Search

Two subfamilies of bee flies, Ecliminae and Lomatiinae, are first reported from China with the description of the following two new species: Lomatia shanguii sp. nov. and Thevenetimyia cingulata sp. nov. A key to the Chinese subfamilies of Bombyliidae and a key to the Palaearctic species of Thevenetimyia Bigot are also presented.

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants., Funding came from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) GoLife ‘ButterflyNet’ collaborative grant (DEB-1541500, 1541557, 1541560) to A.Y.K., R.P.G., D.J.L. and N.E.P. Specimen collection and preservation was funded by NSF DBI-1349345, 1601369, DEB-1557007 and IOS-1920895 (A.Y.K.), NSF DEB-1120380 (D.J.L.), grants 9285-13 and WW-227R-17 from the National Geographic Society (D.J.L.), NSF DBI-1256742 (A.Y.K. and K.R.W.), NSF DEB-0639861 (K.R.W.) and NSF SES-0750480, DEB-0447244 and DEB-9615760 (N.E.P.). M.E. was supported by the Research Council of Norway (no. 204308) and the Hintelmann Scientific Award for Zoological Systematics. F.L.C. was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project GAIA, no. 851188). M.P.B. was supported by the Swedish Research Council (IPG no. 2020‐06422). R.V. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant PID2019-107078GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. G.T. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants PID2020-117739GA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and RYC2018-025335-I). V.L. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00202) and by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant 075-15-2021-1069). M.Y. was supported by MEXT KAKENHI no. 19916010 and JSPS KAKENHI grants 13010131, 23570111, 26440207, 17K07528 and 21H02215. A.B.B.M., H.P.R. and N.O.M. were supported by CNPQ grants proc 563332/2010-7 and 304273/2014-7., Main Results and discussion Methods Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have diversified via coevolution with plants and in response to dispersals following key geological events. These hypotheses have been poorly tested at the macroevolutionary scale because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets on global distributions and larval hosts of butterflies are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,000 butterfly species to construct a new, phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera and aggregated global distribution records and larval host datasets. We found that butterflies likely originated in what is now the Americas, ∼100 Ma, shortly before the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, then crossed Beringia and diversified in the Paleotropics. The ancestor of modern butterflies likely fed on Fabaceae, and most extant families were present before the K/Pg extinction. The majority of butterfly dispersals occurred from the tropics (especially the Neotropics) to temperate zones, largely supporting a “cradle” pattern of diversification. Surprisingly, host breadth changes and shifts to novel host plants had only modest impacts.

TiO2 is widely used for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater, but the practical applications of the photocatalyst are limited due to its poor visible light absorption and low recovery rate. In this study, high production of nitrogen-doped TiO2 was achieved by a hydrolysis precipitation method; the obtained N-TiO2 had a small crystallite size and good dispersibility. The effect of calcining temperature on the photocatalytic performance of N-TiO2 was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in a blue light LED irradiation cylinder, it was found the N-TiO2 calcined at 400 °C showed the best photocatalytic activity. Then the N-TiO2 was immobilized on SiC ceramic foam by dip-coating with PVA as the binder. The prepared N-TiO2/SiC foam showed excellent photocatalytic activity under blue light LED irradiation; as high as 96.3% of MB was degraded at optimum conditions. After five cycles of MB photodegradation, the photocatalytic activity of N-TiO2/SiC foam only changed slightly, which makes it a promising photocatalytic material for wastewater treatment.

The regions of the Andes and Caribbean-Mesoamerica are both hypothesized to be the cradle for many Neotropical lineages, but few studies have fully investigated the dynamics and interactions between Neotropical bioregions. The New World hawkmoth genus

We provide a new, annotated genome assembly of Neomicropteryx cornuta, a species of the so-called mandibulate archaic moths (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). These moths belong to a lineage that is thought to have split from all other Lepidoptera more than 300 Ma and are consequently vital to understanding the early evolution of superorder Amphiesmenoptera, which contains the order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and its sister order Trichoptera (caddisflies). Using PacBio HiFi sequencing reads, we assembled a highly contiguous genome with a contig N50 of nearly 17 Mb. The assembled genome length of 541,115,538 bp is about half the length of the largest published Amphiesmenoptera genome (Limnephilus lunatus, Trichoptera) and double the length of the smallest (Papilio polytes, Lepidoptera). We find high recovery of universal single copy orthologs with 98.1% of BUSCO genes present and provide a genome annotation of 15,643 genes aided by resolved isoforms from PacBio IsoSeq data. This high-quality genome assembly provides an important resource for studying ecological and evolutionary transitions in the early evolution of Amphiesmenoptera.

