is frequently misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, leading to inappropriate treatment and potentially serious consequences. It may be complicated by septic shock and multiple organ failure with a fatal outcome.A 73-year-old woman presented with continuous itching, skin lesions, pain, and swelling of the outer side of her left leg. The patient was diagnosed with septic shock and multiorgan failure caused by left leg NF.Septic shock and multiorgan failure caused by left leg NF.Two surgeries were performed on the patient's leg, which effectively treated her septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction.The patient was followed up three times after her discharge. She had a good recovery, was generally well with no significant sequelae, and returned to her regular life.NF is an acute severe illness with high mortality. It is easily misdiagnosed, leading to delayed or erroneous treatment and serious (or potentially fatal) outcomes. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of NF is essential for patient recovery. In difficult cases, multidisciplinary consultations may be helpful. The management of NF includes early and thorough surgical debridement, antibiotics, and symptomatic treatment.

To understand the condition of the construction and management of sanitary latrines, and assess the effect of disposal of the excrement in rural schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province.Three villages with schistosomiasis endemic were selected from Eryuan County and 30 households per village were sampled randomly for the field survey. The stool samples were sampled and tested according to the national standard.Totally 90 latrines were surveyed. The popularity rates of sanitary latrines in Yongle, Qiandian and Xinzhuang villages were 83.19%, 83.12% and 81.63% respectively. In the 90 household latrines, only 32.22% located inside the courtyard, and 91.67% of sanitary latrines and 70.00% of non-sanitary latrines had integrated buildings. Maggots or pupae or adult flies were found in 33.33% of sanitary latrines and all of non-sanitary latrines with the average amounts of 1.05 and 3.40 per latrine respectively. The removal rate of fecal coliform, the sedimentation rate of parasitic eggs and the mortality rate of Ascaris eggs were 90.00%, 80.61% and 95.20% on average respectively. The qualified rate of the fecal coliform of the outlet of the sanitary latrines was 41.67%, and the qualified rate of the mortality rate of Ascaris eggs was 78.13%. No living schistosome eggs were found at the outlets of latrines. For the effect of non-hazardous treatment, there was a statistically significant difference between the sanitary latrines and non-sanitary latrines.The latrine improvement has a good effect on non-hazardous treatment of the excrement in Yunnan Province, but the construction, application and management of sanitary latrines still need to be strengthened.

To establish and perfect the surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis, and timely discover the suspicious high risk environments for preventing the human and livestock from schistosomiasis.Eight villages of three counties were selected as survey points. Then, the surveillance and forecast of sentinel mice were carried out in the key water regions. The recovered sentinel mice were dissected in laboratory. The sentinel mouse serum antibodies against schistosome were detected by ELISA, the suspicious water contacts of residents and livestock were investigated and the results were analyzed, and the epidemic risk was assessed.Totally 300 sentinel mice were placed, the recovery rate was 94.67%, and the mortality rate was 8.80%. There were no mice with positive serum antibodies against schistosome, and the results of the dissection of all the sentinel mice were negative. The humans who contacted with the suspicious water were mainly villagers, students, children and fishermen by washing hands and feet, washing vegetables, harvesting, fishing and swimming. The Oncomelania hupensis snail areas, human infection rates, and cattle infection rates were obviously declined in recent 3 years. However, the epidemic risks still existed.Although schistosomiasis transmission was effectively controlled in the three counties, the comprehensive control measures still should be strengthened.

To develop a spatio-temporal model of mountainous Oncomelania hupensis snails based on the Bayesian model, and to analyze and identify the spatio-temporal pattern at a village scale.The data including the intensity and spatial distribution of live and infected snails from 2000 to 2006 and the village boundary were collected. The independent and interactive spatio-temporal models were established, and then the best fitness model was selected to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of live and infected snails.The interactive model of live snails and the independent model of infected snails were relative fitness models, and the models showed 95% CI (confidence interval) of the spatial and temporal coefficient included zero, and indicated that the spatial and temporal correlation of live and infected snails was not significant at a village scale.There is no significant spatial and temporal correlation of live and infected mountainous snails at a village scale, and the furthermore study should be carried out at a small scale.

To evaluate the effect of a water-saving irrigation project on schistosomiasis control.The Oncomelania snail situation before and after the water-saving irrigation project was investigated, and the data of snails and schistosomiasis of people in the area of the water-saving irrigation engineering were collected and analyzed statistically.The incidence of frames with snails declined from 10.70% to 2.27% after actualized water-saving irrigation project, and the snail density declined from 0.42 snails/0.1 m(2) to 0.10 snails/0.1 m(2). The snails were eliminated in 57% of the ditches. The snail area and schistosome infection rate of residents declined obviously.The water-saving irrigation project is effective in schistosomiasis control and has good social and economic benefits.

Schistosomiasis remains of considerable public health concern in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including the People's Republic of China (P.R. China). The effectiveness of schistosomiasis control interventions are, among other factors, governed by the social-ecological context. However, eco-social determinants of schistosomiasis are poorly understood, particularly at the household or village levels. In the current study, residents in 26 villages of Eryuan county, Yunnan province, P.R. China, were screened for Schistosoma japonicum infection with a serological assay that was followed by stool examination for sero-positive individuals. Bayesian multilevel models with spatial random effects were employed to profile the S. japonicum infection risk based on known transmission sites of S. japonicum that are scattered across individual land parcels in this part of the country. The key risk factors identified with this approach were the absence of a sanitary stall house for livestock and presence of living and infected intermediate host snails in close proximity. We conclude that a spatially explicit Bayesian multilevel approach can deepen our understanding of eco-social determinants that govern schistosomiasis transmission at a small geographical scale.