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Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) installations are a leading technology for generating green electricity and reducing carbon emissions. Roofing highways with solar panels offers a new opportunity for PV development, but its potential of global deployment and associated socio‐economic impacts have not been investigated. Here, we combine solar PV output modeling with the global highway distribution and levelized cost of electricity to estimate the potential and economic feasibility of deploying highway PV systems worldwide. We also quantify its co‐benefits of reducing CO2 equivalent emissions and traffic losses (road traffic deaths and socio‐economic burdens). Our analysis reveals a potential for generating 17.58 PWh yr−1 of electricity, of which nearly 56% can be realized at a cost below US$100 MWh−1. Achieving the full highway PV potential could offset 28.78% (28.21%–29.1%) of the global total carbon emissions in 2018, prevent approximately 0.15 million road traffic deaths, and reduce US$0.43 ± 0.16 trillion socio‐economic burdens per year. Highway PV projects could bring a net return of about US$14.42 ± 4.04 trillion over a 25‐year lifetime. To exploit the full potential of highway PV, countries with various income levels must strengthen cooperation and balance the multiple socio‐economic co‐benefits.

C13H17NO4, monoclinic, Cc (no. 9), a = 11.6900(4) Å, b = 8.4868(2) Å, c = 14.1607(5) Å, β = 112.549(4)°, V = 1297.49(8) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0373, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1071, T = 295.5 K.

C30H25O7P, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.1091(3) Å, b = 8.0535(2) Å, c = 25.4435(6) Å, β = 92.169(2)°, V = 2479.49(10) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0438, wRref(F2) = 0.1219, T = 150 K.

Highlights Cetyltrimethylammonium cations can shield the repelling force on anions to attract more anions into electric double layer region during lithium plating process, facilitating the formation of inorganic-rich solid-state electrolyte interphase (SEI). An inorganic-rich (N/F-containing species) structure of SEI can be evidenced by the in-depth analysis. The cycling lifetime of Li||Li symmetric cell in the designed electrolyte can be extended from 500 to 1300 h. Moreover, full cells with a high cathode mass loading of >10 mg cm-2 can be stably cycled over 180 cycles.

Abstract Accurate estimation and attribution of large‐scale changes in plant transpiration are critical to understand the impacts of vegetation dynamics on the terrestrial hydrological cycle. However, these aspects remain poorly understood due to the limited reliability of global transpiration products. Here we compile data from 101 site‐based transpiration measurements across the globe and use them to constrain three biophysically based data‐driven transpiration products. The constrained transpiration reveals a prominent increasing trend of 0.61–0.79 mm yr−2 during 1980–2021, which is overestimated by 8%–32% in unconstrained transpiration. We further find that the global transpiration increase is mainly driven by leaf area index increase (40%), followed by climate change (19%), though offset partly by CO2‐induced stomatal closure (−38%) and land use and cover change (−3%). Our refined estimates indicate a less substantial increase of global transpiration than previously thought, improving the understanding of transpiration change impact on global hydrological cycle.

C14H19N3O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.62239(12) Å, b = 15.3515(3) Å, c = 10.86408(16) Å, β = 99.5170(14)°, V = 1418.25(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt (F) = 0.0452, wRref (F 2) = 0.1354, T = 295.52(10) K.

C15H16N2O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.1351(4) Å, b = 19,9377(14) Å, c = 12.3576(9) Å, β = 95.951(7)°$95.951(7){}^{\circ}$, Z = 4, V = 1258.38(16) Å3, Rgt(F) = 0.0762, wRref (F2) = 0.2224, T = 150 K.

C18H19NO3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.9529(3) Å, b = 13.5984(4) Å, c = 12.8403(5) Å, β = 101.572(4)°, Rgt(F) = 0.0458, wRref(F2) = 0.1395, V = 1532.54(9) Å3, Z = 4, T = 150 K.

