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Our recent investigation [1] showed that the absorption behavior of granular aerogel agglomerates with average particle diameters less than 50μm is dominated by periodically spaced, high absorption peaks and troughs. While the absorption peaks, especially at lower frequencies, are desirable from an engineering application perspective, overcoming the loss in high frequency performance remains a challenge. Furthermore, the practical application of granular aerogels is limited by the difficulty in handling them. In this work, we propose a new design for a broadband noise absorber achieved by layering the aerogel granules within a 3D printed porous network. The design provides a robust method of incorporating aerogels within noise reduction packages and can be tailored by altering the rigid porous network and the layering arrangement. In this presentation, we present our preliminary findings regarding the fabrication and testing of such hybrid sound absorbers. [1] Dasyam A, Xue Y, Bolton JS, Sharma B. Effect of particle size on sound absorption behavior of granular aerogel agglomerates. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2022 Dec 15;598:121942.

Here, it is shown that properly-designed limp porous materials such as fibrous layers can provide damping equivalent to conventional viscoelastic dampers while providing advantages such as light weight and effective sound absorption. This then allows porous layers to be used as multi-functional noise and vibration control solutions in automotive and aerospace applications. It has also been found that the addition of bulk elasticity to the solid phase of the porous medium is beneficial since it improves damping performance compared to equivalent limp treatments. In this study, porous media, such as fibers and foams, were designed to serve as treatments for various vibrating structures to examine their damping effectiveness. Both analytical modeling and numerical simulation based on finite element methods were involved depending on the complexity of the structure. Specifically, a Fourier transform-based computational method was introduced as the key step to realize the accurate prediction of a panel’s spatial response based on its wavenumber-frequency spectrum. Then, parametric studies were conducted on a porous layer to identify the optimal bulk properties that would allow the layer to provide the largest possible damping within the target frequency region. Finally, design concepts for achieving the maximum damping potential of porous layers are summarized.

Design of acoustic materials can be achieved through the connection between their geometry and acoustical performance. Here, we propose 3D-printing as an enabling technology that allows us to precisely control an acoustic material’s micro-geometry and orientation, which then eliminates microscopic geometry bias due to conventional manufacturing process, thus realizing precise material characterization at the 3D-printing CAD programming stage. This concept was practiced in the current study focusing on 3D-printing fibrous sound absorbing layers. A fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was applied to produce the fibers. A Tarnow-based airflow resistivity model was implemented together with Johnson-Champoux-Allard and Biot theories for modeling the geometry-performance connection for the fibers. The sound absorption prediction accuracy of the model was validated by E-1050 standing wave tube measurements on the printed sample.

The noise reduction of a (low) noise barrier can be enhanced by using an additional element with quarter-wavelength resonators with varying depths. The so-called WHISwall or WHIStop deflects sound upwards for specific frequencies creating an additional sound reduction. Different experiments on the WHISwall and WHIStop are performed as input for model validation. The development and validation of the model are described in a separate paper. In this paper the measurement campaign and its results are presented. We performed measurements on two setups. The first setup consists of a 1.1 meter high WHISwall, a 1.1m high noise barrier and a reference section (without noise measure). Measurements have been conducted with both an artificial sound source and pass by measurements with light and heavy motor vehicles. In a second test setup, the WHIStop was placed on top of a 4 meter high noise barrier and the diffraction was determined according the European standard EN 1793-4.

A key physical mechanism that controls the acoustic absorption and attenuation in a loose, air-satu-rated aerogel granular mix with the grain diameter being in the order of a few microns is not well understood. A particular challenge here is to understand sound propagation in an aerogel powder composed of highly porous, low-density particles with sub-micron pores. Experimental evidence suggest that a relatively thin layer of an aerogel powder can provide a very high narrow band acoustic absorption at relatively low frequencies. This study presents an attempt to explain this physical phenomenon with two well-known analytical models for the acoustical properties of porous media. The results of this study suggest that an aerogel powder behaves like a viscoelastic layer and its absorption coefficient depends strongly on the sound pressure level in the incident wave, i.e., this acoustic behaviour is non-linear. The loss factor seems to be a key parameter which predicts the observed acoustical behaviour. The loss factor is found to be higher than physically reasonable at low frequencies and decreases with the frequency exponentially. This behaviour is likely to relate to the frictional interaction between the particles in the powder and acoustic fluidisation effect.