Gracillariidae is the most taxonomically diverse cosmopolitan leaf-mining moth family, consisting of nearly 2000 named species in 105 described genera, classified into eight extant subfamilies. The majority of gracillariid species are internal plant feeders as larvae, creating mines and galls in plant tissue. Despite their diversity and ecological adaptations, their phylogenetic relationships, especially among subfamilies, remain uncertain. Genomic data (83 taxa, 589 loci) were integrated with Sanger data (130 taxa, 22 loci), to reconstruct a phylogeny of Gracillariidae. Based on analyses of both datasets combined and analyzed separately, monophyly of Gracillariidae and all its subfamilies, monophyly of the clade "LAMPO" (subfamilies: Lithocolletinae, Acrocercopinae, Marmarinae, Phyllocnistinae, and Oecophyllembiinae) and relationships of its subclade "AMO" (subfamilies: Acrocercopinae, Marmarinae, and Oecophyllembiinae) were strongly supported. A sister-group relationship of Ornixolinae to the remainder of the family, and a monophyletic leaf roller lineage (Callicercops Vari + Parornichinae) + Gracillariinae, as sister to the "LAMPO" clade were supported by the most likely tree. Dating analyses indicate a mid-Cretaceous (105.3 Ma) origin of the family, followed by a rapid diversification into the nine subfamilies predating the Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction. We hypothesize that advanced larval behaviours, such as making keeled or tentiform blotch mines, rolling leaves and galling, allowed gracillariids to better avoid larval parasitoids allowing them to further diversify. Finally, we stabilize the classification by formally re-establishing the subfamily ranks of Marmarinae stat.rev., Oecophyllembiinae stat.rev. and Parornichinae stat.rev., and erect a new subfamily, Callicercopinae Li, Ohshima and Kawahara to accommodate the enigmatic genus Callicercops.

The endemic Australian bee fly genus Meomyia Evenhuis is revised, including six described species and three newly described: Meomyia hortorum sp. nov., Meomyia kochae sp. nov., Meomyia melanocincta sp. nov. Bombylius tetratrichus Walker is excluded from Meomyia and placed in Dissodesma Bowden & Li. Meomyia is characterised by the slender and elongate antennal flagellum, and the black abdominal band and dense black tuft on apex of abdomen. A key to species of Meomyia is provided. Species are found in southern Australia.

Bombyliidae is a very species-rich and widespread family of parasitoid flies with more than 250 genera classified into 17 extant subfamilies. However, little is known about their evolutionary history or how their present-day diversity was shaped. Transcriptomes of 15 species and anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) sequence captures of 86 species, representing 94 bee fly species and 14 subfamilies, were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Bombyliidae. We integrated data from transcriptomes across each of the main lineages in our AHE tree to build a data set with more genes (550 loci versus 216 loci) and higher support levels. Our overall results show strong congruence with the current classification of the family, with 11 out of 14 included subfamilies recovered as monophyletic. Heterotropinae and Mythicomyiinae are successive sister groups to the remainder of the family. We examined the evolution of key morphological characters through our phylogenetic hypotheses and show that neither the "sand chamber subfamilies" nor the "Tomophthalmae" are monophyletic in our phylogenomic analyses. Based on our results, we reinstate two tribes at the subfamily level (Phthiriinae stat. rev. and Ecliminae stat. rev.) and we include the genus Sericosoma Macquart (previously incertae sedis) in the subfamily Oniromyiinae, bringing the total number of bee fly subfamilies to 19. Our dating analyses indicate a Jurassic origin of the family (165-194 Ma), with the sand chamber evolving early in bee fly evolution, in the late Jurassic or mid-Cretaceous (100-165 Ma). We hypothesize that the angiosperm radiation and the hothouse climate established during the late Cretaceous accelerated the diversification of bee flies, by providing an expanded range of resources for the parasitoid larvae and nectarivorous adults.

Nano-titanium dioxide (Nano-TiO2) has been widely used in industrial manufacture and life science field due to its excellent physical and chemical properties in the past few decades, which makes it inevitably released into the aquatic environment. In freshwater ecosystem, Chlorella is the most commonly used species to study the effect brought by metal oxide nanoparticles. In this work, both the short term and long term effect of P25 TiO2 on Chlorella were investigated. Here, we found that Nano-TiO2 would cause serious damage to chlorella in a short period of time, as confirmed by oxidative stress and algal cell morphology. However, different from the short-term condition, the damaging effect was gradually weakened along with the prolongation of exposure time of chlorella to Nano-TiO2 and the final observed inhibition rate of biomass was nearly zero. In addition, the other important finding of this work is that extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) has remarkably protective effect on algae cells. Algae cells with EPS removed were more vulnerable to nano titanium dioxide and exhibited more difficulties in returning back to normal growth compared with normal algae cells, which might be related to the attachment of nanoparticles to the cell surface.

