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Chan-Sheng Cai,1 Gui-Juan He,2 Fa-Wei Xu2 1The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Fa-Wei Xu, Tel +8615868128520, Email xufawei@zju.edu.cnAbstract: Skin photoaging is a complex biological process characterized by the accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skin, resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the growing demand for effective treatments, current therapeutic options for skin photoaging remain limited. However, emerging research has highlighted the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, micro-vesicles, apoptotic bodies and liposomes, as promising therapeutic agents in skin rejuvenation. EVs are involved in intercellular communication and can deliver bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, to recipient cells, thereby influencing various cellular processes. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the current research progress in the application of EVs for the treatment of skin photoaging, including their isolation and characterization methods, roles in skin homeostasis, therapeutic potential and clinical applications for skin photoaging. Additionally, challenges and future directions in EVs-based therapies for skin rejuvenation are discussed. Keywords: extracellular vesicles, exosomes, liposomes, stem cells, skin photoaging, skin rejuvenation

Various treatment modalities have been applied to atrophic scars. Fractional CO 2 laser treatment has attracted increasingly more attention because of its quicker recovery time and fewer side effects. However, its limitation of sculpting the edge is an urgent shortcoming. In order to achieve a more effective result with fewer complications, we have integrated ultrapulse CO 2 and fractional CO 2 lasers to for the treatment of facial atrophic scars. The study included 25 patients (10 males and 15 females) diagnosed with moderate to severe atrophic scars between August 2020 and July 2022. All subjects underwent the same surgical treatment. The effects were assessed at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months using photographic evidence. Objective evaluation of the results was conducted using a quartile grading scale, while the subjects' satisfaction and any adverse events were also recorded. The patients in the study underwent more than two laser sessions (2-5), resulting in substantial improvement in their appearance. The time interval between each session was 3-6 months. The majority of the patients (19/25, 76%) had a significant or even excellent improvement. Any adverse events observed, such as erythema, superficial crusting, and PIH, were of a mild nature and temporary in duration. This treatment combined two CO 2 lasers is an effective and safe choice for atrophic scars in Asians., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: Scarring is a common but intricate problem, and topical anti-scarring drugs are the most widely used treatment. However, the wide range of drugs available makes it difficult for doctors and patients to choose from because of the lack of clinical comparisons. Therefore, we conducted an observational study to compare the clinical efficacy of different topical anti-scarring drugs., Methods: Patients with post-suturing facial scars were enrolled in this study. The questionnaire was designed to record the basic characteristics of the patients. The Vancouver Scar Scale, SCAR scale, and measurements of scar width and thickness were used to evaluate scar quality. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups for comparison: the silicone preparation (SP), onion extract (OE), asiaticoside (AC) groups, and the untreated blank control (BC) group. The overall data were analyzed before they were confined to the zygomatic region., Results: A total of 127 eligible patients were enrolled in this study. The results of the total and zygomatic scars demonstrated that SP, OE, and AC groups resulted in narrower scars and lower scar scale scores. The SP group depicted higher melanin efficacy than the other two groups. The OE group had the best pliability, whereas the AC group had the thinnest scar., Conclusions: In this study, we acquired expertise with different topical anti-scar agents: SP significantly reduced melanin levels, OE mainly benefited scar pliability, and AC was better at reducing scar thickness. These differences may be more instructive for clinical applications., Competing Interests: None., (AJTR Copyright © 2023.)

