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5. A cross-linguistic review of citation tone production studies: Methodology and recommendations.

Author

Xu, Chenzi and Zhang, Cong

Subjects
*TONE (Phonetics), *SPEECH, *EXPERIMENTAL design, *SAMPLE size (Statistics), *ACQUISITION of data
Abstract

The study of citation tones, lexical tones produced in isolation, is one of the first steps towards understanding speech prosody in tone languages. However, methodologies for investigating citation tones vary significantly, often leading to limited comparability of tone inventories, both within and across languages. This paper presents a systematic review of research methods and practices in 136 citation tone studies on 129 tonal language varieties in China, including 99 studies published in Chinese, which are therefore not easily available to an international scientific readership. The review provides an overview of possible analytical decisions along the research pipeline, and unveils considerable variation in data collection, analysis, and reporting conventions, particularly in how f0, the primary acoustic correlate for tone, is operationalised and reported across studies. Key methodological issues are identified, including small sample sizes and inadequate transparency in communicating methodological decisions and procedure. This paper offers a clear road map for citation tone production research and proposes a range of recommendations on speaker sampling, experimental design, acoustic processing techniques, f0 analysis, and result reporting, with the goal of facilitating future tonal research and enhancing resources for underrepresented tonal varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Credit Card Points Are Being Paid For by the Poor

Author

Xu, Chenzi and Reppucci, Jeffrey

Subjects
Credit and debit card industry -- Prices and rates -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Customer relations, Banking industry -- Prices and rates, Government regulation, Company pricing policy, General interest, News, opinion and commentary
Abstract

There's an undeniable feeling of excitement when you turn your daily credit card swipes at Starbucks into first-class airfare or a weekend jaunt to Costa Rica. Thanks to mobile banking [...]