Apsilocephalidae is an enigmatic dipteran family erected by Nagatomi et al. (1991), including three extant genera and three additional extinct genera from the Eocene Baltic amber, Eocene Florissant, and mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. We describe herein two new taxa, Myanmarpsilocephala grimaldii gen. et sp. nov. and Irwinimyia spinosa gen. et sp. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. The female genitalia of Myanmarpsilocephala gen. nov. and male genitalia of Irwinimyia gen. nov. are described and illustrated. The distribution of all Apsilocephalidae species and a key to all genera of Apsilocephalidae is provided. The described diversity of Apsilocephalidae in Burmese amber strongly suggests that apsilocephalid flies diversified at least by the mid-Cretaceous.

The high likelihood of the coexistence of surfactants and engineered nano-materials (ENMs) in aqueous environments redoubles the need to study the effects of surfactants on the behavior and transport of nano-materials. In this study, we chose anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO, Tergitol NP-9) to study the effect of surfactants on the behaviors of a typical TiO 2 ENM in water environment. An adsorption isotherm and zeta potential study showed that both surfactants could be adsorbed onto the surface of nano-TiO 2 but that only SDS can significantly decrease the zeta potential of TiO 2 . For a better simulation of the dynamic natural water environment, we conducted a 24-h batch experiment to study the aggregation behaviors of nano-TiO 2 in the presence of SDS or NP-9 surfactants and recorded the sedimentation of the aggregates in solutions containing the surfactants over a 24 h-period. SDS and NP-9 both reduced the growth of the TiO 2 aggregates and retarded the aggregate sedimentation at surfactant concentrations ≥ 0.015% (w:v). The aggregation of TiO 2 was far more remarkable in six environmental water matrices from different natural origins than in Milli-Q water, mainly because of the relatively high ionic strength of the former. The introduction of surfactants, however, still retarded the aggregation and sedimentation of TiO 2 in the six environmental water matrices. SDS exerted a stronger reductive effect than NP-9. This study reveals that the presence of surfactants may increase the bioavailability and environmental risk of nanomaterial contaminants by retarding the aggregation and promoting the transport of nanomaterials in natural aqueous environments.

We review Sisyromyia White (Bombyliidae, Bombyliinae), a remarkable Australian endemic bee fly genus, which includes 11 species, including six species we describe as new here: Sisyromyia albisquama sp. nov., Sisyromyia angustivitta sp. nov., Sisyromyia elongata sp. nov., Sisyromyia maculipennis sp. nov., Sisyromyia umbra sp. nov., Sisyromyia vittata sp. nov. The genus can be easily distinguished from other Australian genera in the subfamily by having a one-segmented antennal flagellum, subapex of flagellum with some long hairs; a pale median stripe present on the abdomen consisting of dense, decumbent short scales, cell r5 open; cell br nearly as long as cell bm, crossvein m-m located on base of cell dm; crossvein m-m long, nearly as long as crossvein r-m. We also recognized one new synonym, and propose a new combination for Sisyromyia binghi Evenhuis. A key to species of Sisyromyia is provided, and we extensively illustrate their internal and external morphology.

Two female Thraxan sp. (Diptera: Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) emerged from parasitised Pison simillimum Smith (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) larvae found inside a Sceliphron formosum Smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) mud wasps nest. Thraxan sp. larvae are endoparasites of P. simillimum larvae. The endoparasite pupates inside the host larva, kills it, and emerges free of the host body. We describe and illustrate the pupal exuviae of the newly found species and two known species, T. luteus Yeates & Lambkin and T. misatulus Yeates & Lambkin, and we compare these pupal exuviae to those of Anthrax Scopoli.

