Search

Considering the importance of mathematics in modern society, it is crucial to understand the cognitive processes involved in the acquisition of complex mathematical competency. As a new generation of evaluation theory, cognitive diagnosis has its unique advantages in personalized evaluation. Based on the mathematical cognitive framework of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)-2011 and the Chinese mathematics curriculum, this research has formed a mathematical competency model composed of seven cognitive attributes. Sixty-seven released mathematical items for the fourth grade in TIMSS-2011 were used as assessment tools in this study. The deterministic inputs, noisy, "and" gate model was selected as the cognitive diagnosis model in this research, and the parameters of the model were evaluated according to the response data, based on which the effectiveness of the assessment tool was further verified, forming the evaluation framework of students' mathematical competency. This framework was used to analyze the data of 573 students' mathematical competency from Shanghai, China, specifically from three aspects: attribute mastery probability, learning path, and knowledge structure. Results show that students' performance in mastering attributes of mathematical cognition is excellent on the whole; some students' learning paths are leapfrog; there are certain differences in students' knowledge structure despite that they have the same total score. This research is performed as a systematic case study of the evaluation of students' mathematical competency and also provides a new perspective in assessing other knowledge and skills.

Data analysis knowledge is an indispensable aspect of teachers' data literacy, which not only has a profound impact on the cultivation of students' data analysis ability, but also is related to reasonable decision-makings in education. Based on the analyses of teachers' data literacy and data analysis ability, this study constructed a cognitive model of teachers' data analysis knowledge and developed an instrument for measuring teachers' data analysis knowledge. Meanwhile, from a data-driven approach, G-DINA package in software R was used to select a well-fitted GDM Model from a series of cognitive diagnostic models such as DINA, DINO, RRUM, ACDM, LLM, G-DINA and Mixed Model for parameter assessment of cognitive diagnosis, and the reliability and model fit of the instrument were analyzed afterwards. By analyzing the pre-service dataset of 531 Chinese teachers, it made the conclusion that teachers with the same attributes have differences in attribute mastery and knowledge status, and teachers show a main learning path of A8 [right arrow] A4 [right arrow] A1 [right arrow] A3 [right arrow] A7 [right arrow] A5 [right arrow] A2 [right arrow] A6 in terms of data analysis knowledge. It provided a systematic case study for the assessment of pre-service teachers' knowledge of data analysis, and also provides a new perspective in assessing other knowledges and abilities., Author(s): Xiaopeng Wu [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Tianshu Xu [sup.2] , Yi Zhang [sup.4] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412498.2, 0000 0004 1759 8395, Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, , [...]

Background Survival assessment, psychological counseling and other services included in the comprehensive hospice care program conform to the hospice care philosophy, and may be independently delivered to patients to satisfy their needs in a pioneering approach by some health institutions, but the expenses of them could not be reimbursed by health insurance due to lack of an official basis for charging, which may be a bottleneck restricting the development of hospice care. Objective To systematically assess the hospice care services whose expenses are ineligible for reimbursement by health insurance independently provided by community health centers (CHCs) in a pioneering approach, offering a basis for improving the services and price system of hospice care. Methods From July to October 2020, by use of typical sampling, one or two CHCs with relatively heavy workload of hospice care were selected from each district of Shanghai, then from which 30 were selected to attend a survey for understanding the implementation status of hospice care using a self-developed questionnaire named Pilot Hospice Care Services Pioneered by Shanghai Community Health Centers, involving inpatient and home hospice care (35 services belonging to five types) . Individuals in charge of hospice care delivery completed the questionnaire according to the status of hospice care implemented in their CHCs in the past year. Results The survey obtained a response rate of 96.7% (29/30) . Among the respondent 29 CHCs, 28 (96.6%) delivered inpatient palliative care services, and the median number of services available was 27 (15) ; 25 (86.2%) provided home hospice care services, with 25 (15) as the median number of services available. There was no significant difference in the number of services belonging to five types delivered for inpatients and at home (P>0.05) . There were also no significant differences in the number of inpatient and home hospice care services delivered by CHCs in central urban, suburban, and exurban districts (P>0.05) . Among the hospice care services delivered for inpatients, the average proportions of five types of services, namely assessment services, comfort care, appropriate technology of hospice care, psychological support and humanistic care were 85.7%, 78.6%, 48.6%, 88.4% and 67.5%, respectively. Among the hospice care services delivered at home, the average proportions of above-mentioned five types of services were 86.3%, 60.0%, 42.0%, 84.0% and 62.0%, respectively. Conclusion Hospice care services have been widely implemented in Shanghai's CHCs with good availability and insignificant inter-district differences. To incentivize the CHCs and medical workers to provide hospice care, there is an urgent need to further standardize the hospice care services, develop relevant quality criteria, improve the price system, and reform the payment method.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising carriers for the delivery of therapeutic biologics. Genetic engineering represents a robust strategy for loading proteins of interest into EVs. Identification of EV‐enriched proteins facilitates protein cargo loading efficiency. Many EV‐enriched proteins are sorted into EVs via an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)‐dependent pathway. In parallel, viruses hijack this EV biosynthesis machinery via conserved late domain motifs to promote egress from host cells. Inspired by the similarity of biogenesis between EVs and viruses, we developed a synthetic, Late domain‐based EV scaffold protein that enables the display of a set of single chain variable fragments (scFvs) on the EV surface. We named this scaffold the Late domain‐based exosomal antibody surface display platform (LEAP). We applied the LEAP scaffold to reprogramme HEK293T cell‐derived EVs to elicit T‐cell anti‐tumor immunity by simultaneously displaying αPD‐L1 and αCD3 scFvs on the EV surface (denoted as αPD‐L1×αCD3 bispecific T‐cell engaging exosomes, BiTExos). We demonstrated that αPD‐L1×αCD3 BiTExos actively redirected T cells to bind to PD‐L1+ tumor cells, promoting T‐cell activation, proliferation and tumoricidal cytokine production. Furthermore, the αPD‐L1×αCD3 BiTExos promoted T‐cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment to mitigate the tumor burden in vivo. Our study suggested that the LEAP scaffold may serve as a platform for EV surface display and could be applied for a broad range of EV‐based biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short‐chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, play pivotal roles in various physiological processes within the human body. Recent advances in understanding cell death pathways, specifically ferroptosis, have unveiled unique opportunities for therapeutic development. Ferroptosis is linked to iron accumulation and oxidative stress, whereas butyrate has emerged as a cellular protector against oxidative stress, potentially inhibiting ferroptosis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a key player in oxidative stress, and its monitoring has gained significance in disease mechanisms. We present an innovative fluorescent probe, HOP, capable of dynamically tracking intracellular H2O2 levels, enabling spatial and temporal visualization. The probe exhibits high accuracy (limit of detection = 0.14 μM) and sensitivity, paving the way for disease diagnosis and treatment innovations. Importantly, HOP displayed minimal toxicity, making it suitable for cellular applications. Cellular imaging experiments demonstrated its ability to penetrate cells and monitor intracellular H2O2 levels accurately. The HOP probe confirmed H2O2 as a critical marker in ferroptosis. Our innovative HOP provides a powerful tool for tracking intracellular H2O2 levels and offers insights into the modulation of ferroptosis, potentially opening new avenues for disease research and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]