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【Objective】 Irrigation water use efficiency is an important parameter in irrigation design. It depends on various factors. In this paper, we compared irrigation water use efficiency calculated using the whole-process method and the head-tail method, from which we further studied the factors that influence water loss in irrigation districts. 【Method】 The study area was Zhongjiang County in Sichuan province. We divided the county into four regions (represented by TW, TH, ON and FO), each region having its typical canal systems and field conditions. The whole-process method calculated the irrigation water use efficiency in each region using a combination of hydrodynamic method, empirical formula and irrigation experiments. The head-tail method calculated the total irrigation amount in each region first by measuring the water flowing into and out of the region at the heads and tails, respectively, as well as other water sources flowing into and out of the region; these, along with the irrigation water consumed by crops, were used to calculate the irrigation water use efficiency. 【Result】 The canal water use efficiency in the largest TW regions was 0.596 and the smallest TH regions was 0.564, with a weight-average of 0.580. The water use coefficient in ON and TW regions in the north of the county was 0.90, thanks to their good hydraulic engineering projects. Affected by their topography, the water use coefficient in the TH and FO regions was 0.85. When the required irrigation guarantee was 75%, the irrigation water use efficiency calculated by the whole-process method was 0.503, compared to 0.492 calculated by the head-tail method. 【Conclusion】 The irrigation water use efficiency calculated by the two methods is comparable and their results are reasonable. The proposed method and the results can help to improve irrigation water use efficiency in regions where the irrigation water use efficiency is currently lower than the national average.

【Objective】 Brackish waters including saline groundwater and treated wastewater have been increasingly used as a complimentary irrigation water resource in regions where freshwater is scarce. In the paper we investigate the effect of various concentrations of saltine irrigation water on photosynthetic characteristics of winter jujube. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in 2020 in a jujube orchard, with the winter jujubes irrigated by mixtures of saltine groundwater and freshwater at concentrations of 1 (S1), 2 (S2), 3 (S3), 4 (S4) and 5 g/L (S5), respectively. In each treatment, we measured the spaciotemporal changes in soil water and salt, as well as the photosynthetic traits of the jujubes. 【Result】 Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance of the plant leaves varied with irrigation salinity nonlinearly, all peaking in S3 or S4. Compared with other treatments, S3 and S4 reduced the SPAD, maximum fluorescence and maximum quantum efficiency significantly. Compared to S1, S3 and S4 increased the apparent quantum efficiency, maximum net photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and dark respiration rate, but reduced the light saturation point. These indicate that, although S3 and S4 reduced the range of available light intensity, they improved the physiological activity and efficient photosynthesis of the jujube leaves. 【Conclusion】 Irrigating the winter jujubes with saline water at concentration of 1-3 g/L during the fruit enlargement period can prevent light reaction inhibition and promote efficient photosynthesis. However, irrigation with water salinity exceeding 4 g/L led to salinity stress, thereby significantly reducing light energy utilization efficiency. To minimize soil salt accumulation and improve growth and development of the winter jujube, maintaining irrigation water salinity around 3 g/L is most beneficial.