C30H31NO8, triclinic, P‾$\overline{P}$1 (no. 2), a = 5.21720(10) Å, b = 9.2878(2) Å, c = 27.2825(5) Å, α = 82.199(2)∘, β = 88.113(2)∘, γ = 81.617(2)∘, V = 1295.66(5) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0567, wRref(F2) = 0.1548, T = 100 K.

C23H25BrO6, triclinic, P1‾$\overline{1}$ (no. 2), a = 7.8451(3) Å, b = 7.9428(2) Å, c = 17.6360(6) Å, α = 90.146(3), β = 90.433(3)∘, γ = 99.307(3)∘, V = 1084.44(7) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0464, wRref(F2) = 0.1402, T = 297.37(10) K.

Abstract Plant transpiration is a key flux of surface water loss to the atmosphere, determining the available surface water for ecosystem and human use. However, over China, the magnitude of transpiration and its spatial pattern remain poorly understood due to a lack of constraints from in situ observations. Here we compile 34 plot‐scale annual transpiration measurements across China to evaluate the performance of four transpiration products, and then produce a new constrained transpiration map for China. The transpiration map reveals an annual value of 209.0 mm yr−1, while the four transpiration products have a large spread of values (173.4–307.9 mm yr−1), especially in the wet southeastern regions. Land surface models exhibit large biases in modeled transpiration (−62.8% to 49.1%) compared to our constrained transpiration, and tend to underestimate transpiration in wet regions while overestimating it in dry regions. This behavior introduces bias in runoff projections which has ramifications for regional water resource management policies.

One major technological obstacle for membrane-based alkaline water electrolyzer is the inefficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, the authors report a platinum/fullerene heterostructure catalyst, which shows enhanced activity for hydrogen production due to the diverse interface between platinum and fullerene.

Attempts to develop hydrogen evolution photocatalysts usually result in low efficiency. Here the authors report a photocatalyst system by integrated interfacial design of stable covalent organic frameworks for high performance hydrogen evolution.

Impacts of Tibetan Plateau darkening remain unclear. Here authors show that darkening under the RCP8.5 scenario will increase South Asian monsoon precipitation and the “South Flood-North Drought” pattern over East Asia, while lead to local glacier loss.

Canopy rainfall interception (E i ) is a key component of global water cycle. Here, the authors quantify E i using flux tower data and machine learning, and find that rainfall gets less partitioned into E i as it gets more intense and less frequent.

Emerging drug resistance is generating an urgent need for novel and effective antibiotics. A promising target that has not yet been addressed by approved antibiotics is the bacterial DNA gyrase subunit B (GyrB), and GyrB inhibitors could be effective against drug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Here, we used the 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone fragment to search the Specs database of purchasable compounds for potential inhibitors of GyrB and identified AG-690/11765367, or f1, as a novel and potent inhibitor of the target protein (IC50: 1.21 µM). Structural modification was used to further identify two more potent GyrB inhibitors: f4 (IC50: 0.31 µM) and f14 (IC50: 0.28 µM). Additional experiments indicated that compound f1 is more potent than the others in terms of antibacterial activity against MRSA (MICs: 4–8 µg/mL), non-toxic to HUVEC and HepG2 (CC50: approximately 50 µM), and metabolically stable (t1/2: > 372.8 min for plasma; 24.5 min for liver microsomes). In summary, this study showed that the discovered N-quinazolinone-4-hydroxy-2-quinolone-3-carboxamides are novel GyrB-targeted antibacterial agents; compound f1 is promising for further development.

C17H13NO3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.5306(2) Å, b = 6.1971(2) Å, c = 23.3849(7) Å, β = 101.445(3)°, V = 1353.70(7) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0644, wRref(F2) = 0.1909, T = 120 K.

Changes in vegetation responses to precipitation may be hydroclimate dependent. Here the authors reveal contrasting trends of vegetation sensitivity to precipitation in drylands vs. wetter ecosystems over the last 4 decades and identify increased CO2 as a major contributing factor.

The seasonal greening of Northern Hemisphere ecosystems due to extended growing periods and enhanced photosynthetic activity is, via experiments, shown to modify near-surface warming by perturbing land-atmosphere energy exchanges.

