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Background Postoperative sore throat (POST) is one of the common mild but unpleasant postoperative complications after general anaesthesia. There is evidence that Glycyrrhiza Radix can effectively reduce the incidence of POST, but its effective fraction remains unclear. Objective To screen the effective fraction of Glycyrrhiza Radix on preventing respiratory tract injury induced by endotracheal intubation. Methods From April 2021 to July 2022, 60 SPF-grade Wistar rats were randomized into the control group, endotracheal intubation group, lidocaine group, total polysaccharides group, total saponins group, total flavonoids group based on random number table method, with 10 rats in each group. The endotracheal intubation model was prepared for all groups except the control group. Before intubation, each treatment group was sprayed with a solution consisting of 1% lidocaine, total polysaccharides, total saponins, and total flavonoids at 1 mL/100 g (by body weight) to permeate the uvula and peri-soft palate tissue of rats, respectively. The control and endotracheal intubation groups were sprayed with an equal volume of 0.9% saline. After 2 hours of mechanical ventilation, the endotracheal tube was removed, and the pharyngeal mucosa tissues and blood samples of rats were collected under deep anesthesia. Pathological changes of rat pharyngeal mucosa and the expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) ; the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines including serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , interleukin-4 (IL-4) , interleukin-10 (IL-10) , oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD) , malondialdehyde (MDA) , total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) , and stress hormones including cortisol (Cor) , epinephrine (E) , and norepinephrine (NE) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Results HE staining showed mucosal shedding and severe damage of submucosal structure accompanied by a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the endotracheal intubation group; while milder damage of mucosal structure and less inflammatory cells were significantly reduced in the total saponins group. ELISA results showed that compared with the control group, the levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in the serum of rats increased significantly, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased significantly in the endotracheal intubation group (P

As a common neurological disease, cognitive impairment is characterized by cognitive decline, memory and attention impairment, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life. The etiology and pathogenesis of cognitive impairment are complex and diverse. Studies have shown that chronic persistent neuroinflammation plays a key role in its development. Microglia and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome are closely related to neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Regulation of microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome can reduce inflammatory factors, reduce amyloid β-protein(Aβ) deposition, regulate autophagy, maintain synaptic homeostasis, thus reducing neuroinflammation and further preventing and treating cognitive impairment. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome as well as their interaction in cognitive impairment can provide some reference and basis for the in-depth study of the mechanism and clinical prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment, and the subsequent development of more efficient drugs.

Postoperative sore throat （POST） is a common and easily overlooked complication after endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. It seriously affects patients satisfaction and the quality of postoperative recovery. However, the consensus on the best drugs or interventions for POST management remains controversial. This study reviews the influencing factors and progress of prevention and treatment of POST intubation under general anesthesia, in order to provide a reference for reducing the incidence of POST after endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia.

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction via renewable electricity provides a sustainable way to produce valued chemicals, while it suffers from low activity and selectivity. Herein, we constructed a novel catalyst with unique Ti3C2Tx MXene‐regulated Ag−ZnO interfaces, undercoordinated surface sites, as well as mesoporous nanostructures. The designed Ag−ZnO/Ti3C2Tx catalyst achieves an outstanding CO2 conversion performance of a nearly 100% CO Faraday efficiency with high partial current density of 22.59 mA cm−2 at −0.87 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The electronic donation of Ag and up‐shifted d‐band center relative to Fermi level within MXene‐regulated Ag−ZnO interfaces contributes the high selectivity of CO. The CO2 conversion is highly correlated with the dominated linear‐bonded CO intermediate confirmed by in situ infrared spectroscopy. This work enlightens the rational design of unique metal‐oxide interfaces with the regulation of MXene for high‐performance electrocatalysis beyond CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an Inconel625-Ni60-Ni60/25%WC (Inconel625-Ni/WC) composite coating was fabricated on Cr12MoV steel by first-stage laser cladding, followed by second-stage laser remelting with various laser powers, and the better laser energy density of 25.0 J/mm2 for laser remelting test was obtained by macroscopic morphology and microhardness analysis. The effects of laser remelting on the microstructure, microhardness, wear resistance, and impact resistance of the composite coating was systematically investigated by combining various characterization methods. The results showed that laser remelting did not cause the composite coating to produce new phases. The microstructure of the Ni/WC layer in the remelted composite coating was denser and finer, and the average grain size of the surface layer was reduced by 11.69%. The impact depth of laser remelting was about 2.0 mm. The average microhardness of the Ni/WC layer in the remelted composite coating increased by 5.9%, and the average wear rate of the surface was reduced by 50.12% compared with that before laser remelting. The wear surface of remelted composite coating exhibited abrasive wear, and the wear resistance was significantly improved. In addition, the impact toughness value of the remelted composite coating reached 5.15 J/cm2, which increased by 87.96% compared with that before laser remelting. The impact resistance of the composite coating was further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]