【Objective】 Root acquisitions of water and nutrients and their subsequent translocation and consequences for crop growth are complex processes interactively influenced by a myriad of biotic and abiotic processes. This paper aims to experimentally find the optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilization for rotated winter wheat and summer maize under subsurface drip irrigation. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a wheat-maize rotation field. The irrigation treatments for the winter wheat were 2 580 m3/hm2 (W1), 2 240 m3/hm2 (W2), 2 020 m3/hm2 (W3), 1 560 m3/hm2 (W4). For the summer maize, the irrigation treatments were 1 306 m3/hm2 (W1), 1 088 m3/hm2 (W2), 814 m3/hm2 (W3), 650 m3/hm2 (W4). For each irrigation treatment, there were two nitrogen fertilizations for the two corps: 180 kg/hm2 (F1) and 100 kg/hm2 (F2). During the experiment, we measured soil moisture, nitrogen content, dry mass of the shoots and grain yield of the two crops at different growth stages. We also calculated water consumption, water use efficiency, partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity of the two crops to assess the impact of water-nitrogen coupling on these traits. 【Result】 For winter wheat, the W2F1 was the optimal water-nitrogen coupling which gave the highest grain yield. For summer maize, its grain yield increased with irrigation amount for both fertilization treatment. Soil nitrogen residual content was higher in F1 than in F2. With the increase in irrigation amount in the winter wheat field, residual nitrogen content decreased first followed by an increase. In contrast, residual nitrogen content in the maize field peaked in W1 treatment. The partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer mirrored the yield of both crops. Water consumption of both crops increased with irrigation amount, yet their water use efficiency increased with irrigation amount initially and then declined when irrigation amount exceeded a threshold value. 【Conclusion】 Analysis of irrigation amount, yield and water use efficiency of the two crops indicates that the optimal irrigation amount and nitrogen fertilization for winter wheat and summer maize were 214 mm and 100 kg/hm2, and 103 mm and 100 kg/hm2 respectively. They can be used as an improved irrigation and fertilization for maize production in the studied region.

Literature is inconsistent regarding the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) supplementation on patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize data from available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to identify the relevant RCTs until 1 November 2022. Weighed mean difference (WMD) was combined using a random-effects model. Standard methods were applied to assess publication bias, sensitivity analysis, and heterogeneity among included studies. A total of 48 RCTs involving 8,489 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis demonstrated that omega-3 PUFAs supplementation significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) (WMD: −18.18 mg/dl; 95% CI: −25.41, −10.95; p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: −3.38 mg/dl; 95% CI: −5.97, −0.79; p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: −3.52 mmHg; 95% CI: −5.69, −1.35; p = 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: −1.70 mmHg; 95% CI: −2.88, −0.51; p = 0.005), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD: −0.64 pg/ml; 95% CI: −1.04, −0.25; p = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (WMD: −0.58 pg/ml; 95% CI: −0.96, −0.19; p = 0.004), C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: −0.32 mg/l; 95% CI: −0.50, −0.14; p < 0.001), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) (WMD: −242.95 pg/ml; 95% CI: −299.40, −186.50; p < 0.001), and significantly increased in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (WMD: 0.99 mg/dl; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.80; p = 0.02). However, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin) were not affected. In subgroup analyses, a more beneficial effect on overall health was observed when the dose was ≤ 2 g/day; Omega-3 PUFAs had a stronger anti-inflammatory effect in patients with CVDs, particularly heart failure; Supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs was more effective in improving blood pressure in MetS patients and blood lipids in CVDs patients, respectively. Meta-regression analysis showed a linear relationship between the duration of omega-3 PUFAs and changes in TG (p = 0.023), IL-6 (p = 0.008), TNF-α (p = 0.005), and CRP (p = 0.025). Supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs had a favorable effect on improving TG, TC, HDL, SBP, DBP, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, and IL-1 levels, yet did not affect LDL, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and sE-selectin among patients with MetS and related CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents