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Temperature is a critical environmental factor affecting the growth and development of rice, especially under the backdrop of global climate change, where temperature fluctuations have become increasingly significant in influencing the growth cycle and development rate of rice. To comprehensively assess the impact of temperature variations on the different growth stages of rice, this study integrates data from multiple relevant studies published between 1980 and 2024. By selecting research focused on the influence of temperature changes on the rice development cycle, a meta-analysis is conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of temperature on the growth rates of rice during its six key developmental stages. The results indicate that increased temperatures significantly accelerate the development rate of rice during all growth stages, with a general acceleration in growth speed at different developmental phases. The study further found that when the temperature ranges from 28 °C to 32 °C, the growing conditions for rice are most favorable, exhibiting the optimal development rate. This study provides scientific evidence for understanding how temperature changes affect rice growth and development and offers valuable references for rice cultivation management and climate adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Troides helena, a species within the Papilionidae family and Troides genus, was an endangered tropical butterfly in urgent need of conservation. The MaxEnt model was used to predict its global distribution, aiming to assess suitable future conservation measures. The results indicated that T. helena was primarily distributed in tropical regions, and its distribution range was projected to expand in the future. This study evaluated the distribution of T. helena, provided conservation recommendations, and offered guidance for future conservation efforts. Butterflies are highly sensitive to climate change, and Troides helena, as an endangered butterfly species, is also affected by these changes. To enhance the conservation of T. helena and effectively plan its protected areas, it is crucial to understand the potential impacts of climate change on its distribution. This study utilized a MaxEnt model in combination with ArcGIS technology to predict the global potential suitable habitats of T. helena under current and future climate conditions, using the species' distribution data and relevant environmental variables. The results indicated that the MaxEnt model provided a good prediction accuracy for the distribution of T. helena. Under the current climate scenario, the species is primarily distributed in tropical regions, with high suitability areas concentrated in tropical rainforest climates. In future climate scenarios, the suitable habitat areas for T. helena in medium and high suitability categories generally show an expansion trend, which increases over time. Especially under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, by the 2090s, the area of high suitability for T. helena is projected to increase by 42.85%. The analysis of key environmental factors revealed that precipitation of the wettest quarter (Bio16) was the most significant environmental factor affecting the distribution of T. helena. The species has high demands for precipitation and temperature and can adapt to future climate warming. This study is valuable for identifying the optimal conservation areas for T. helena and provides a reference for future conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson is a deciduous tree in the Magnoliaceae family with extensive medicinal uses in China and Japan, being used to treat symptoms such as indigestion, insomnia, and anxiety. In this study, we used the MaxEnt model to (1) simulate the suitable spatial distribution areas of M. officinalis in China in the current and future periods (2050s and 2090s) and, (2) identify the key environmental variables affecting its spatial distributions by comparing the changes in the center of mass of the suitable areas under the current and projected future climate. The research results show that the current distribution range of M. officinalis is mainly between east longitude 102.2° to 122.2° and north latitude 23.7° to 33.9°, and it is located in the subtropical region of China. In the future, only the high-suitability area under scenario SSP1-2.6 and the low-suitability area under scenario SSP5-8.5 decreased in the 2050s, while the area increased under all other conditions. In the 2050s, the high- and medium-suitability areas under the SSP5-8.5 scenario increased the most, by 54.76% and 20.90%, respectively. Most of the key bio-climatic variables affecting the spatial distributions of M. officinalis are related to temperature and precipitation, and soil, terrain, chemical, and human variables that are also key environmental variables affecting the spatial distributions of M. officinalis. Currently, the suitable spatial distribution centroid of M. officinalis is at (111.71° E, 28.52° N), but it will change in the future climate; although, it will still be located in Hunan Province. This study predicts the spatial distribution areas that are favorable for the cultivation of M. officinalis with the intention of offering an objectively informed identification of suitable areas for the current and future development of this tree crop's industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batocera horsfieldi is the primary stemboring pest of timber forests and economic forests in China, belonging to the Coleoptera Cerambycidae. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the volatile components in the supplementary feeding hosts and oviposition hosts of B. horsfieldi, and characteristic fingerprints were constructed. A total of 168 compounds were detected, primarily consisting of terpenes, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes, with 75, 23, and 14 compounds, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis yielded consistent results. The similarity evaluation results showed that the similarity range between healthy poplar tree bark and healthy poplar leaves was the highest, reaching 0.953–0.98, and 10 common peaks were identified. The analysis of the correlation with climatic factors shows that most compounds are positively correlated with mean annual humidity, mean annual temperature, mean annual minimum temperature, and mean annual maximum temperature. Only caryophyllene and alpha-guaiene are negatively correlated with temperature-related climatic factors. Pathway analysis also reveals differences in the direct effects of different compounds. These analytical results provide a theoretical basis