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To assess the impact of intrawound vancomycin on surgical site wound infections in non-spinal neurosurgical operations, we conducted a meta-analysis. A thorough review of the literature up to September 2022 showed that 4286 participants had a non-spinal neurosurgical operation at the start of the investigations; 1975 of them used intrawound vancomycin, while 2311 were control. Using dichotomous or contentious methods and a random or fixed-effect model, odds ratios (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to evaluate the impact of intrawound vancomycin on surgical site wound infections in non-spinal neurosurgical operation. The intrawound vancomycin had significantly lower surgical site wound infections (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19-0.40; P .001) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 32%) compared with the control in non-spinal neurosurgical operation. The intrawound vancomycin had significantly lower surgical site wound infections compared with control in non-spinal neurosurgical operation. The low sample size of 2 out of 13 researches in the meta-analysis calls for care when analysing the results.

Conventional photolithography, due to its scalability, robustness, and straightforward processes, has been widely applied to micro- and nanostructure manufacturing in electronics, optics, and biology. However, optical diffraction limits the ultimate resolution of conventional photolithography, which hinders its potential in nanoscale patterning for broader applications. Here, we introduce a derivative of conventional photolithography for nanoscale patterning called dual-layer photolithography (DLPL), which is based on the controlled exposure and development of overlapping positive and negative photoresists. In a typical experiment, substrates are sequentially coated by two layers of photoresists (both positive and negative). Then, we purposefully control the exposure time to generate slightly larger features in the positive photoresist than those in the negative photoresist. After development, their overlapping areas become the final features, which outline the original features. We demonstrate line widths down to 300 nm here, which can be readily improved with more precise control. By adjusting the lithography parameters and material deposition, the feature sizes, shapes (e.g., rings, numbers, letters), line widths (300-900 nm), and materials (e.g., SiO2, Cr, and Ag) of these features can be independently controlled. Combined with anisotropic etching, more complex three-dimensional nanostructures can be fabricated as well, as we demonstrate here with Si. We further fabricate photodetectors as an example application to show that these nanostructures fabricated by DLPL can be used to promote light-trapping MAPbI3 perovskite films to achieve good photoelectric properties. This strategy is not limited to ultraviolet photolithography and may also be incorporated into other energetic beam-based lithographic approaches, including deep and extreme ultraviolet photolithographies and electron beam lithography, to enhance their resolution.

Resource utilization of distiller's grains (DGs) is crucial for realizing sustainable development of Baijiu industry. In the prevent investigation, a low-cost activated biochar (DGABC) suitable for removing turbidity from low-alcohol Baijiu was prepared by the controlled pyrolysis of DGs, followed by steam activation. The as-prepared biochar featured a large specific surface area (320-480 m

Acquired drug resistance in malignant tumors seriously hinders effective chemotherapy against cancer. The main mechanisms of drug resistance include decreased drug influx, increased drug efflux, as well as antiapoptotic defense behavior in cancerous cells. To overcome these issues, we have designed a nanomedicine composed of pure doxorubicin (DOX) as the core and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) siRNA as the shell for synergistic cancer treatment. Between the core and shell, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylenimine (PEI) are employed to increase the stability of the core DOX NPs and facilitate siRNA coating, respectively. In this design, the siRNA is able to inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 protein which has a role of protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. DOX not only is for anticancer therapy but also acts as a nanocarrier for Bcl-2 siRNA delivery. Our studies show that Bcl-2 siRNA and DOX are efficiently delivered into tumor cells and tumor tissues, and such a codelivery nanosystem possesses synergistic effects on tumor inhibition, enabling significantly enhanced antitumor outcome. This work demonstrates that the codelivery of tumor-suppressive Bcl-2 siRNA and chemotherapeutic agents without using an excipient material as a drug carrier represents a promising therapy for enhanced cancer therapy.