We review the endemic Australian bee fly genusEusurbusRoberts (Bombyliidae, Bombyliinae) and recognize two described species and three new species. The monotypic genusBromoglycisHull is identified as a new junior synonym ofEusurbus. Another species,E. nigracinctusRoberts, is designated as the type species of a new genusZentamyiagen. nov. This new genus is similar toEusurbusbased on several combined external characters including two-segmented palp, one-segmented flagellomere, open anal cell and cellr5, and the cellbrmuch longer than cellbm. However,Zentamyiagen. nov. has a more flattened scutum, and the apex of the flagellum is tapered. Moreover, the male genitalia are very different fromEusurbus, the male epandrium is narrow and long, and its posterolateral margin has a cluster of dense hairs; the female lacks a sand chamber, and the sperm pump is long and strong. A morphological phylogeny toEusurbusspecies is provided.

Acroceridae, known as spider flies, are exclusive endoparasitoids of spiders. This study reports the first host association for Ogcodes pygmaeus White, 1914 (Diptera: Acroceridae) after discovering dead acrocerids and their host spiders inside Sceliphron formosum Smith, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) nests in ACT, Australia. From a total of 650 sampled wasp nests, 14 were discovered with multiple spiders parasitised by species of Ogcodes Latreille, 1796. Two species of jumping spiders in the genus Servaea Simon, 1887 (Araneae: Salticidae), including an undescribed species, were identified as hosts of O. pygmaeus in this study. We hypothesise that the parasitised spiders were brought back to the nest as S. formosum prey items, and when acrocerid adults emerged they were trapped inside the sealed nests. Dead pupae were also found in the nests along with the dead adult acrocerids. To our knowledge, this entrapment of spider parasites inside S. formosum nests has not been documented before, and this study represents a new method for obtaining acrocerid fly host records.

A restricted Western Australia bee fly genus Pilosia Hull (Bombyliidae, Bombyliinae) is reviewed with the description of two new species, Pilosia incana Bowden & Li sp. nov. and Pilosia flava Li & Yeates sp. nov., and the type species, Pilosia flavopilosa Hull, 1973 is identified as a new junior synonym of Pilosia immutatus (Walker, 1849). This genus can easily be distinguished from other Australian genera in the subfamily by having a three-segmented antennal flagellum, a closed cell cup and a haired mediotergite. A recent morphological phylogeny of Australian Bombyliinae suggested Pilosia is sister to all the remaining Bombyliinae genera (Li & Yeates, 2018). A key to all three known species of Pilosia is provided

Li, Xuankun, Rodrigues, Paula Fernanda Motta, Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, Yeates, David K. (2018): A Review of the Australian Species of Thevenetimyia Bigot, 1875 (Bombyliidae, Bombyliinae, Eclimini), with Description of Four New Species and the Pupal Case of T. longipalpis (Hardy). Records of the Australian Museum 70 (3): 331-375, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1678, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1678

Known as a monotypic genus for over a century, Marmasoma White, 1916 is an endemic Australian bee fly genus belonging to the tribe Eclimini of the subfamily Bombyliinae. A new species: Marmasoma hortorum sp. nov. is described based on a series of specimens from Western Australia and South Australia. This new species can be easily distinguished from the congener by the inconspicuous pale wing markings and mostly white to pale yellow scales on the body, as well as characters of both male and female genitalia. M. sumptuosum is found in south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania, and some specimens have been collected on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. M. hortorum sp. nov. occurs in south Western Australia, and a pair of specimens has been taken just north of Port Augusta in South Australia. A key to species of Marmasoma is provided.

The superfamily Lauxanioidea is a significant dipteran clade including over 2500 known species in three families: Lauxaniidae, Celyphidae and Chamaemyiidae. We sequenced the first five (three complete and two partial) lauxanioid mitochondrial (mt) genomes, and used them to reconstruct the phylogeny of this group. The lauxanioid mt genomes are typical of the Diptera, containing all 37 genes usually present in bilaterian animals. A total of three conserved intergenic sequences have been reported across the Cyclorrhapha. The inferred secondary structure of 22 tRNAs suggested five substitution patterns among the Cyclorrhapha. The control region in the Lauxanioidea has apparently evolved very fast, but four conserved structural elements were detected in all three complete mt genome sequences. Phylogenetic relationships based on the mt genome data were inferred by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. The traditional relationships between families within the Lauxanioidea, (Chamaemyiidae + (Lauxaniidae + Celyphidae)), was corroborated, however, the higher level relationships between cyclorrhaphan superfamilies are mostly poorly supported.

