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ObjectiveThis study aimed to clarify the heat inactivation mechanics of Salmonella in commercial crispy meat and provide guidance for its safe consumption by studying the inactivation pattern of Salmonella in crispy meat at different heating temperatures.MethodsThe crispy meat inoculated with 108 CFU/g Salmonella typhimurium was heat treated at 80 ℃， 90 ℃， 100 ℃， 110 ℃， and 120 ℃ for a certain time. The thermal inactivation curves of Salmonella in crispy meat were fitted using a linear model， a Logistic model， and a Weibull model， and the optimal model was verified by external experiments.ResultsThe results showed that compared with the linear model and the Logistic model， the Weibull model was more suitable to describe the thermal inactivation of Salmonella in crispy meat. The judgment coefficient R2 of the primary model was more than 0.992 1， and the R2 of the secondary model was 0.949 2 and 0.995 9， respectively. The accuracy Af and deviation Bf of the model verified at 95 ℃ and 105 ℃ were within the acceptable range， which indicated that the model constructed in this experiment can better describe the inactivation pattern of Salmonella in crispy meat in the temperature range of 80 ℃-120 ℃.ConclusionThis study is expected to guide the safe heating of crispy meat to reduce microbial risk during consumption.

A novel transmitted-light differential interference contrast (DIC) system is used for nondestructive measurement of the refractive-index profile (RIP) of an optical fiber. By means of this system the phase of a measured light beam can be modulated with an analyzer, and the phase distribution of a fiber is obtained by calculation of the various interference patterns. The measurement theory and structure and some typical applications of this system are demonstrated. The results of measuring RIPs in graded-index fiber are presented. Both the experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the system takes the advantage of high index resolution and of sufficient measurement accuracy for measuring the refractive index of the optical fiber. The system has strong ability to overcome environmental disturbance because of its common-path design. Moreover, one can use the system to measure the RIP along the fiber axis and acquire an image of the three-dimensional RIP of the fiber.

Abstract: Bismuth titanates (BTs) can be fabricated by electrospinning combined with calcination at different temperatures. BiOCl/Bi2Ti2O7 nanorod heterostructures were obtained at 500 °C. They possess excellent photocatalytic efficiency and stability for tetracycline hydrochloride (TC‐HCl) degradation under simulated solar light. The excellent catalytic activity is predominantly attributed to the heterostructure between BiOCl and Bi2Ti2O7, which accelerates the separation of photogenerated carriers while the narrow band gap of Bi2Ti2O7 enhances solar energy utilization. On the basis of energy band engineering, scavenger tests, and LC‐HRMS analysis, a possible degradation pathway of TC‐HCl and photocatalytic mechanism were proposed. Our work can predict a facile route for achieving high photocatalytic performance of Bi2Ti2O7‐based materials in the application of TC‐HCl degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a vanadium-trioxide/carbon-nanofiber composite (V2O3/CNF), integrated with different amounts of V2O3, was synthesized by a simple approach. After a simple combined electrospinning and carbonization process, V2O3 nanoparticles were successfully distributed through carbon fibers. Due to the synergistic effect between V2O3 and carbon, V2O3/CNF as an anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibits high reversible capacity and excellent long-term cycling stability. The content of V2O3 is of great importance to the electrochemical performance. The V2O3/CNF with the optimized content of V2O3 (57 wt%) shows a capacity of 544 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles. More importantly, a capacity of 204 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 4 A g−1 can be retained after 1000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast recombination of photo-generated conduction band electrons ( e ) and valance band holes ( h ) of TiO results in an unsatisfactory photocatalytic performance for organic degradation. To increase the efficiency of charge separation, TiO was modified by Cu-Ce co-doping considering the better redox properties of copper-ceria oxide with respect to the single oxide, i.e., an easier electron capturing ability. An optimal Cu-Ce co-doped TiO with the initial molar ratio of Cu/Ce at 3:1 was prepared by a hydrothermal method with the aim to greatly promote the charge separation, and characterized by XRD, BET, DRS, PL, HR-TEM, and XPS techniques. Upon ultraviolet light irradiation, it exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity, about 5.8 times that of Ti-HF. The presence of Cu and Ce/Ce benefits electrons captured by molecular oxygen, while an increased hydroxyl groups upon Cu-Ce co-doping consume more holes, resulting in prolonged lifetime of photo-generated carriers. Moreover, it is proved that electron transfers preferably from conduction band (CB) of TiO to CB of CuO and then to nearby CeO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO–CeO2 nanofibers with relatively high surface area (EL-CuCe) have been successfully prepared by the electrospinning method and investigated for total benzene oxidation. The improved low-temperature performance of EL-CuCe compared to ST-CuCe (prepared by the surfactant-templated method) is attributed to the better reducibility of Cu ions that are incorporated into the ceria lattice. Moreover, more oxygen vacancies and weakly bound oxygen species (e.g., O2−, O22− or O−) observed on EL-CuCe keep in step with its higher low-temperature oxidation activity. However, without small amounts of bulk CuO, reduction of some surface ceria occurs at 480 °C for EL-CuCe, which probably accounts for its unsatisfactory high temperature performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the long lasting effect of the recombinant Sj26GST sub-unit vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum in cattle, animals aged from 5 to 12 months were vaccinated with reSjc26GST, and were challenged by natural infection 6 months or 12 months after vaccination. Worm burdens per cattle and egg burden in tissue (per gram) of cattle with or without vaccination were compared. The results showed that anti-reSjc26GST antibodies were produced in vaccinated cattle. Following natural infection, the vaccinated and the control non-vaccinated cattle were all found to be infected with S. japonicum. A 30% reduction in worm number was observed in the vaccinated cattle when compared with the control cattle. The anti-fecundity effect was characterized by an average of 60% decrease in eggs deposited in the liver of vaccinated cattle; such a decrease is obviously very significant. In addition to the anti-fecundity effect induced in the vaccinated cattle, the number of miracidum hatched per 50 g faeces and the number of eggs released in intestinal tissues per gram were reduced or decreased. Results suggested that the immune responses induced by reSjc26GST in cattle were similar to that in buffaloes and in pigs. In addition, our result demonstrated that the lasting effect of immunity to S. japonicum induced in cattle after vaccination with reSjc 26 GST could persist at least 12 months. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]