metal‐free protocols for the reduction radical coupling of enamides with diverse alkynes, triggered by 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP), enabling access to β‐keto alkylamides. The established approach demonstrates remarkable efficiency, facile gram‐scale synthesis, and outstanding functional group tolerance. Mechanistic investigations have revealed that the radical reaction is initiated through H‐bonding electron transfer (Hb‐ET) between enamides and HFIP promoted by acids. Notably, the introduction of Hb‐ET protocols for generating radicals represents a highly promising approach in the field of radical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu2+) is a metal chemical element closely related to human life and is widely used in many fields. However, with the discharge of copper wastewater, the water quality will be seriously affected, leading to excessive intake of Cu2+ and a variety of diseases. Hence, there is a pressing need for an effective detection method for Cu2+ in aqueous environments. Leveraging the remarkable attributes of GFP chromophores and indenone derivatives, we have created a novel colorimetric fluorescent probe P‐Cu2+, tailored for efficient copper ion detection. The addition of Cu2+ causes the solution to visibly change from colorless to a pronounced yellow, enabling naked‐eye detection and offering promise for real sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

利用顶空固相微萃取与气质联用相结合的方法测定了11种煎炸油煎炸薯条的挥发性物质组成，并对薯条进行感官评定。结果表明：11种煎炸油煎炸薯条共鉴定出包括醛类、含氧杂环类、含氮杂环类、酮类、醇类、酸类、烃类、含硫化合物和酯类化合物共80种挥发性物质，其中醛类化合物是煎炸薯条中主要的挥发性物质。 棕榈油煎炸薯条鉴定出的挥发性物质种类最多，亚麻籽油煎炸薯条的最少，且通过分析11种煎炸油煎炸薯条的醛类物质发现，葵花籽油和棉籽油煎炸薯条中多不饱和醛含量较高，其中(E，E)-2，4-癸二烯醛含量最高，是薯条呈现油脂香的主要物质；高油酸菜籽油和高油酸葵花籽油煎炸薯条中单不饱和醛含量较高，其中高油酸葵花籽油煎炸薯条中2-十一烯醛含量最高；亚麻籽油煎炸薯条中(E，E)-2，4-庚二烯醛含量最高，呈现出消费者不期望的脂肪味和油腻味。感官评定结果显示，棕榈油煎炸薯条品质最好，猪油煎炸薯条品质最差。 The volatile components of French fries prepared in 11 kinds of different frying oils were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction combined with GC-MS, and the sensory of French fries was evaluated. The results showed that a total of 80 compounds including aldehydes, oxygenated heterocycles, nitrogenated heterocycles, ketones, alcohols, acids, hydrocarbons, sulphur compounds and esters were identified in 11 types of French fries, with palm oil fries containing the greatest number of volatile substances and linseed oil fries the least, and aldehydes being the predominant volatile substance. Analysis of the aldehydes in 11 types of French fries revealed that French fries prepared in sunflower seed oil and cottonseed oil contained more polyunsaturated aldehydes, among which the conlent of (E, E)-2, 4-decadienal was the highest, which was the main substance that presented the oil fragrance. French fries prepared in high oleic acid rapeseed oil and high oleic acid sunflower seed oil contained more monounsaturated aldehydes, and French fries fried in high oleic acid sunflower seed oil had the highest content of 2-undecenal. French fries prepared in flaxseed oil contained the most (E, E)-2, 4-hepdienal, and it had a taste of fat and oil, which was disliked by consumers. Through sensory evaluation, the quality of French fries fried in palm oil was the best, while it was the worst fried in lard.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) represents an agriculturally significant horticultural crop that is widely grown for its flavorful fruits. Downy mildew (DM), a pervasive foliar disease, poses a significant threat to global melon production. Although several quantitative trait loci related to DM resistance have been identified, the comprehensive genetic underpinnings of this resistance remain largely uncharted. In this study, we utilized integrative transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches to identify potential resistance-associated genes and delineate the strategies involved in the defense against DM in two melon cultivars: the resistant 'PI442177′ ('K10-1′) and the susceptible 'Huangdanzi' ('K10-9′), post-P. cubensis infection. Even in the absence of the pathogen, there were distinctive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 'K10-1′ and 'K10-9′. When P. cubensis was infected, certain genes, including flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA (FER), and the HD-ZIP transcription factor member, AtHB7, displayed pronounced expression differences between the cultivars. Notably, our data suggest that following P. cubensis infection, both cultivars suppressed flavonoid biosynthesis via the down-regulation of associated genes whilst concurrently promoting lignin production. The complex interplay of transcriptomic and metabolic responses elucidated by this study provides foundational insights into melon's defense mechanisms against DM. The robust resilience of 'K10-1′ to DM is attributed to the synergistic interaction of its inherent transcriptomic and metabolic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]