Long-term non-healing diabetic wounds are always a serious challenge and a global healthcare burden that needs to be resolved urgently in the clinic. Prolonged inflammation and impaired angiogenesis are the main direct causes of diabetic wounds. With the development of polymer biomaterials, various wound dressings have been created, but a few of them have been applied to the clinical management of diabetic wounds. Here, we developed a mussel-inspired bioactive scaffold consisting mainly of collagen and hyaluronic acid, which are natural biopolymer materials contained in human tissues. First, we fabricated different polydopamine modified lyophilized collagen hyaluronic acid scaffolds under different concentrations of dopamine alkaline solutions, 0.5, 1, 2 ​mg/mL, so named CHS-PDA-0.5, CHS-PDA-1, CHS-PDA-2. After testing their physical and chemical properties, antioxidant effect, inflammation regulation, as well as drug loading and release capabilities, we obtained a bioactive endothelial growth factor (EGF)-loaded wound dressing, CHS-PDA-2@EGF, which can resist reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promote the regeneration of chronic wounds in diabetic rats by reducing inflammation. In addition, the scaffold showed excellent swelling ability, a certain coagulation effect and reasonable degradation. Therefore, the scaffold has great potential to be used in clinical diabetic wound treatment as a low-cost and easily available wound dressing to accelerate chronic wound healing., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Wei-Qiang Tan reports administrative support was provided by 10.13039/501100001809National Natural Science Foundation of China. Yong-Zhong Du is a part-time professor of our department from School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is associated with various health benefits. In this review, we searched current work about the effects of EGCG and its wound dressings on skin for wound healing. Hydrogels, nanoparticles, micro/nanofiber networks and microneedles are the major types of EGCG-containing wound dressings. The beneficial effects of EGCG and its wound dressings at different stages of skin wound healing (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling) were summarized based on the underlying mechanisms of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, angiogenesis and antifibrotic properties. This review expatiates on the rationale of using EGCG to promote skin wound healing and prevent scar formation, which provides a future clinical application direction of EGCG.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of Tic Disorders (TD) in children, and to clarify the current evidence regarding the clinical application of acupuncture in the treatment of TD., Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing acupuncture treatment with pharmaceutical treatment for TD were included in this review. A comprehensive search of 6 electronic literature databases was conducted, and the retrieval date was from the establishment of the database to April 2020. The Cochrane Collaboration's bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the bias risk of the included literature, and adopted the Review Manager 5.3 was used for statistical analysis of the data in the included literature., Results: A total of 22 RCTs (1668 participants) were included in this review. Meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture showed superior effects in the following aspects, including higher overall effective rate [RR = 1.20,95 % CI(1.09,1.20),P＜0.00001], significant reduction in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) scores [MD=-2.79,95 %CI(-4.75,-0.82),P = 0.005], lower incidence of adverse effects [RR = 0.26,95 %CI(0.17,0.41),P＜0.00001], and reduced recurrence rate [RR = 0.28,95 %CI(0.17,0.46),P＜0.00001]., Conclusion: Acupuncture treatment alone is more effective in the treatment of TD than pharmaceutical treatment, as seen in the reduction of YGTSS scores, fewer adverse effects and lower recurrence rates., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Type I interferon (IFN) inhibits viruses by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins. The IFN-induced myxovirus resistance B (MxB) protein has been reported to inhibit a limited number of viruses, including HIV-1 and herpesviruses, but its antiviral coverage remains to be explored further. Here we show that MxB interferes with RNA replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and significantly inhibits viral replication in a cyclophilin A (CypA)-dependent manner. Our data further show that MxB interacts with the HCV protein NS5A, thereby impairing NS5A interaction with CypA and NS5A localization to the endoplasmic reticulum, two events essential for HCV RNA replication. Interestingly, we found that MxB significantly inhibits two additional CypA-dependent viruses of the Flaviviridae family, namely, Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus, suggesting a potential link between virus dependence on CypA and virus susceptibility to MxB inhibition. Collectively, these data have identified MxB as a key factor behind IFN-mediated suppression of HCV infection, and they suggest that other CypA-dependent viruses may also be subjected to MxB restriction. IMPORTANCE Viruses of the Flaviviridae family cause major illness and death around the world and thus pose a great threat to human health. Here we show that IFN-inducible MxB restricts several members of the Flaviviridae , including HCV, Japanese encephalitis virus, and dengue virus. This finding not only suggests an active role of MxB in combating these major pathogenic human viruses but also significantly expands the antiviral spectrum of MxB. Our study further strengthens the link between virus dependence on CypA and susceptibility to MxB restriction and also suggests that MxB may employ a common mechanism to inhibit different viruses. Elucidating the antiviral functions of MxB advances our understanding of IFN-mediated host antiviral defense and may open new avenues to the development of novel antiviral therapeutics., (Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.)

