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Diiodine trioxide (I2O3) is one of the most common iodine oxides in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Both theoretical and experimental studies have confirmed that they can be quickly formed and are relatively stable under dry conditions. However, there is no report on the field observation of I2O3, which means that I2O3 is likely to be lost in the actual marine atmosphere. But the specific loss pathways and mechanisms are still unclear. Considering that the humidity in the marine regions is generally high and the loss of I2O3 will be affected by some substances in the marine atmosphere, water (H2O, W) and iodic acid (HIO3, IA) were selected as a catalyst to investigate the catalytic hydration mechanisms of I2O3 at DLPNOCCSD(T)//ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ + aug-cc-pVTZ -PP (for iodine) level of theory. The results show that hydration of I2O3 presents a high energy barrier, but IA can reduce it to 3.76 kcal/mol. Therefore, in the marine atmosphere, I2O3 can be hydrolyzed under the catalysis of IA, and cannot directly participate in the new particle formation process.

A 3D hierarchical spherical honeycomb-like composite electrode materialof neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), cobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on nickel foam (named as Nd2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF) were successfully fabricated by combining the hydrothermal synthesis method and the annealing process. Nickel foam with a three-dimensional spatial structure was used as the growth substrate without the use of any adhesives. The Nd2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF composite has outstanding electrochemical performance and can be used directly as an electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). By taking advantage of the large specific surface area of the electrode material, it effectively slows down the volume expansion of the active material caused by repeated charging and discharging processes, improves the electrode performance in terms of electrical conductivity, and significantly shortens the electron and ion transport paths. At a 1 A/g current density, the specific capacitance reaches a maximum value of 3359.6 F/g. A specific capacitance of 440.4 F/g with a current density of 0.5A/g is still possible from the built symmetric SCs. The capacitance retention rate is still 95.7% after 30,000 cycles of testing at a high current density of 10 A/g, and the energy density is 88.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 300 W/kg. The outcomes of the experiment demonstrate the significant potential and opportunity for this composite material to be used as an electrode material for SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal synthesis and annealing process were used to create a honeycomb-structured composite electrode material on nickel foam substrate that contained praseodymium oxide (Pr2O3), cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (named as Pr2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF). The Pr2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF (PCGN) composite electrode material was created without the need for a binder and can be employed right away to create a supercapacitor. This honeycomb composite is further grown by the mesh structure of Pr2O3 and Co3O4, which has good electrical conductivity. This nanomorphology not only improves the specific surface area of the material but also facilitates the improvement of electron transfer efficiency. The synthesized electrode material has excellent electrochemical properties due to its special morphology and excellent conductivity, and its performance is better than that of praseodymium oxide and cobalt oxide alone, with a specific capacitance of 3316 F g−1 in the three-electrode system at a current density of 1 A g−1. After forming a symmetrical supercapacitor device, the energy density is 74.8 W h kg−1 and the power density is 300 W kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1. The capacitance retention is 82% even after 35 000 cycles at 2 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]