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The influence of common additives on the detection of plant derived components in vegetable protein drinks was studied. Different concentrations of additives were added into the fluorescent PCR reaction system to determine the interference concentration of soybean DNA fluorescence PCR reaction, and the DNA UV absorption peak was measured. And three methods: reagent kit, reagent kit+chloraform, and “Method for Identification of Plant-derived Components in Vegetable Protein Drinks” were compared. When the concentration of acesulfame was greater than 105.00 μg/μL, and the concentration of sodium cyclamate was greater than 100.00 μg/μL, and the concentration of ascorbic acid was greater than 108.30 μg/μL. In addition, the concentration of D-sodium erythorbate was greater than 132.00 μg/μL, and the concentration of disodium inosinate was greater than 335.00 μg/μL. Under this condition, the concentration of monosodium glutamate was greater than 150.00 μg/μL and potassium chloride was greater than 37.85 μg/μL, indicating that the RT-PCR reaction of soybean DNA was inhibited and the results were false negative. When acesulfame concentration was greater than 75.00 μg/μL, sodium cyclamate concentration was greater than 133.38 μg/μL, and ascorbic acid concentration was greater than 65.00 μg/μL. D-sodium erythorbate concentration was greater than 79.13 μg/μL, and disodium inosinate concentration was greater than 335.00 μg/μL, while DNA uv absorption peak could not be detected. The DNA UV absorption peaks of disodium inosinate, 100.00 μg/μL and 200.00 μg/μL monosodium glutamate at 298.75 μg/μL were significantly different from those of the control group, but no significant differences were found between the other additive groups and the control group. Among the three methods, had the best DNA extraction effect and the lowest Ct value, which was significantly different from the other two methods. The additive had an effect on RT PCR detection of plant components. This study laid a foundation for further study on the influence of additives on the detection of plant derived ingredients.

Abstract: We have systematically investigated the gallium grading in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells grown on glass at low substrate temperature by a number of techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy X-ray dispersive spectrometry, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results reveal that the performance of the CIGS solar cells deposited at low substrate temperature strongly depends on the gallium grading and the micro-structures of the thin films. By modifying the conventional three-stage co-evaporation process from elemental sources, in particular in the first and third stage for CIGS growth to reduce Ga grading, it has been shown that fabrication of CIGS solar cells at low substrate temperature with efficiency comparable to that at high temperature is achievable. To optimize the device efficiency, the gallium grading in the (InGa)2Se3 precursor grown in the first stage and the Ga content in the third stage are required to be carefully designed to match the employed substrate temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Taking Hujiashan small watershed as the study area, based on the classified result of Landsat TM/ETM images of 2005, 2010 and 2015, combined with long-term field observation data, and used the export coefficient model, our study explored the effect of small watershed management project on temporal and spatial variation of total nitrogen (TN) load of non-point source pollution under the support of GIS technology. The results indicated that, due to the implementation of slope modification project, the area of cultivated land was significantly increased, while forest and bareland were decreased. The load of non-point source TN increased from 63208 kg in 2005 to 72778 kg in 2010, but reduced to 46876 kg in 2015. The contribution rate from residential areas was higher, the average contribution rate of the three periods was 53.5%, but it showed a decreasing trend year by year. The contribution rate of land use types was 45%, which showed an increasing trend year by year. The contribution rate of livestock was always low. From the spatial distribution, TN loading intensity was changed obviously after the terracing project. High load intensity zone was mainly concentrated on the slope of 5°-15° before terracing project. Nevertheless, high load intensity zone was concentrated on the slope of 15°-35° after terracing project, and 5°-8° had become a low load strength area. The TN load intensity changed little with time on the slope of 0°-8°, and it increased first and then decreased on the slope above 8°. With the treatment of sewage, garbage and livestock manure in rural areas, the output of nitrogen in the living and livestock breeding were significantly reduced. Due to the implementation of the project, the cultivated land area increased by 31%.

Soil net nitrogen mineralization in cropland has a great influence on both agricultural non-point source pollution and soil nitrogen loss. A field plot experiment was conducted to explore the temporal variation of soil net nitrogen mineralization under plastic film mulching ridge-furrow in Wulongchi small watershed during summer maize growing period. Results showed that the soil net ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen mineralization were significantly greater than those of non-mulched treatment, and the differences were 6.63, 12.96 and 19.59 mg·kg -1 , respectively. During the summer maize growth period, the rate of soil net ammonification was high at seedling stage, low at heading stage, and high at maturation stage. Both the rates of soil net nitrification and nitrogen mineralization were high at jointing stage, low at heading stage, and high at maturation stage. The rate of soil net nitrogen mineralization under plastic film mulched had significant linear relation with the contents of soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil water. In conclusion, the improved condition of soil water and temperature under plastic film mulched cultivation of summer maize in the growing period promoted soil net nitrogen mineralization.

As an important form of agricultural non-point source pollution, soil nitrogen leaching deteriorates water quality. Compared with non-mulching cultivated land, field experiment explored the change characteristics of soil nitrogen leaching under plastic film mulching ridge-furrow in Wulongchi small watershed during summer maize growing period. The results showed that the amounts of mulching tillage soil TN and NO 3 - -N leaching were significantly lower than those with non-mulched treatment, by 25.68% and 20.25%, respectively. With the advance of the summer maize growth period, leaching amount of mulched soil TN was highest at seedling stage, lowest at heading stage and higher in maturation period; leaching amount of mulched soil NO 3 - -N was highest at seedling stage, lowest in maturation period; leaching amount of mulched soil NH 4 + -N was lower at seedling stage, increased to the peak at the jointing stage, decreased to the valley value at heading stage, and obviously increased in maturation period. Linear function relationship was found between mulched soil TN leaching and TN content, while exponential relationship was found between mulched soil NO 3 - -N leaching and NO 3 - -N content. In addition, there was linear function relationship of mulched soil TN and NO 3 - -N leaching amount with soil moisture and rainfall. It was concluded that the plastic film mulched on summer maize could reduce the leaching loss of soil nitrogen, and it would have a significant effect on the reduction of reservoir area of agricultural non-point source pollution.

Objective: To research and screen the soil factors which influenced the quality of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma., Methods: By determining the effective constituent of saponin of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma from different habitats, and the soil nutrient and heavy metal content, using correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and other statistical methods to analyze the soil factors on the quality of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma., Results: The contents of ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin NVa of samples from different habitats were different, the corresponding soil nutrient and heavy metal content were also different. The content of ginsenoside-Ro was positively related with the soil pH value (P <0. 01) and negatively related with the soil available N(P < 0.05). The content of chikusetsusaponin IVa was positively related with the soil pH (P < 0.01) and copper content (P < 0.05), and negatively with the soil available N(P < 0.05) CONCLUSION: Soil factors are the leading factors that influence the quality of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma, soil pH and soil available N were the dominating factors.