Changing precipitation pattern has been suggested to expand tropical dry seasons. Here, the authors show that this lengthening can be even more severe when accounting for the simultaneous rise of ecosystem water demand in a warmer climate.

BackgroundColorectal Cancer (CRC) is a prevalent digestive system tumour with significant mortality and recurrence rates. Serum metabolomics, with its high sensitivity and high throughput, has shown potential as a tool to discover biomarkers for clinical screening and monitoring of the CRC patients.MethodsSerum metabolites of 61 sex and age-matched healthy controls and 62 CRC patients (before and after surgical intervention) were analyzed using a ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS). Statistical methods and pathway enrichment analysis were used to identify potential biomarkers and altered metabolic pathways.ResultsOur analysis revealed a clear distinction in the serum metabolic profile between CRC patients and healthy controls (HCs). Pathway analysis indicated a significant association with arginine biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, pantothenate, and CoA biosynthesis. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis showed that 9 metabolites had significant diagnostic value for CRC, among them, Guanosine with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.951 for the training group and0.998 for the validation group. Furthermore, analysis of four specific metabolites (N-Phenylacetylasparticacid, Tyrosyl-Gamma-glutamate, Tyr-Ser and Sphingosine) in serum samples of CRC patients before and after surgery indicated a return to healthy levels after an intervention.ConclusionOur results suggest that serum metabolomics may be a valuable tool for the screening and monitoring of CRC patients.

The carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals drive innovation in pollution governance systems, unleashing the potential of social supervisory forces to achieve coordinated governance by multiple stakeholders. In order to improve dust pollution control in opencast coal mines, this study combines prospect theory with evolutionary game theory, analyzing the evolutionary game process of coordinated governance activities of coal mining enterprises, local regulators, and social camps in the management of dust pollution against the backdrop of national supervisions. The research indicates that the perceived value of dust pollution has a significant impact on the strategic choices of the three agents involved in the game. Coal mining enterprises tend to be risk averse, and by reducing the cost of dust pollution control and increasing the additional benefits of pollution control, it can promote pollution control behavior by coal mining enterprises. Local regulators are also risk averse, but not sensitive to risk benefits. Strengthening pollution subsidy incentives and environmental fines can help promote dust pollution control behavior by coal mining enterprises. However, increasing the strength of the rewards strategy is not conducive to local regulators' own regulatory responsibilities, and environmental fines have limited binding effects. The strategic choices of social camps' supervision have a restrictive effect on the strategic choices of coal mining enterprises and local regulators, promoting the evolution of equilibrium results in the direction of maximizing social benefits. When coal mining enterprises actively governance pollution, local regulators strictly regulated, and social camps do not monitor, the system reaches its optimal equilibrium state. The research results clarify the mechanism and specific effects of social supervision of opencast coal mine dust pollution control, guide the participation of the public in dust pollution control, and regulate the behavior strategies of coal mining enterprises and local regulators, providing the scientific basis for management.

Drylands are among the most susceptible ecosystems to global climate change. It has been suggested that a future surface drying trend would largely reduce gross primary productivity (GPP) in drylands, given that water is the dominant factor controlling the spatial distributions (i.e., space-for-time analogy) and inter-annual fluctuations (i.e., variability-for-time analogy) of dryland GPP. However, whether these approaches using spatial and inter-annual diagnostics are valid to infer long-term dryland GPP remains unknown. In this study, we evaluate whether space-for-time and variability-for-time approaches, which are based on the empirical scaling between GPP and dryness, are able to capture future changes in dryland GPP as simulated by 18 Earth system models (ESMs). Using observational data during 1958–2014, we identify a strong coupling between dryland GPP and the annual aridity index (AI, the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) over both spatial and inter-annual scales. This GPP-AI scaling is used to predict future GPP changes throughout the 21st Century based on the future AI changes projected by ESMs. The space-for-time, and variability-for-time approaches predict an overall decrease of dryland GPP by -23.66 ± 10.93 (mean ±1 standard deviation) and -3.86 ± 2.22 gC m−2 yr−1, respectively, in response to future surface drying, however, the ESM projections exhibit a strong dryland GPP increase (+81.42 ± 36.82 gC m−2 yr−1). This inconsistency is because the space- and variability-based approaches, which rely on the spatial or short-term GPP-AI relationships, cannot capture the slowly-evolving but key determinant of dryland GPP changes over multi-decadal or longer timescales, which, in ESMs, is the ecosystem physiological response to rising CO2. Our study questions the validity of “the drier the less productive” hypothesis rooted in the space-for-time and variability-for-time theories, and the implementation of such theories to constrain future ecosystem changes.