Here, we report the scalable fabrication of 2i-functionalized micro-pyramid-array (μPyA/+2i) inserts for use in commercial multi-well plates, as the alternative cultivation platform for maintaining long-term self-renewal and pluripotency of multiple mESCs and mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Relevant evidence including cell morphology characterization increased alkaline phosphatase activity, high expression of mESC self-renewal markers, decreased levels of differentiation-associated markers, and high proportion of self-renewal marker cells are provided. Further studies demonstrated that μPyA/+2i could cause a higher cell density in mESC colony, and induce gene expression changes. Subsequent studies showed that μPyA/+2i can influence the cytoskeleton and promote cell adhesion through Cldn-7 upregulation. In summary, these μPyA/+2i inserts offer flexible and gelatin-free micro-envriomnets to maintain long-term self-renewal and pluripotency of mESCs. Enabled by the microstructured inserst, the facile stem cell manipulation and transfer among culture dishes will broaden stem cells both in routine and translational applications.

Growth of two-dimensional (2D) organic single crystals (2DOSCs) on water surface has attracted increasing attention, because it can serve as a molecularly flat and defect-free substrate. However, large-area growth of 2DOSCs with controllable crystal orientation on water surface remains a key challenge. Herein, we develop a simple method, i.e. external-force-driven solution epitaxy (EFDSE), for the large-area growth of 2DOSCs at air/water interface. Using 2,7-didecylbenzothienobenzothiophene (C10-BTBT) as an example, high-quality 2D C10-BTBT crystals on centimeter scale are generated by directionally controlling the spreading of organic solution on water surface with external force. Benefiting from the controllable crystal orientation with optimal charge transport, the corresponding 2DOSC-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) exhibit a high carrier mobility of 13.5 cm2·V-1·s-1 (effective mobility ≈ 5.4 cm2·V-1·s-1 according to a reliability factor of 40%), which represents the best result achieved for water-surface-assembled 2DOSC-based OFETs. Furthermore, by transferring the C10-BTBT 2DOSCs to flexible substrates, devices with excellent bending stability are achieved. It is anticipated that our method will provide new insight into the controllable growth of large-area 2DOSCs for high-performance organic devices.

Organic semiconductor single-crystal (OSSC)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) with high mobility and small device-to-device variation enable OSSCs to be adapted for practical applications. Research attention has recently been focused on developing simple ways of fabricating large-area OSSC arrays by means of solution-coating techniques. However, the lack of control of the meniscus front, where the nucleation and growth of organic crystals occur, leads to inconsistent crystal alignment and consequently induces large variation in device performance. Here, we propose a universal strategy, termed the channel-restricted meniscus self-assembly (CRMS) method to fabricate ultrahigh-mobility, uniform OSSC arrays. The microscale photoresist channels used in this method produce a confinement effect to reduce the size of the meniscus, enabling the homogeneous nucleation of OSSCs at the meniscus front. Meanwhile, the dip-coating process ensures consistent molecular packing in the OSSCs and thus guarantees their highly uniform electrical properties. Using 2,6-diphenylanthracene as an example, wafer-scale (>2 inch) OSSC arrays with very small size variations (10%) are successfully prepared, which is very difficult to achieve by using the previously reported methods. As a result, field-effect transistors (FETs) based on the OSSC arrays show a high average hole mobility of up to 30.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 with good uniformity among devices. This method is general for the growth of various OSSC arrays, facilitating the applications of OSSCs in large-area, high-performance organic electronic devices.

Background The aim of this study is to unravel the role of Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and its potential mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods The cell clones, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in H1299 and A549 cells were determined by colony formation assay, 5-ethynyl-20 deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay, respectively. The expression of p53-induced gene 3 (TP53I3) was assessed and the prognostic values of TP53I3 in LUAD via the dataset from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Results C3G inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of, and also promoted the apoptosis in H1299 and A549 cells. The database of TCGA showed TP53I3 was highly expressed in LUAD tissues and correlated with the poor prognosis of LUAD patients. Moreover, we also found that C3G inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis in H1299 and A549 cells by downregulating TP53I3. Additionally, C3G could inhibit the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in H1299 and A549 cells by downregulating TP53I3. Conclusion This study demonstrated that C3G could inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion, and also facilitate the apoptosis through downregulating TP53I3 and inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in LUAD.

