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We examined the association between whole grain and refined grain intake with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality using the data from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.19,597 participants aged 50+ years were recruited from 2003 to 2006 and followed-up until April 2021. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard radios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Substitution analysis was used to replace a serving (50 g/day) of whole grain with a serving of refined grain.During 286,821 person-years of follow-up, 4385 deaths occurred, including 1450 from cancer, 1678 from CVD and 1257 from other causes. Compared with never whole grain intake, the highest intake category of whole grain ( 300 g/week) was associated with lower risk of all-cause (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.98) and CVD mortality (HR 0.85, 0.74-0.98). Compared with the low-intake category of refined grain ( 500 g/day), the highest intake category ( 900 g/week) was associated with a lower risk of cancer mortality (HR 0.76, 0.62-0.95), but a higher risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.25, 1.03-1.51). No significant associations were found between whole grain intake and cancer mortality nor refined grain and all-cause mortality. The HRs of all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality substituting a serving of whole grain for refined grain were 0.96 (0.94-0.99), 1.01 (0.99-1.02) and 0.95 (0.90-0.99), respectively.We have first shown that in older Chinese, whole grain intake was associated with lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Our results suggest that intake of whole grain of at least 300 g/week and refined grain of ≤ 900 g/day might be suitable for older Asian. Substituting 50 g/day of whole grain for refined grain was associated with a 4-5% lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.

Background: Studies on long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on mortality accounting for quality and sources of carbohydrate are unclear. Hence, we examined the associations of LCDs with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population-based cohort study.Methods: Prospective study using data from Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS). 20,206 participants (13.8% diabetes) aged 50+ years were recruited from 2003-2006 and followed up until 19 April 2021.Overall, vegetable-based, and meat-based LCD scores were calculated based on the percentage of energy as total and subtypes of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The main outcomes were all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality. Cox regression were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: During 294,848 person-years of follow-up, 4,624 deaths occurred, including 3,661 and 963 deaths in participants without and with diabetes, respectively. In all participants, overall LCD score was not associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality after multivariable adjustment. However, the adjusted HRs (95%CIs) of all-cause and CVD mortality for the highest, versus the lowest, quartiles of vegetable-based were 1.16 (1.05-1.27 PtrendPtrendPtrend=0.007) and 0.81 (0.70-0.93 Ptrend=0.02), respectively. Similar associations were found in participants after excluding those with diabetes. In diabetic patients, there was no association between vegetable-based LCD or meat-based LCD scores and mortality. However, we found a positive association between the highest quartile of vegetable-based LCD score and CVD mortality comparing with the lowest quartile (HR 1.54, 95% CI, 1.11-2.14 Ptrend=0.003).Conclusions: Vegetable-based LCD score was positively and meat-based LCD score was negatively associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. Inconsistencies in the literature on the health effect of LCD may reflect the importance of the geographical context and age-related nutrient composition of the diet.

The necessity of applying data declustering in Terrain Server System is discussed and two-dimensional declustering for tile-matrix of terrain data is defined. After studying the questions of data allocation and tile declustering in heterogeneous disk systems, a same-rate virtual disk dividing method and a virtual disk sorting method are proposed. The method transform the heterogeneous disk systems to same-rate virtual disk systems in order to ensure current data declustering method available for heterogeneous disk systems. Experimental results of response time and rate show that this method can manage massive terrain data and provide high data streams.

The objective of this study was to observe the variation of energy intake and energy expenditure in the obese Chinese children.Basic metabolic rate was measured by using open-circuit indirect calorimetry in 54 obese children and 60 non-obese children aged 10-12 years in a full- time boarding school in Guangzhou suburb, China. Total energy expenditure was estimated by using a factorial method. Dietary intake was surveyed by the weighed inventory method. Physical activity was determined using a 2-day activity diary.Univariate analysis showed that basic metabolic rate was significantly higher (p0.05) in obese children than in non-obese ones, but the significant difference disappeared after controlling for fat free mass and fat mass. Energy intake and total energy expenditure were significantly higher (p0.05) in obese than in non-obese children. Obese children spent more time in sleeping and light physical activity, but less time in moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity than non-obese children (p0.05).Compared to non-obese children, both energy intake and expenditure were higher in obese Chinese children. It appears that an area for preventive strategies may be to encourage increased physical activity expenditure in this age group.

