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A new family of triazene-bridged energetic materials based on nitrotriazole with excellent combustion properties was synthesized and investigated.

Ferroptosis is a cell death pathway mediated by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxide. However, the specific downstream molecular events of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation are yet to be elucidated. In this study, based on various spectral analyses, we have found evidence that singlet oxygen is produced through the Russell mechanism during the self-reaction of lipid peroxyl radicals generated via iron-dependent lipid peroxidation regardless of the presence of cholesterol. Significantly reduced generation of singlet oxygen was observed in the absence of iron. The generated singlet oxygen accelerated the oxidative damage of lipid membranes by propagating lipid peroxidation and facilitated ferroptotic cancer cell death initiated by erastin. In this work, singlet oxygen has been revealed to be a new reactive species that participates in ferroptosis, thus improving the understanding on iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and the mechanism of ferroptosis.

Understanding the molecular structure of biological membranes and their dynamic hydration information at the molecular level will provide great insights into the interaction mechanisms and the function of biological membranes. However, it is still unattainable for many techniques because of the high complexity of the natural biological membranes caused by multi-components including phospholipid, protein, cholesterol, peptidoglycan and polysaccharide as well as the different location and distribution of each component. The development and application of biomimetic membranes largely overcome the complexity of the natural biological membranes and greatly stimulate the study of membrane interfaces. Vibrational spectroscopy, which relies on the interaction of light and matter, is a powerful technology for in-situ and real-time exploring the structure and hydration of biomimetic membranes interface. Based on the progress of the vibrational spectroscopy technology, the molecular structure and interface hydration information of biomimetic membranes have been continually revealed. In this study, we reviewed the research on the structural characteristics of different biomimetic membrane systems using vibrational spectroscopy in recent years, as well as a prospect for its development.

Elucidating the biological behavior of engineered nanoparticles, for example, the protein corona, is important for the development of safe and efficient nanomedicine, but our current understanding is still limited due to its highly dynamic nature and lack of adequate analytical tools. In the present work, we demonstrate the establishment of a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based platform for monitoring the dynamic evolution behavior of the protein corona in complex biological media. With human serum albumin and lysozyme as the model serum proteins, the protein exchange process of the preformed corona on the surface of chiral quantum dots (QDs) upon feeding either individual protein or human serum was monitored

Chaos and the natural evolution of tumor systems can lead to the failure of tumor therapies. Herein, we demonstrate that iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrOx ) possess acid-activated oxidase and peroxidase-like functions and wide pH-dependent catalase-like properties. The integration of glucose oxidase (GOD) unlocked the oxidase and peroxidase activities of IrOx by the production of gluconic acid from glucose by GOD catalysis in cancer cells, and the produced H2 O2 was converted into O2 to compensate its consumption in GOD catalysis owing to the catalase-like function of the nanozyme, thus resulting in the continual consumption of glucose and the self-supply of substrates to generate superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical. Moreover, IrOx can constantly consume glutathione (GSH) by self-cyclic valence alternation of IrIV and IrIII . These cascade reactions lead to a "butterfly effect" of initial starvation therapy and the subsequent pressure of multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) to completely break the self-adaption of cancer cells.

Gaining insight into the water structure at the electrified phospholipid membranes/aqueous interface is vital and essential for elucidating the mechanism of many biochemical reactions, but still remains a formidable challenge. Herein, based on the superiority of surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy combined with electrochemistry in interfacial analysis, the evolution of local water structure at the zwitterionic phospholipid membranes/aqueous interface with an external electric field is revealed by means of ion perturbation. The strongly hydrogen-bonded water directly bonded to the phosphate groups (PO2- ) has a strong mechanical strength to resist potential perturbations, and that portion of water greatly affects the electrostatic properties of the phospholipid membranes. This study innovates the basic understanding of electric double layer (EDL) at the membranes/aqueous interface.

Graphene oxide (GO) has drawn worldwide attention in various biomedical fields because of its unique properties, and great progress has been made in the past years. Probing the interaction between ...