Laryngeal cancer is a common cancer occurred in the head and neck. Irradiation sensitivity is a problem affecting the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Tanshinone IIA has been reported to play an important role in treating multiple diseases; yet, whether Tanshinone IIA can be an irradiation sensitizer has not been reported. Clonogenic assay, annexin-V/propidium iodide double-staining assay, and Cell Counting Kit-8 assay were performed to detect cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and viability. Mouse laryngeal cancer xenograft model was established and subjected to tumor size analysis. Tanshinone IIA treatment increased the irradiation sensitivity of laryngeal cancer cells by reducing cell survival, viability and proliferation, and increasing cell apoptosis. Tanshinone IIA treatment increased the survival period of mice in the in vivo laryngeal cancer model, evidenced by decreased growth and weight of tumors, which was possibly mediated through the JNK pathway. Tanshinone IIA increases the sensitivity to irradiation in laryngeal cancer cells and in vivo laryngeal cancer model, suggesting that Tanshinone IIA can be a therapeutic antitumor agent for treating laryngeal cancer., (© 2018 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To explore the effects of simulated mandibular models in skill training of implantology for dental undergraduate., Methods: Pre-clinical teaching of oral implantology was implemented on simulation models for 51 undergraduates of grade 2013. Each undergraduate inserted a dental implant and took an impression in the simulation model under the teacher＇s guidance. After the training course, the scores were evaluated both objectively and subjectively., Results: An average score of 91.6 was obtained in the course of oral implantology on simulated mandibular models. All students appreciated the teaching methods. They believed that training on simulation models could improve their learning interest and arouse their learning motivation., Conclusions: Simulated mandibular models are good tools in training of oral implantology for dental undergraduates education, which is worthy of wide application.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin extract (PRFe) on proliferation and differentiation and F-actin cytoskeleton of osteoblasts., Methods: The experimental group used the α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM) containing PRFe (10% fetal bovine serum), and the control group used the α-MEM (10% fetal bovine serum). The number of the osteoblasts at 1st, 3rd, 5th d was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the differentiation of osteoblast at 1st, 3rd, 5th,7 th d detected by the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP).The alizarin red dye was used to observe the number of calcium nodus at 14th, 21st d. The F-actin cytoskeleton was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) at 3rd,6th,9th,12th h. The level of osteogenetic biomarkers osteocalcin (OCN) and core-binding factor α1(Cbfα1) at 3rd,7th d were quantified by real-time PCR., Results: A significant increase of absorbance at 1st, 3rd, 5th d was showed in experimental group (0.336 ± 0.011, 0.571 ± 0.039, 0.787 ± 0.050) compared to control group (0.300 ± 0.021, 0.387 ± 0.040, 0.527 ± 0.034) (P < 0.05). The absorbance of experimental group at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th d (0.146 ± 0.014, 0.199 ± 0.017, 0.390 ± 0.020, 0.492 ± 0.019) was significantly higher than that of control group (0.115 ± 0.014, 0.145 ± 0.015, 0.190 ± 0.015, 0.230 ± 0.026) (P < 0.05). The integrated absorbance of the calcium nodus in experimental group at 14th, 21st d (22.119 ± 3.694, 31.528 ± 3.162) was significantly higher than in control group (8.498 ± 2.041, 15.162 ± 2.526) (P < 0.05). The Cbfα1 and OCN gene expression in experimental group was higher than in control group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: PRFe could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the spread of F-actin cytoskeleton.