A method for the speciation of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in water samples was developed using nano-sized TiO2 colloids as adsorbent and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) as a determination technique. The adsorption efficiency for Sb(III) and Sb(V) exceeded 98.0% within a short time when the pH was 6.0. Two carrier acid solutions, citric acid (1%) for Sb(III) and HCl (2%) for total Sb, were used. After the determinations of Sb(III) and total Sb, Sb(V) could be calculated by their difference. The effects of certain conditions on the ratio of Sb(III)/Sb(V) and the presence of coexisting ions were studied. The enrichment factor for both Sb(III) and total Sb was 20. The detection limits of this method were 10 ng L−1 for Sb(III) and 13 ng L−1 for total Sb. The relative standard deviations (n = 6) were 6.7% for Sb(III) and 4.4% for total Sb, demonstrating good analytical precision. The accuracy of the proposed method was validated with an environmental water sample certified reference material (GSB 07-1376-2001) with a Sb(III) concentration of 1.24 ± 0.26 mg L−1. The obtained Sb(III) concentration was 1.22 ± 0.03 mg L−1, which was in good agreement with the certified value. The developed method was simple, fast and sensitive without any filtration or desorption steps and provided low detection limits for Sb(III) and Sb(V).

Eight species of the genus Amblypsilopus Bigot are now recorded from Vietnam. The following two new species are described: Amblypsilopus lacduonganus sp. nov. and A. longus sp. nov. Two species, A. basalis Yang and A. capitatus Yang, are newly reported fromVietnam. A key to the species of the genus fromVietnam is provided.

The genus Dacus is one of the most economically important tephritid fruit flies. The first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Dacus species – D. longicornis was sequenced by next-generation sequencing in order to develop the mitogenome data for this genus. The circular 16,253 bp mitogenome is the typical set and arrangement of 37 genes present in the ancestral insect. The mitogenome data of D. longicornis was compared to all the published homologous sequences of other tephritid species. We discovered the subgenera Bactrocera, Daculus and Tetradacus differed from the subgenus Zeugodacus, the genera Dacus, Ceratitis and Procecidochares in the possession of TA instead of TAA stop codon for COI gene. There is a possibility that the TA stop codon in COI is the synapomorphy in Bactrocera group in the genus Bactrocera comparing with other Tephritidae species. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitogenome data from Tephritidae were inferred by Bayesian and Maximum-likelihood methods, strongly supported the sister relationship between Zeugodacus and Dacus.

The wide application of surfactants and engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in industrial and consumer products lead to the high possibility of their co-presence in natural water environment, making it important to study the effect of surfactants on the environmental behavior and fate of ENMs. In this work, we selected an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO, Tergitol NP-9) to study their effects on the aggregation and sedimentation of a 20nm ZnO ENM in different water matrices. The adsorption of SDS and NP-9 by ZnO ENM were fitted with Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 43.73±4.62mg/g and 13.79±1.09 respectively. As the surfactant concentration increased from 0 to 0.030% (m:v), SDS reduced the zeta potential of ZnO ENM from 17.56±2.13 to -27.96±2.59mV, whereas NP-9 did not affect the zeta potential. After a 24-h batch reactor experiment, SDS and NP-9 reduced 93.02% and 80.26% of the aggregate size of ZnO ENM (50mgL-1) in maximum at surfactant concentrations≥0.015%. The ZnO ENM was not stable in natural aqueous matrices, mainly because of the relatively high ionic strength. However, surfactants were found to reduce the aggregation and sedimentation of ZnO ENM in six natural water matrices in different degrees. With the presence of 0.030% SDS in tap water, maximum reduction rates of aggregate size and sedimentation were recorded as 69.54% and 26.69%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the presence of surfactants may alter the behaviors and fate of ENMs in natural water environment.

A traditionally controversial taxon, the Tipulomorpha has been frequently discussed with respect to both its familial composition and relationships with other Nematocera. The interpretation of internal relationships within the Tipuloidea, which include the Tipulidae sensu stricto, Cylindrotomidae, Pediciidae and Limoniidae, is also problematic. We sequenced the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Symplecta hybrida (Meigen, 1804), which belongs to the subfamily Chioneinae of family Limoniidae, and another five nearly complete mt genomes from the Tipuloidea. We did a comparative analysis of these mt genomics and used them, along with some other representatives of the Nematocera to construct phylogenetic trees. Trees inferred by Bayesian methods strongly support a sister-group relationship between Trichoceridae and Tipuloidea. Tipulomorpha are not supported as the earliest branch of the Diptera. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees indicate that the family Limoniidae is a paraphyletic group.

The high likelihood of the coexistence of surfactants and engineered nano-materials (ENMs) in aqueous environments redoubles the need to study the effects of surfactants on the behavior and transport of nano-materials. In this study, we chose anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO, Tergitol NP-9) to study the effect of surfactants on the behaviors of a typical TiO