Abstract Two‐dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH)‐based floating gate devices show great potential for next‐generation nonvolatile and multilevel data storage memory. However, high program voltage induced substantial energy consumption, which is one of the primary concerns, hinders their applications in low‐energy‐consumption artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing. In this study, we demonstrate a three‐terminal floating gate device based on the vdWH of tin disulfide (SnS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), and few‐layer graphene. The large electron affinity of SnS2 facilitates a significant reduction in the program voltage of the device by lowering the hole‐injection barrier across h‐BN. Our floating gate device, as a nonvolatile multilevel electronic memory, exhibits large on/off current ratio (~105), good retention (over 104 s), and robust endurance (over 1000 cycles). Moreover, it can function as an artificial synapse to emulate basic synaptic functions. Further, low energy consumption down to ~7 picojoule (pJ) can be achieved owing to the small program voltage. High linearity (

Photocatalytic H2O2 generation represents a promising approach for artificial photosynthesis. Here, ZrS3 nanobelts with controllable disulfide and sulfide anion vacancies exhibit an excellent photocatalytic H2O2 generation performance together with selective oxidation of benzylamine to benzonitrile.

Highlights Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores ( 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (

The future of terrestrial systems is influenced by their past, but this carryover effect is rarely quantified. Here, the authors provide the first quantitative evidence that a greener spring begets a greener summer and autumn, and that this carryover effect is even stronger than climate drivers.

Monsoon systems have strong impacts on precipitation and food security over large areas of the world. Here, the authors show that plant responses to rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere play a key role in modulating seasonal rainfall and water resources over global land monsoon regions.

Summary: Deep UV transparent thin films have recently attracted considerable attention owing to their potential in UV and organic-based optoelectronics. Here, we report the achievement of a deep UV transparent and highly conductive thin film based on Si-doped Ga2O3 (SGO) with high conductivity of 2500 S/cm. The SGO thin films exhibit high transparency over a wide spectrum ranging from visible light to deep UV wavelength and, meanwhile, have a very low work-function of approximately 3.2 eV. A combination of photoemission spectroscopy and theoretical studies reveals that the delocalized conduction band derived from Ga 4s orbitals is responsible for the Ga2O3 films’ high conductivity. Furthermore, Si is shown to act as an efficient shallow donor, yielding high mobility up to approximately 60 cm2/Vs. The superior optoelectronic properties of SGO films make it a promising material for use as electrodes in high-power electronics and deep UV and organic-based optoelectronic devices.

Satellite-based land surface temperature (Ts) with continuous global coverage is increasingly used as a complementary measure for air temperature (Ta), yet whether they observe similar temporal trends remains unknown. Here, we systematically analyzed the trend of the difference between satellite-based Ts and station-based Ta (Ts–Ta) over 2003–2022. We found the global land warming rate inffered from Ts was on average 42.6% slower than that from Ta (Ts–Ta trend: −0.011 °C yr ^−1 , p = 0.06) during daytime of summer. This slower Ts-based warming was attributed to recent Earth greening, which effectively cooled canopy surface through enhancing evapotranspiration and turbulent heat transfer. However, Ts showed faster warming than Ta during summer nighttime (0.015 °C yr ^−1 , p < 0.01), winter daytime (0.0069 °C yr ^−1 , p = 0.08) and winter nighttime (0.0042 °C yr ^−1 , p = 0.16), when vegetation activity is limited by temperature and solar radiation. Our results indicate potential biases in assessments of atmospheric warming and the vegetation-air temperature feedbacks using satellite-observed surface temperature proxies.