for further studying the selection mechanism of B. horsfieldi on hosts and offer theoretical guidance for identifying plant-derived attractants with biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Batocera horsfieldi is a major wood‐boring pest in China's timber and economic forests, belonging to the order Coleoptera and the family Cerambycidae. This study headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to analyse the volatile components of B. horsfieldi supplementary feeding host plants, and fingerprint profiles were established. The results revealed that the five plants contained 21, 18, 22, 16 and 17 volatile compounds, mostly terpenes, aldehydes and alcohols, along with trace amounts of furans, ketones and ethers. The terpene compounds were mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were consistent. Five common peaks were identified in these host plants, with (E)‐2‐hexenal, caryophyllene, (E)‐cinnamaldehyde, nonanal, and 3,7‐dimethyl‐1,6‐octadien‐3‐ol being the shared volatile components among the five plants. The mantel test, correlation analysis and grey relational analysis indicated that temperature and precipitation are important factors affecting the content of volatile components. These analytical results provide a basis for using plant volatiles as attractants to control B. horsfieldi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study was conducted to examine how the future distribution of Troides aeacus, a butterfly species, may be affected by climate change under different scenarios. It was found that temperature and precipitation are the main factors influencing its suitable habitat. By the 2050s and 2090s, both low and highly suitable areas are expected to expand, particularly under severe warming conditions (SSP5-8.5), while moderately suitable areas are likely to shrink. This shift could result in potential risks, such as habitat loss, increased competition, and local population declines. To ensure the species' survival, conservation strategies should be focused on protecting optimal habitats and effectively managing marginal areas. Troides aeacus is the largest butterfly in China and is highly valued for its ornamental beauty. Due to T. aeacus being classified as a national second-class protected species in China, studying its spatial distribution is crucial for developing effective conservation measures. In this study, a total of 490 distribution points were obtained, and the potential distribution areas of the golden-sheathed T. aeacus were analyzed by using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) based on three different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, namely, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, in combination with nine important environmental variables. The results indicate that temperature and precipitation are the primary environmental factors influencing the suitable habitat of T. aeacus, with key variables including the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), temperature annual range (bio7), mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10), annual precipitation (bio12), precipitation of the coldest quarter (bio19), and slope. The height distribution of T. aeacus in my country is in the area south of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains, with a total area of 270.96 × 104 km2, accounting for 28.23% of the total area of China. According to future climate change conditions, as climate warming progresses, both low- and high-suitability areas show an expansion trend in most scenarios, particularly under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, where highly suitable areas increase significantly while moderately suitable areas gradually shrink. To address future climate change, conservation strategies should focus on protecting highly suitable areas and strengthening the management of marginal habitats to enhance the adaptability and survival chances of T. aeacus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Latoia consocia Walker is an important herbivorous pest that has severely invaded North China in recent years. This study utilized the MaxEnt model system to investigate the impact of climate conditions on its distribution. The results show that the optimum temperature range of L. consocia is 5~14.5 °C, and the optimum annual precipitation range is 1980~2580 mm. With the warming of the climate, the potential habitat area of L. consocia will decrease in the future. These findings help to provide a scientific basis for pest control and inform scientific management strategies. Latoia consocia Walker is an important phytophagous pest that has rapidly spread across North China in recent years, posing a severe threat to related plants. To study the impact of climatic conditions on its distribution and to predict its distribution under current and future climate conditions, the MaxEnt niche model and ArcGIS 10.8 software were used. The results showed that the MaxEnt model performs well in predicting the distribution of L. consocia, with an AUC value of 0.913. The annual precipitation (Bio12), the precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), the temperature annual range (Bio7), and the minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) are key environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of L. consocia. Under current climate conditions, L. consocia has a highly suitable growth area of 2243 km2 in China, among which Taiwan has the largest high-suitable area with a total area of 1450 km2. With climate warming, the potential habitat area for L. consocia shows an overall decreasing trend in future. This work provides a scientific basis for research on pest control and ecological protection. A "graded response" detection and early warning system, as well as prevention and control strategies, can be developed for potentially suitable areas to effectively address this pest challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global warming increases with the frequency of extreme weather, the distribution of species is inevitably affected. Among them, highly damaging invasive species are of particular concern. Being able to effectively predict the geographic distribution of invasive species and future distribution trends is a key entry point for their control. Opisina arenosella Walker is an invasive species, and its ability to live on the backs of foliage and generate canals to hide adds to the difficulty of control. In this paper, the current and future distributions of O. arenosella under three typical emission scenarios in 2050 and 2090 are projected based on the MaxEnt model combining 19 bioclimatic variables. Filter through the variables to find the four key