Published
2023

15. Multidimensional Signals and Analytic Flexibility: Estimating Degrees of Freedom in Human-Speech Analyses

Author

Coretta, Stefano, primary, Casillas, Joseph V., additional, Roessig, Simon, additional, Franke, Michael, additional, Ahn, Byron, additional, Al-Hoorie, Ali H., additional, Al-Tamimi, Jalal, additional, Alotaibi, Najd E., additional, AlShakhori, Mohammed K., additional, Altmiller, Ruth M., additional, Arantes, Pablo, additional, Athanasopoulou, Angeliki, additional, Baese-Berk, Melissa M., additional, Bailey, George, additional, Sangma, Cheman Baira A, additional, Beier, Eleonora J., additional, Benavides, Gabriela M., additional, Benker, Nicole, additional, BensonMeyer, Emelia P., additional, Benway, Nina R., additional, Berry, Grant M., additional, Bing, Liwen, additional, Bjorndahl, Christina, additional, Bolyanatz, Mariška, additional, Braver, Aaron, additional, Brown, Violet A., additional, Brown, Alicia M., additional, Brugos, Alejna, additional, Buchanan, Erin M., additional, Butlin, Tanna, additional, Buxó-Lugo, Andrés, additional, Caillol, Coline, additional, Cangemi, Francesco, additional, Carignan, Christopher, additional, Carraturo, Sita, additional, Caudrelier, Tiphaine, additional, Chodroff, Eleanor, additional, Cohn, Michelle, additional, Cronenberg, Johanna, additional, Crouzet, Olivier, additional, Dagar, Erica L., additional, Dawson, Charlotte, additional, Diantoro, Carissa A., additional, Dokovova, Marie, additional, Drake, Shiloh, additional, Du, Fengting, additional, Dubuis, Margaux, additional, Duême, Florent, additional, Durward, Matthew, additional, Egurtzegi, Ander, additional, Elsherif, Mahmoud M., additional, Esser, Janina, additional, Ferragne, Emmanuel, additional, Ferreira, Fernanda, additional, Fink, Lauren K., additional, Finley, Sara, additional, Foster, Kurtis, additional, Foulkes, Paul, additional, Franzke, Rosa, additional, Frazer-McKee, Gabriel, additional, Fromont, Robert, additional, García, Christina, additional, Geller, Jason, additional, Grasso, Camille L., additional, Greca, Pia, additional, Grice, Martine, additional, Grose-Hodge, Magdalena S., additional, Gully, Amelia J., additional, Halfacre, Caitlin, additional, Hauser, Ivy, additional, Hay, Jen, additional, Haywood, Robert, additional, Hellmuth, Sam, additional, Hilger, Allison I., additional, Holliday, Nicole, additional, Hoogland, Damar, additional, Huang, Yaqian, additional, Hughes, Vincent, additional, Icardo Isasa, Ane, additional, Ilchovska, Zlatomira G., additional, Jeon, Hae-Sung, additional, Jones, Jacq, additional, Junges, Mágat N., additional, Kaefer, Stephanie, additional, Kaland, Constantijn, additional, Kelley, Matthew C., additional, Kelly, Niamh E., additional, Kettig, Thomas, additional, Khattab, Ghada, additional, Koolen, Ruud, additional, Krahmer, Emiel, additional, Krajewska, Dorota, additional, Krug, Andreas, additional, Kumar, Abhilasha A., additional, Lander, Anna, additional, Lentz, Tomas O., additional, Li, Wanyin, additional, Li, Yanyu, additional, Lialiou, Maria, additional, Lima, Ronaldo M., additional, Lo, Justin J. H., additional, Lopez Otero, Julio Cesar, additional, Mackay, Bradley, additional, MacLeod, Bethany, additional, Mallard, Mel, additional, McConnellogue, Carol-Ann Mary, additional, Moroz, George, additional, Murali, Mridhula, additional, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, additional, Nenadić, Filip, additional, Nieder, Jessica, additional, Nikolić, Dušan, additional, Nogueira, Francisco G. S., additional, Offerman, Heather M., additional, Passoni, Elisa, additional, Pélissier, Maud, additional, Perry, Scott J., additional, Pfiffner, Alexandra M., additional, Proctor, Michael, additional, Rhodes, Ryan, additional, Rodríguez, Nicole, additional, Roepke, Elizabeth, additional, Röer, Jan P., additional, Sbacco, Lucia, additional, Scarborough, Rebecca, additional, Schaeffler, Felix, additional, Schleef, Erik, additional, Schmitz, Dominic, additional, Shiryaev, Alexander, additional, Sóskuthy, Márton, additional, Spaniol, Malin, additional, Stanley, Joseph A., additional, Strickler, Alyssa, additional, Tavano, Alessandro, additional, Tomaschek, Fabian, additional, Tucker, Benjamin V., additional, Turnbull, Rory, additional, Ugwuanyi, Kingsley O., additional, Urrestarazu-Porta, Iñigo, additional, van de Vijver, Ruben, additional, Van Engen, Kristin J., additional, van Miltenburg, Emiel, additional, Wang, Bruce Xiao, additional, Warner, Natasha, additional, Wehrle, Simon, additional, Westerbeek, Hans, additional, Wiener, Seth, additional, Winters, Stephen, additional, Wong, Sidney G.-J., additional, Wood, Anna, additional, Wottawa, Jane, additional, Xu, Chenzi, additional, Zárate-Sández, Germán, additional, Zellou, Georgia, additional, Zhang, Cong, additional, Zhu, Jian, additional, and Roettger, Timo B., additional

Published
2023
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16. Multidimensional Signals and Analytic Flexibility: Estimating Degrees of Freedom in Human-Speech Analyses

