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How to obtain ideal regeneration of periodontal tissue remains a challenge in the clinical treatment of periodontitis. Three⁃dimensional printing technology is based on computer⁃aided design, which produces materials with specific 3D shapes by layer⁃by⁃layer superposition, and has been applied to periodontal tissue regeneration therapy, this method offers hope to achieve ideal periodontal regeneration. This article reviews the application of 3D printing technol⁃ ogy in the field of periodontal tissue regeneration. The literature review results show that 3D printing technology can de⁃ sign three⁃dimensional structures using computer software in advance and produce materials with specific three⁃dimen⁃ sional structures. 3D printing technology mainly includes selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, extrusion forming printing and 3D bioprinting. At present, the support materials prepared by 3D printing technology include ce⁃ ramic materials, polymer materials and metals. Submaterials have been extensively studied given their high adjustabili⁃ ty, and 3D⁃printed personalized titanium mesh has been applied in the clinic. Multiphase materials prepared by 3D⁃ printing technology can regenerate periodontal tissue in animal experiments, but the effect is not good in patients with periodontitis. In addition, 3D printing of composite scaffolds for periodontal tissue regeneration need to be further stud⁃ ied.

Guided bone regeneration in inflammatory microenvironments of osteoporotic patients with large alveolar bone defects remains a great challenge. Macrophages are necessary for alveolar bone regeneration via their polarization and paracrine actions. Our previous studies showed that Cu-bearing Ti6Al4V alloys are capable of regulating macrophage responses. When considering the complexity of oral microenvironments, the influences of Cu-bearing Ti6Al4V alloys on osteoporotic macrophages in infectious microenvironments are worthy of further investigations. In this study, we fabricated Ti6Al4V-Cu alloy by selective laser melting technology and used Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g -LPS) to imitate oral pathogenic bacterial infections. Then, we evaluated the impacts of Ti6Al4V-Cu on osteoporotic macrophages in infectious microenvironments. Our results indicated that Ti6Al4V-Cu not only inhibited the P.g- LPS-induced M1 polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokine production of osteoporotic macrophages but also shifted polarization towards the pro-regenerative M2 phenotype and remarkably promoted anti-inflammatory cytokine release. In addition, Ti6Al4V-Cu effectively promoted the activity of COMMD1 to potentially repress NF-κB-mediated transcription. It is concluded that the Cu-bearing Ti6Al4V alloy results in ameliorated osteoporotic macrophage responses to create a favourable microenvironment under infectious conditions, which holds promise to develop a GBR-barrier membrane for alveolar bone regeneration of osteoporosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive materials are a type of biomaterials that can generate special biological or chemical reactions on the surface or interface of materials. These reactions can impact the interaction between tissues and materials, stimulate cell activity, and guide tissue regeneration. In recent years, bioactive materials have been widely used in periodontal tissue regeneration. This review aims to consolidate the definition and characteristics of bioactive materials, as well as summarize their utilization in periodontal tissue regeneration. These findings shed new light on the application of bioactive materials in this field.