environment variables: BIO 1, BIO 6, BIO 11 and BIO 4. The results show that O. arenosella is distributed only in the eight provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Hainan in the southeastern region. Its high suitability area is concentrated in Taiwan and Hainan. In the long run, highly suitable areas will continue to increase in size, while moderately suitable areas and poorly suitable areas will decrease to varying degrees. This paper aims to provide theoretical references for the control of O. arenosella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Biological invasions, such as those by the Asiatic rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), threaten biodiversity, ecosystems, economies, and human health. This study used the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software to predict the global distribution of this invasive beetle. The model identified areas with high suitability for the beetle mainly between 30° N and 30° S, particularly in South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and northern Oceania. Key environmental factors influencing its distribution include the amount of precipitation in the wettest month, temperatures in July and November, and precipitation in September. These findings can guide efforts to prevent and control the spread of this beetle and inform quarantine measures. The Asiatic rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a destructive invasive species that poses a serious threat to palms, oil palms, and other plants. Defining a suitable area for the distribution of O. rhinoceros is essential for the development of appropriate policies and preventive measures. In this work, the MaxEnt niche model and ArcGIS software were used to predict the potential geographic distribution of O. rhinoceros in the world based on occurrence data and related environmental variables and to speculate on the influence of environmental variables on the distribution of O. rhinoceros. The results showed that the suitable areas of O. rhinoceros beetle were mainly distributed in 30° N–30° S, and the highly suitable areas were concentrated in South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and northern Oceania. The key environmental variables that determine the distribution location of O. rhinoceros are Precipitation of Wettest Month (bio13), Temperature of July (tmin7), Minimum Temperature of November (tmin11), and Precipitation of September (prec9). The prediction results of the MaxEnt model can reflect the global distribution of O. rhinoceros. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of O. rhinoceros and the development of relevant quarantine measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cyrtotrachelus buqueti (C. buqueti) primarily feeds on the tender tips of clustered bamboo shoots and is currently one of the major pests in bamboo forests. In this study, the MaxEnt model, a species distribution model, was used to predict the potential current and future global distribution of suitable habitats for C. buqueti. The results indicate that climate change significantly impacts the area and geographical distribution of four suitable habitat zones for C. buqueti. Under future climate conditions, the area of high, medium, and low suitability zones is expected to increase. In this study, environmental factors affecting the distribution of this species were screened, with temperature and precipitation identified as two key factors likely influencing its distribution. This research provides a scientific basis for preventing the invasion and spread of C. buqueti. Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer is a major pest affecting bamboo forests economically, causing significant damage to bamboo forests in Sichuan Province, China. To understand how C. buqueti responds to future climate conditions, an optimized Maximum Entropy Model (Maxent) was used to simulate the potential global distribution patterns of C. buqueti under current climate conditions and three different future climate scenarios and to analyze the dominant factors influencing its distribution. The results indicate that Bio18 (precipitation of the warmest quarter), Bio04 (temperature seasonality), Bio06 (minimum temperature of the coldest month), and Bio02 (mean diurnal temperature range) are the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of this species. The global area of high-suitability habitats for C. buqueti is 9.00 × 104 km2, primarily distributed in China. Under three different future climate scenarios, there are varying degrees of expansion in both the total suitable habitat and the medium-suitability areas for C. buqueti. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the medium-suitability area of the species increases the most, reaching 9.83 × 104 km2. Additionally, these findings can serve as a reference for developing and implementing control strategies, assisting relevant authorities in more effectively managing and controlling this pest, and mitigating its potential threats to bamboo forest ecosystems and economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Spodoptera frugiperda is an important economic pest that has recently invaded Africa and Asia. This study systematically assessed its life history traits under varying temperatures, photoperiods, and humidity levels. The results show that its physiological activity is highest at 32 °C, with reduced durations of the developmental stages, increased oviposition quantity and period in females, and a shorter pupal stage, which extends the adult lifespan. These findings help predict population dynamics and inform management strategies. Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a significant economic pest that has recently invaded Africa and Asia. However, much of the information regarding its ecological capabilities in these newly invaded environments remains largely unknown. In this study, the life history traits of the fall armyworm under conditions of increased temperature, different photoperiods, and varying humidity levels were systematically evaluated. Among 43 studies, a total of 20 studies were included in the analysis by passing the screening criteria, and random-effects meta-analysis, fixed-effects meta-analysis, and meta-regression were conducted. It has been found that with the increase in temperature above 20 °C, various physiological indicators of the fall armyworm are significantly enhanced. When the temperature reaches 32 °C, the physiological activities of S. frugiperda are at their highest point. As the temperature increases, the duration of each developmental stage of the fall armyworm decreases significantly, accompanied by an increase in oviposition quantity and period in