Author

Coretta, Stefano, Casillas, Joseph v., Roessig, Simon, Franke, Michael, Ahn, Byron, Al-Hoorie, Ali h., Al-Tamimi, Jalal, Alotaibi, Najd e., Alshakhori, Mohammed k., Altmiller, Ruth m., Arantes, Pablo, Athanasopoulou, Angeliki, Baese-Berk, Melissa m., Bailey, George, Sangma, Cheman baira a, Beier, Eleonora j., Benavides, Gabriela m., Benker, Nicole, Bensonmeyer, Emelia p., Benway, Nina r., Berry, Grant m., Bing, Liwen, Bjorndahl, Christina, Bolyanatz, Mariška, Braver, Aaron, Brown, Alicia m., Brugos, Alejna, Buchanan, Erin m., Butlin, Tanna, Buxó-Lugo, Andrés, Caillol, Coline, Cangemi, Francesco, Carignan, Christopher, Carraturo, Sita, Caudrelier, Tiphaine, Chodroff, Eleanor, Cohn, Michelle, Cronenberg, Johanna, Crouzet, Olivier, Dagar, Erica l., Dawson, Charlotte, Diantoro, Carissa a., Dokovova, Marie, Drake, Shiloh, Du, Fengting, Dubuis, Margaux, Duême, Florent, Durward, Matthew, Egurtzegi, Ander, Elsherif, Mahmoud m., Esser, Janina, Ferragne, Emmanuel, Ferreira, Fernanda, Fink, Lauren k., Finley, Sara, Foster, Kurtis, Foulkes, Paul, Franzke, Rosa, Frazer-Mckee, Gabriel, Fromont, Robert, García, Christina, Geller, Jason, Grasso, Camille l., Greca, Pia, Grice, Martine, Grose-Hodge, Magdalena s., Gully, Amelia j., Halfacre, Caitlin, Hauser, Ivy, Hay, Jen, Haywood, Robert, Hellmuth, Sam, Hilger, Allison i., Holliday, Nicole, Hoogland, Damar, Huang, Yaqian, Hughes, Vincent, Icardo isasa, Ane, Ilchovska, Zlatomira g., Jeon, Hae-Sung, Jones, Jacq, Junges, Mágat n., Kaefer, Stephanie, Kaland, Constantijn, Kelley, Matthew c., Kelly, Niamh e., Kettig, Thomas, Khattab, Ghada, Koolen, Ruud, Krahmer, Emiel, Krajewska, Dorota, Krug, Andreas, Kumar, Abhilasha a., Lander, Anna, Lentz, Tomas o., Li, Wanyin, Li, Yanyu, Lialiou, Maria, Lima, Ronaldo m., Lo, Justin j. h., Lopez otero, Julio cesar, Mackay, Bradley, Macleod, Bethany, Mallard, Mel, Mcconnellogue, Carol-Ann mary, Moroz, George, Murali, Mridhula, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nenadić, Filip, Nieder, Jessica, Nikolić, Dušan, Nogueira, Francisco g. s., Offerman, Heather m., Passoni, Elisa, Pélissier, Maud, Perry, Scott j., Pfiffner, Alexandra m., Proctor, Michael, Rhodes, Ryan, Rodríguez, Nicole, Roepke, Elizabeth, Röer, Jan p., Sbacco, Lucia, Scarborough, Rebecca, Schaeffler, Felix, Schleef, Erik, Schmitz, Dominic, Shiryaev, Alexander, Sóskuthy, Márton, Spaniol, Malin, Stanley, Joseph a., Strickler, Alyssa, Tavano, Alessandro, Tomaschek, Fabian, Tucker, Benjamin v., Turnbull, Rory, Ugwuanyi, Kingsley o., Urrestarazu-Porta, Iñigo, Van de vijver, Ruben, Van engen, Kristin j., Van miltenburg, Emiel, Wang, Bruce xiao, Warner, Natasha, Wehrle, Simon, Westerbeek, Hans, Wiener, Seth, Winters, Stephen, Wong, Sidney g.