To explore the relationship between psychological stress, fatigue and different smoking behaviors among undergraduate students.8138 undergraduate students in grade 1 to 3 were sampled with cluster sampling method from a comprehensive university in Guangzhou, and were studied on their psychological stress, peer and self smoking behaviors, as well as socio-demographic factors with a self-administered questionnaire. Physical and mental fatigue was measured by Chalder fatigue scale. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between psychological stress, fatigue and different smoking behaviors with 'non-smokers' defined as control group while 'triers' and 'current smokers' as case group, respectively.There were students trying to smoke or becoming current smokers on university campus. After adjusting the effect of relevant socio-demographic factors and peer smoking behavior, physical fatigue (OR = 1.044, 95% CI: 1.013-1.075) and 'worry about current academic and future work' (OR = 1.020, 95% CI: 1.001-1.040) were the risk factors of trying to smoke among male students, while 'study stress (OR = 1.063,95% CI: 1.012-1.117) was the risk factor for female students when start smoking. 'Personnel relationship and environment stress' (OR = 1.152, 95% CI: 1.012-1.312) were the risk factors for female students' current smoking behavior.Psychological stress and fatigue were moderately associated with smoking behavior among undergraduate students and the impact was different on different gender and smoking behaviors that suggesting that some specific psychological measures should be taken so as to control different smoking behaviors among undergraduate students.

Childhood obesity is a widespread and growing problem in the world. Body mass index (BMI) and weight-for-height criterion have been used to determine childhood obesity. No data was available to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children screened by weight-for-height index and Chinese newly developed BMI criterion.To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children by using Chinese BMI and weight-for-height index as screening criterion.A total of 215 children aged 7.5-13 years were recruited from 3 primary schools in Guangzhou, PR China. Measurements included body weight, height, waist and hip circumference, fasting serum glucose, insulin, total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A (apo A), apolipoprotein B (apo B). Chinese BMI and weight-for- height criterion were used to classify overweight and obesity.According to Chinese BMI criterion, 65 from 108 obese children originally identified by weight-for-height were reclassified as obese and other 41 children were classified as overweight. Compared with non-obese children, obese children screened by Chinese BMI and weight-for-height index had increased levels of TG, LDL-C, apo B, insulin; decreased levels of HDL-C, apo A; and significantly higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-C. Children identified as overweight by Chinese BMI criterion had also shown high TG, LDL-C, apo B, insulin levels, low HDL-C, apo A levels, and significantly higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia than the normal weight children.Our study reveals that overweight and/or obesity screened by both Chinese new BMI and weight-for-height criterion are associated with increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., elevated serum TG, LDL, apo B, and reduced HDL-C, apo A levels). Using Chinese BMI criterion may underestimate the prevalence of childhood obesity but it could be adopted as a unique tool for screening children's overweight in population-based screening programs.

To analyze the direct and indirect outcomes of influencing factors on smoking behaviors among adolescents.Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect smoking-related information from 2021 respondents. Measurement models were built by confirmatory factor analysis and parameters were estimated by ERLS method. The final structural equation model was determined by comprehensive evaluation and necessary modification.Three latent variables were extracted from 10 manifest variables of environment, while only one latent variable was identified from 9 manifest variables of attitudes. The goodness of fit for the structural equation model was satisfactory that all indices had met corresponding requirements. The final model could explain 38.8% of the variance of smoking behaviors. Four factors (smoking environment, smoking restriction from parents and teachers, determination of cigarette refusal and attitudes toward smoking) were directly affecting the smoking behaviors, while another three factors (grade, health knowledge and school environment) had indirect impacts. According to the percentages of their contribution, the risk factors were ranked as follows: smoking environment (45.76%), attitudes toward smoking (19.88%) and grade at school (0.44%). Similarly, the top protective factor were: determination of cigarette refusal (16.61%), followed by smoking restriction from parents and teachers (10.51%), health knowledge (3.89%) and school environment (2.92%).Heath knowledge had minor effect on smoking in adolescents but could indirectly affect their smoking behaviors through changing their belief. Grade at school had a doubled influence on smoking, but mainly served as a risk factor. Tobacco control measures for adolescents should not only be limited to health education but environment factors as well.

To explore the influencing factors of smoking behavior transition at different stage of smoking among undergraduate students.8138 undergraduate students from grade 1 to 3 were selected using cluster sampling method from an university in Guangzhou with their smoking behaviors and relevant factors studied through a self-administered questionnaire. Beginners, un-regular smokers and regular smokers were defined as "case group", while non-smokers, beginners and un-regular smokers were defined as "control group" accordingly. Three multivariable logistic regressions were separately conducted to explore the influencing factors of behavioral transition at different stage of smoking.Of the 8138 students investigated, the prevalence rates of beginners, un-regular smokers and regular smokers were 19.6%, 2.0% and 1.1%, respectively; while all of the above said three rates increased with grades of the students. Some students might still try to smoke or become regular smoker in the university. In male undergraduate students, determinants for the transition from non-smokers to s mokers were: source of students, father' s educational level, smoking-related knowledge and belief, and smoking habit of the roommates. Risks that influencing the transition from beginners to un-regular smokers were: being non-medical students,smoking-related belief, roommates and classmates who were smokers and transition from un-regular smokers to regular smokers would include father' s educational level and average income of family. In female undergraduate students,influencing factors from non-smokers to beginners were mother's educational level, smoking-related belief, and roommates smokers, while father's educational level, roommates and classmates' smoking habits were significant associated with beginners' change to un-regular smokers.The influencing factors related to the transition of different stage on smoking would be different in undergraduate students,and some specific measures should be taken based on the different stage of smoking.