Peroxisomes, being indispensable organelles, play an important role in different biological processes in eukaryotes. PEX33, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin of the docking machinery of peroxisomes, is involved in the virulence and development of other fungal pathogens. However, it is not clear whether PEX33 is necessary for the pathogenicity and development of an insect pathogenic fungus. In the present study, we report the presence of homologs of PEX33, namely MrPEX33 (MAA_05331), in the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium robertsii. An M. robertsii transgenic strain expressing the fusion protein with MrPEX33-GFP and mCherry-PTS1 showed that MrPEX33 localizes to peroxisomes. The results also demonstrated that MrPEX33 is involved in the peroxisomal import pathway by peroxisomal targeting signals. Targeted gene deletion of MrPEX33 led to a significant decline in the asexual sporulation capacity, which was accompanied by downregulation of several conidiation-associated genes, such as wetA, abaA, and brlA. More importantly, our bioassay results showed that the virulence of ∆MrPEX33 mutants, against Galleria mellonella through cuticle infection, was greatly reduced. This was further accompanied by a significant drop in appressorium formation and cuticle penetration. Additionally, ∆MrPEX33 mutants showed a significant decrease in tolerance to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. Taken together, our results suggest that MrPEX33 is involved in the cuticle infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity. KEY POINTS: • MrPEX33 is a specific peroxin of the docking machinery of peroxisomes. • MrPEX33 localizes to peroxisomes and is involved in the import of matrix proteins. • MrPEX33 is involved in the pathogenicity associated with cuticle infections.

Formamidinium lead bromide perovskite (FAPbBr3) nanocrystals have attracted increasing attention due to their greener photoluminescence (PL) and higher thermal stability in comparison to more popular methylammonium lead bromide perovskite (MAPbBr3). Here we proposed a facile and highly reproducible room-temperature method for the preparation of few-layer (1–4) two-dimensional (2D) FAPbBr3 nanoplatelets (NPs) with ultrapure green PL at 532 nm and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 88%. High-efficiency ultrapure green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the few-layer 2D FAPbBr3 NPs were further demonstrated. The LEDs showed a maximum current efficiency (CE) of 15.31 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.53%, which are significantly better than the FAPbBr3 polycrystalline film-based LEDs reported so far. Significantly, the 2D FAPbBr3 NPs-based LEDs exhibited an ultrapure-green color emission that could cover 97% of the Recommendation 2020 (Rec. 2020) color standard and 114% of the national television system committee (NTSC) standard in the CIE 1931 color space. Moreover, the devices possessed a much better stability than the MAPbBr3 nanocrystals-based LEDs in air; the half lifetime T50 of our devices was about 5 times longer than that of MAPbBr3 nanocrystals-based LEDs. This work demonstrates the great potential of FAPbBr3 NPs in light-emitting devices for future ultrahigh-resolution displays.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been linked to various pathophysiological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is reported that posttraumatic neuroinflammation is an essential event in the progression of brain injury after TBI. Recent evidences indicate that TLR4 mediates glial phagocytic activity and inflammatory cytokines production. Thus, TLR4 may be an important therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory injury post-TBI. This study was designed to explore potential effects and underlying mechanisms of TLR4 in rats suffered from TBI. TBI model was induced using a controlled cortical impact in rats, and application of TLR4 shRNA silenced TLR4 expression in brain prior to TBI induction. Elevated TLR4 was specifically observed in the hippocampal astrocytes and neurons posttrauma. Interestingly, TLR4 shRNA decreased the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tissue necrosis factor-α; alleviated hippocampal neuronal damage; reduced brain edema formation; and improved neurological deficits after TBI. Meanwhile, to further explore underlying molecular mechanisms of this neuroprotective effects of TLR4 knockdown, our results showed that TLR4 knockdown significantly inhibited the upregulation of autophagy-associated proteins caused by TBI. More importantly, an autophagy inducer, rapamycin pretreated, could partially abolish neuroprotective effects of TLR4 knockdown on TBI rats. Furthermore, TLR4 silencing markedly suppressed GFAP upregulation and improved cell hypertrophy to attenuate TBI-induced astrocyte activation. Taken together, these findings suggested that TLR4 knockdown ameliorated neuroinflammatory response and brain injury after TBI through suppressing autophagy induction and astrocyte activation.