females. Additionally, the pupal development time is shortened, which leads to an increase in the lifespan of the adult moth. Using temperature and relative humidity as environmental variables, the optimal survival conditions for each insect state of the fall armyworm were calculated. These findings can assist in predicting the population dynamics of the fall armyworm and in formulating appropriate and practical management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: To predict the future distribution of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, this study combines MaxEnt modeling and meta-analysis. The MaxEnt model effectively predicts species distribution by analyzing environmental variables and occurrence data, providing accurate predictions of potential suitable habitats even with limited data. Meanwhile, the meta-analysis aggregates data from multiple experimental studies to assess P. solenopsis's response to temperature changes. By combining these methods, we can enhance prediction reliability and delve into the potential impacts of climate change on pest spread. This integrated approach offers detailed and reliable forecasts of P. solenopsis's future distribution, providing valuable insights for effective pest management and agricultural planning. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is a pest that poses a significant threat to agricultural crops, especially cotton, and is now widely distributed across many regions worldwide. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis on the collected experimental data and found that within the suitable temperature range, the survival rate of P. solenopsis increases with rising temperatures, indicating that climate plays a decisive role in its distribution. Using the MaxEnt model this study predicted that under three future climate scenarios (SSP1–2.6, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5), the distribution of P. solenopsis will expand and move towards higher latitudes. Climate change is the primary factor influencing changes in pest distribution. We conducted a meta-analysis of P. solenopsis, including seven independent studies covering 221 observation results, and examined the impact of temperature ranging from 18 °C to 39 °C on the developmental cycle of P. solenopsis. As the temperature rises, the development cycle of P. solenopsis gradually decreases. Additionally, by combining the MaxEnt model, we predicted the current and potential future distribution range of P. solenopsis. The results show that under future climate warming, the distribution area of P. solenopsis in China will expand. This research provides a theoretical basis for early monitoring and control of this pest's occurrence and spread. Therefore, the predictive results of this study will provide important information for managers in monitoring P. solenopsis and help them formulate relevant control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the distribution of species due to global climate change have a critically significant impact on the increase in the spread of invasive species. An in-depth study of the distribution patterns of invasive species and the factors influencing them can help to better predict and combat invasive alien species. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is an invasive species that primarily harms plants of Trachycarpus H. Wendl. The pest invades trees in three main ways: by laying eggs and incubating them in the crown of the plant, on roots at the surface and at the base of the trunk or petiole. Most of the plants in the genus Trachycarpus are taller, and the damage is concentrated in the middle and upper parts of the plant, making control more difficult. In this paper, we combine 19 bioclimatic variables based on the MaxEnt model to project the current and future distributions of R. ferrugineus under three typical emission scenarios (2.6 W m −2 (SSP1-2.6), 4.5 W m −2 (SSP2-4.5) and 8.5 W m −2 (SSP5-8.5)) in the 2050s and 2090s. Among the 19 bioclimatic variables, five variables were screened out by contribution rates, namely annual mean temperature (BIO 1), precipitation of driest quarter (BIO 17), minimum temperature of coldest month (BIO 6), mean diurnal range (BIO 2) and precipitation of wettest quarter (BIO 16). These five variables are key environmental variables that influence habitat suitability for R. ferrugineus and are representative in reflecting its potential habitat. The results showed that R. ferrugineus is now widely distributed in the southeastern coastal area of China (high suitability zone), concentrating in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Taiwan. In the future, the area of high and low suitability zones will increase and the area of medium suitability zones will decrease. The area of low suitability zone will still be in the largest proportion. This study aims to provide a theoretical reference for the future control of R. ferrugineus from the perspective of geographic distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trilocha varians is one of the major pests of Ficus spp. Based on 19 bioclimatic variables provided by the Worldclim, our study analysed the suitable distribution areas of T. varians under current and future climate changes (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) for two periods (the 2050s and 2090s) using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) model. Key environmental variables affecting the geographic distribution of T. varians were also identified, and the changes in the area of suitable range under current and future climate changes were compared. The results showed that the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of T. varians were temperature and precipitation, comprising annual mean temperature (bio1), temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) (bio4), precipitation of driest month (bio14), and precipitation of driest quarter (bio17). Under the current climatic conditions, the suitable distribution area of T. varians is within the range of 92°13′E–122°08′E, 18°17′N–31°55′N. The current high, medium, and low suitable areas for T. varians predicted by the MaxEnt model are 14.00 × 10 4 , 21.50 × 10 4 , and 71.95 × 10 4 km 2 , of which the high suitable areas are mainly distributed in southern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi, western Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Hainan. Under different future climatic conditions, some of the high, medium, and low suitability zones for T. varians increased and some decreased, but the mass centre did not migrate significantly. The Pearl River Basin is predicted to remain the main distribution area of T. varians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]