-J., Wood, Anna, Wottawa, Jane, Xu, Chenzi, Zárate-Sández, Germán, Zellou, Georgia, Zhang, Cong, Zhu, Jian, Roettger, Timo b., Coretta, Stefano, Casillas, Joseph v., Roessig, Simon, Franke, Michael, Ahn, Byron, Al-Hoorie, Ali h., Al-Tamimi, Jalal, Alotaibi, Najd e., Alshakhori, Mohammed k., Altmiller, Ruth m., Arantes, Pablo, Athanasopoulou, Angeliki, Baese-Berk, Melissa m., Bailey, George, Sangma, Cheman baira a, Beier, Eleonora j., Benavides, Gabriela m., Benker, Nicole, Bensonmeyer, Emelia p., Benway, Nina r., Berry, Grant m., Bing, Liwen, Bjorndahl, Christina, Bolyanatz, Mariška, Braver, Aaron, Brown, Alicia m., Brugos, Alejna, Buchanan, Erin m., Butlin, Tanna, Buxó-Lugo, Andrés, Caillol, Coline, Cangemi, Francesco, Carignan, Christopher, Carraturo, Sita, Caudrelier, Tiphaine, Chodroff, Eleanor, Cohn, Michelle, Cronenberg, Johanna, Crouzet, Olivier, Dagar, Erica l., Dawson, Charlotte, Diantoro, Carissa a., Dokovova, Marie, Drake, Shiloh, Du, Fengting, Dubuis, Margaux, Duême, Florent, Durward, Matthew, Egurtzegi, Ander, Elsherif, Mahmoud m., Esser, Janina, Ferragne, Emmanuel, Ferreira, Fernanda, Fink, Lauren k., Finley, Sara, Foster, Kurtis, Foulkes, Paul, Franzke, Rosa, Frazer-Mckee, Gabriel, Fromont, Robert, García, Christina, Geller, Jason, Grasso, Camille l., Greca, Pia, Grice, Martine, Grose-Hodge, Magdalena s., Gully, Amelia j., Halfacre, Caitlin, Hauser, Ivy, Hay, Jen, Haywood, Robert, Hellmuth, Sam, Hilger, Allison i., Holliday, Nicole, Hoogland, Damar, Huang, Yaqian, Hughes, Vincent, Icardo isasa, Ane, Ilchovska, Zlatomira g., Jeon, Hae-Sung, Jones, Jacq, Junges, Mágat n., Kaefer, Stephanie, Kaland, Constantijn, Kelley, Matthew c., Kelly, Niamh e., Kettig, Thomas, Khattab, Ghada, Koolen, Ruud, Krahmer, Emiel, Krajewska, Dorota, Krug, Andreas, Kumar, Abhilasha a., Lander, Anna, Lentz, Tomas o., Li, Wanyin, Li, Yanyu, Lialiou, Maria, Lima, Ronaldo m., Lo, Justin j. h., Lopez otero, Julio cesar, Mackay, Bradley, Macleod, Bethany, Mallard, Mel, Mcconnellogue, Carol-Ann mary, Moroz, George, Murali, Mridhula, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nenadić, Filip, Nieder, Jessica, Nikolić, Dušan, Nogueira, Francisco g. s., Offerman, Heather m., Passoni, Elisa, Pélissier, Maud, Perry, Scott j., Pfiffner, Alexandra m., Proctor, Michael, Rhodes, Ryan, Rodríguez, Nicole, Roepke, Elizabeth, Röer, Jan p., Sbacco, Lucia, Scarborough, Rebecca, Schaeffler, Felix, Schleef, Erik, Schmitz, Dominic, Shiryaev, Alexander, Sóskuthy, Márton, Spaniol, Malin, Stanley, Joseph a., Strickler, Alyssa, Tavano, Alessandro, Tomaschek, Fabian, Tucker, Benjamin v., Turnbull, Rory, Ugwuanyi, Kingsley o., Urrestarazu-Porta, Iñigo, Van de vijver, Ruben, Van engen, Kristin j., Van miltenburg, Emiel, Wang, Bruce xiao, Warner, Natasha, Wehrle, Simon, Westerbeek, Hans, Wiener, Seth, Winters, Stephen, Wong, Sidney g.-J., Wood, Anna, Wottawa, Jane, Xu, Chenzi, Zárate-Sández, Germán, Zellou, Georgia, Zhang, Cong, Zhu, Jian, and Roettger, Timo b.