Compared with polycrystalline films, single-crystalline methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3, X = halogen) perovskite nanowires (NWs) with well-defined structure possess superior optoelectronic properties for optoelectronic applications. However, most of the prepared perovskite NWs exhibit properties below expectations due to poor crystalline quality and rough surfaces. It also remains a challenge to achieve aligned growth of single-crystalline perovskite NWs for integrated device applications. Here, we report a facile fluid-guided antisolvent vapor-assisted crystallization (FGAVC) method for large-scale fabrication of high-quality single-crystalline MAPb(I1–xBrx)3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) NW arrays. The resultant perovskite NWs showed smooth surfaces due to slow crystallization process and moisture-isolated growth environment. Significantly, photodetectors made from the NW arrays exhibited outstanding performance in respect of ultrahigh responsivity of 12 500 A W–1, broad linear dynamic rang (LDR) of 15...

Organometal halide perovskites quantum dots (OHP-QDs) with bright, color-tunable, and narrow-band photoluminescence have significant advantages in display, lighting, and laser applications. Due to sparse concentrations and difficulties in the enrichment of OHP-QDs, production of large-area uniform films of OHP-QDs is a challenging task, which largely impedes their use in electroluminescence devices. Here, a simple dip-coating method has been reported to effectively fabricate large-area uniform films of OHP-QDs. Using this technique, multicolor OHP-QDs light-emitting diodes (OQ-LEDs) emitting in blue, blue-green, green, orange, and red color have been successfully produced by simply tuning the halide composition or size of QDs. The blue, green, and red OQ-LEDs exhibited, respectively, a maximum luminance of 2673, 2398, and 986 cd m−2 at a current efficiency of 4.01, 3.72, and 1.52 cd A−1, and an external quantum efficiency of 1.38%, 1.06%, and 0.53%, which are much better than most LEDs based on OHP films. The packaged OQ-LEDs show long-term stability in air (humidity ≈50%) for at least 7 d. The results demonstrate the great potential of the dip-coating method to fabricate large-area uniform films for various QDs. The high-efficiency OQ-LEDs also demonstrate the promising potential of OHP-QDs for low-cost display, lighting, and optical communication applications.

Small-molecule organic semiconductor crystals (SMOSCs) combine broadband light absorption (ultraviolet–visible–near infrared) with long exciton diffusion length and high charge carrier mobility. Therefore, they are promising candidates for realizing high-performance photodetectors. Here, after a brief resume of photodetector performance parameters and operation mechanisms, we review the recent advancements in application of SMOSCs as photodetectors, including photoconductors, phototransistors, and photodiodes. More importantly, the SMOSC-based photodetectors are further categorized according to their detection regions that cover a wide range from ultraviolet to near infrared. Finally, challenges and outlooks of SMOSC-based photodetectors are provided.

Ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) combining single-crystalline p- and n-type organic micro/nanocrystals have demonstrated superior performance to their amorphous or polycrystalline thin-film counterparts. However, large-area alignment and precise patterning of organic micro/nanocrystals for ambipolar OFETs remain challenges. Here, a surface-energy-controlled stepwise crystallization (SECSC) method is reported for large-scale, aligned, and precise patterning of single-crystalline laterally stacked p-n heterojunction microbelt (MB) arrays. In this method, the p- and n-type organic crystals are precipitated via a stepwise process: first, the lateral sides of prepatterned photoresist stripes provide high-surface-energy sites to guide the aligned growth of p-type organic crystals. Next, the formed p-type crystals serve as new high-surface-energy positions to induce the crystallization of n-type organic molecules at their sides, thus leading to the formation of laterally stacked p-n microbelts. Ambipolar OFETs based on the p-n heterojunction MB arrays exhibit balanced hole and electron mobilities of 0.32 and 0.43 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively, enabling the fabrication of complementary-like inverters with large voltage gains. This work paves the way toward rational design and construction of single-crystalline organic p-n heterojunction arrays for high-performance organic, integrated circuits.

Ployacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers were formed by electrospinning. Amidoxime polyacryonitrile (AOPAN) nanofibrous membranes were formed by reaction between PAN nanofibrous membranes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and Fe(III)-AOPAN metal chelated nanofibrous membranes were prepared for immobilizing catalases. The enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) with immobilized catalases was assembled, and the fluxes of membrane and conversion ratio of EMR were studied. The immobilized catalases showed better resistance to pH and temperature change than that of the free form, and the storage stabilities of immobilized catalases were higher than that of the free catalases. The flux of the membrane and the conversion ratio of EMR were calculated, and the reusability of the EMR was studied. The results of experiments show that the immobilized catalases had a high affinity with the nanofibers, and the EMR has excellent performance.