Uncontrollable sodium dendrite growth results in poor cycling performance and severe safety issues, hindering practical applications of sodium metal batteries (SMBs). To stabilize sodium metal anodes (SMAs), various strategies have been developed including employing anode hosts and electrolyte additives to establish protective layers. Nevertheless, the understanding of interaction mechanisms between protective materials and SMAs is still limited, which is crucial for the rational design of protective materials. In this work, we investigated the interaction mechanism between sodium metal and sulfur-containing functional groups with comparative model systems of α-sexithiophene (6T) and p-sexiphenyl (6P) through in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results show that sodium atoms tend to interact with sulfur atoms and their connected carbon atoms simultaneously as well as the aromatic carbon atoms of the end groups of 6T molecules, while no chemical interaction between Na and 6P molecules is observed. The observed sulfurization-induced sodiophilic sites can shed light on the rational design of sulfur-containing protective materials and the relevant interface engineering to stabilize SMAs.

The impacts of climate change on summer carbon cycling in the northern hemisphere remain poorly resolved. Here the authors use atmospheric CO2 records from Point Barrow (Alaska) to show that summer CO2 drawdown is significantly negatively correlated with terrestrial temperature north of 50°N between 1979–2012.

Background/Aims: Evidence from our and other groups has demonstrated that zinc transporter 7 in SLC30 family (ZnT7) inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs) under high glucose (HG) concentration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ZnT7 on EMT of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in an in vitro model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A dual-fluorescent staining protocol was used for detection of ZnT7 in a normal rat kidney tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E cells). EMT was induced with HG (30 mM). NRK-52E cells were transfected with plasmids codifying for hZnT7-EGFP and interfering RNA for determination of the effect of ZnT7 over-expression and silencing, respectively. Expression of ZnT7, activation of the MAPK/ERK and TGF-β/Smad pathways were analyzed with by means of Western blot. Results: ZnT7 was localized in the perinuclear region and Golgi apparatus. In HG-induced EMT of NRK-52E cells, ZnT7 was up-regulated. Over-expression of ZnT7 led to inhibition of HG-induced EMT, while knock-down of ZnT7 increased EMT. Furthermore, knock-down of ZnT7 and increased HG-induced EMT was accompanied by activation of the MAPK/ERK and TGF-β/Smad pathways. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that ZnT7 has a protective effect over EMT of RTECs in DN and suggests that the inhibition of HG-induced EMT may be achieved through the MAPK/ERK and TGF-β/Smad pathways. Thereby, ZnT7 could be a potential target for translation medicine and prevention program in DN.

Plant growing season increases under a warming climate, but it is not known whether this will alter plant exposure to frost days. Here Liu et al. investigate trends in the Northern Hemisphere over 30 years and find increased exposure to frost days in regions that have longer growing seasons.

Creep-fatigue interaction tests of P92 steel at 630℃ under stress-controlled were carried out, and the crack propagation behaviour of P92 steel was studied. The fracture mechanism of crack growth under creep-fatigue interaction and the transition points in a-N curves were analyzed based on the fracture morphology. The results show that the fracture of P92 steel under creep-fatigue interaction is creep ductile fracture and the (Ct)avg parameter is employed to demonstrate the crack growth behaviour; in addition, the fracture morphology shows that the crack growth for P92 steel under creep-fatigue interaction is mainly caused by the nucleation and growth of the creep voids and micro-cracks. Furthermore, the transition point of a-lg(Ni/Nf) curve corresponds to the turning point of initial crack growth changed into steady crack growth while the transition point of (da/dN)-N curve exhibits the turning point of steady creep crack growth changed into the accelerated crack growth.