Abstract

Recent empirical studies have highlighted the large degree of analytic flexibility in data analysis that can lead to substantially different conclusions based on the same data set. Thus, researchers have expressed their concerns that these researcher degrees of freedom might facilitate bias and can lead to claims that do not stand the test of time. Even greater flexibility is to be expected in fields in which the primary data lend themselves to a variety of possible operationalizations. The multidimensional, temporally extended nature of speech constitutes an ideal testing ground for assessing the variability in analytic approaches, which derives not only from aspects of statistical modeling but also from decisions regarding the quantification of the measured behavior. In this study, we gave the same speech-production data set to 46 teams of researchers and asked them to answer the same research question, resulting in substantial variability in reported effect sizes and their interpretation. Using Bayesian meta-analytic tools, we further found little to no evidence that the observed variability can be explained by analysts’ prior beliefs, expertise, or the perceived quality of their analyses. In light of this idiosyncratic variability, we recommend that researchers more transparently share details of their analysis, strengthen the link between theoretical construct and quantitative system, and calibrate their (un)certainty in their conclusions.

Published
2023

22. Asymmetric influence of vocalic context on Mandarin sibilants: Evidence from ERP studies

Author

Meng Yaxuan, Kotzor, Sandra, Xu Chenzi, Wynne, Hilary S.Z., Lahiri, Aditi, Meng Yaxuan, Kotzor, Sandra, Xu Chenzi, Wynne, Hilary S.Z., and Lahiri, Aditi

Abstract

In the present study, we examine the interactive effect of vowels on Mandarin fricative sibilants using a passive oddball paradigm to determine whether the HEIGHT features of vowels can spread on the surface and influence preceding consonants with unspecified features. The stimuli are two pairs of Mandarin words ([sa] ∼ [ʂa] and [su] ∼ [ʂu]) contrasting in vowel HEIGHT ([LOW] vs. [HIGH]). Each word in the same pair was presented both as standard and deviant, resulting in four conditions (/standard/[deviant]: /sa/[ʂa] ∼ /ʂa/[sa] and /su/[ʂu] ∼ /ʂu/[su]). In line with the Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) model, asymmetric patterns of processing were found in the [su] ∼ [ʂu] word pair where both the MMN (mismatch negativity) and LDN (late discriminative negativity) components were more negative in /su/[ʂu] (mismatch) than in /ʂu/[su] (no mismatch), suggesting the spreading of the feature [HIGH] from the vowel [u] to [ʂ] on the surface. In the [sa] ∼ [ʂa] pair, however, symmetric negativities (for both MMN and LDN) were observed as there is no conflict between the surface feature [LOW] from [a] to [ʂ] and the underlying specified feature [LOW] of [s]. These results confirm that not all features are fully specified in the mental lexicon: features of vowels can spread on the surface and influence surrounding unspecified segments.

Published
2021

31. Essays on Finance in History

Author

Xu, Chenzi

Subjects
finance, economic history, banking, financial crises, international trade
Abstract

This dissertation presents three essays on financial markets in various historical contexts to assess their role in international trade, private money creation, and safe assets creation, respectively. Chapter 1 shows that a temporary financial sector shock can have long-lasting consequences for the patterns of international trade. Using the most severe banking crisis in British history as a laboratory, I find that countries more exposed to the bank failures in London had significant losses in exports market share for four decades, and that the effects were most severe in countries with higher contractual frictions and limited access to alternative forms of financing. Chapter 2, joint with he Yang, studies a policy change in the United States, the National Banking Act of 1864, that improved the quality of the liabilities issued by federally regulated national banks. Using an exogenous change in the cost of gaining access to a national bank, we find that the improvement in the liabilities’ usefulness as a money-like asset had strong effects on a local economy’s commercial and trade activities. Chapter 3 presents evidence demonstrating that a demand for safe assets issued by the central country is a feature of the international monetary system that predates the modern era. Using institutional and empirical evidence from the pre- WWI classical gold standard era, I show that investors were willing to pay a premium for holding the economy’s safest asset. In addition, the historical setting allows me to instrument for the supply of safety using shocks to gold mining stemming from weather fluctuations in South Africa.

Published
2019

33. Potential electron donor for nanoiron supported hydrogenotrophic denitrification: H 2 gas, Fe 0 , ferrous oxides, Fe 2+ (aq), or Fe 2+ (ad)?

Author

Xu C, Wang X, An Y, Yue J, and Zhang R

Subjects
Oxidation-Reduction, Denitrification, Electrons, Ferric Compounds chemistry, Ferrous Compounds chemistry, Hydrogen chemistry, Nanoparticles chemistry
Abstract

The mechanism of electron transmission in combined nanoiron-bacteria denitrification cannot be explained by the classic model, in which an Fe 0 H 2 -nitrate transferring chain is proposed. In this study, we used characteristic techniques and electrochemical analysis to investigate the necessity of molecular hydrogen for the combined denitrifying system using commercial nanoiron with Alcaligenes eutrophus, and to analyze its potential electron donor. Based on our results, nitrate removal and its by-products (NO 2 - and NH 4 + ) generation was not significantly affected by residual H 2 gas, indicating that H 2 was not necessary for hydrogenotrophic denitrification. As to the potential electron donor analysis, nanoscale zero-valent iron did not appear to be the electron donor due to its high level of toxicity (83% mortality using nanoiron versus 36% in the control cells). In addition, when iron oxides (Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 and FeOOH on the nanoiron surface) and free ferrous ions [Fe 2+ (aq)] were present alone, they were not utilized by the bacteria to degrade nitrate. According to the results of electrochemical analysis, adsorbed ferrous iron [Fe 2+ (ad)] on ferric oxides might be the electron donor in this kind of nitrate removal., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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