Currently, cancer is regarded as one of the most life-threatening diseases worldwide. To date, much attention has been paid to treating this serious disease. Among various cancer therapies, chemotherapy has been used in the clinic for more than sixty years and is regarded as an ideal choice because of its high efficiency. Herein, a biocompatible and efficient nanoplatform for tumor treatment was fabricated based on manganese oxide-coated hollow polydopamine (HPDA@MnO2). Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of the Chinese traditional anti-malarial medicine artemisinin, was selected to be loaded into the cavity of HPDA@MnO2 to form the final nanodrug DHA@HPDA@MnO2. As a unique nanoplatform, DHA@HPDA@MnO2 showed biodegradable and controllable release of DHA and Mn ions upon reaching the tumor sites. It is worth mentioning that the reduced Mn2+ interacts with DHA to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) which effectively damage proteins and nucleic acids, thereby inducing the death of tumor cells. More importantly, the Mn ions reduced from MnO2 showed selective in vivo magnetic resonance imaging capability in response to the tumor microenvironment. In vitro and in vivo therapy experiments showed that the tumor inhibition of DHA@HPDA@MnO2 was more efficient than that of free DHA, accompanied by negligible side effects; thus, the proposed nanomedicine platform is promising for application in tumor chemotherapy.

The generation of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) during photodynamic therapy is limited by the precise cooperation of light, photosensitizer, and oxygen, and the therapeutic efficiency is restricted by the elevated glutathione (GSH) levels in cancer cells. Herein, we report that an ultrathin two-dimensional metal-organic framework of Cu-TCPP nanosheets (TCPP=tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) can selectively generate 1 O2 in a tumor microenvironment. This process is based on the peroxidation of the TCPP ligand by acidic H2 O2 followed by reduction to peroxyl radicals under the action of the peroxidase-like nanosheets and Cu2+ , and their spontaneous recombination reaction by the Russell mechanism. In addition, the nanosheets can also deplete GSH. Consequently, the Cu-TCPP nanosheets can selectively destroy tumor cells with high efficiency, constituting an attractive way to overcome current limitations of photodynamic therapy.

The concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species directly determines the effect of photodynamic therapy. Reducing intracellular glutathione (GSH) content can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Therefore, it is extremely important to construct a nanoplatform that can promote photodynamic therapy by consuming GSH. In this study, we synthesized Cu-typtone complex nanoparticles (Cu-Try NPs) by a simple green method and demonstrated their ability to consume GSH to increase intracellular ROS for the first time. Photosensitizer methylene blue was loaded onto Cu-Try NPs (Cu-Try/MB NPs) for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Studies in vitro and in vivo illustrated that enhanced photodynamic therapy based on Cu-Try/MB NPs can kill cancer cells effectively.

Inorganic biophotocatalysts with suitable size are greatly attractive in photodynamic therapy (PDT) with enhanced permeability and retention effect and the capability to produce reactive oxygen species via type-I reaction for overcoming tumor hypoxia. Herein, we develop a facile one-step hydrothermal method to prepare biocompatible BiOI/BiOIO3 heterostructure nanocomposites (BB NCs) by introducing reductive trithiol-terminated poly-(methacrylic acid) (PTMP-PMAA) as the surfactant, which can reduce partial KIO3 (raw material) into KI, resulting in the generation of BiOI and BiOIO3 in one nanocomposite. Under irradiation with a 650 nm laser, the photogenerated holes/electrons of the agent can effectively generate hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) through a type I and O2 self-supplying type II PDT process, respectively, under both normoxic and hypoxic environments, which could lead to a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and in turn inhibit the production of ATP to initiate the death of HeLa cells, eventually causing the complete destruction of the tumor at a low dose (0.64 mg kg−1). In addition, the agent also shows extraordinary computed tomography imaging capability due to the high X-ray absorption coefficient (∼41.39 HU L g−1). Our study provides a robust biowindow-responsive hypoxic tumor theranostic agent to break through the limitations of PDT.

As the semisynthetic derivative and active metabolite of the effective anti-malarial drug artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been investigated as an emerging therapeutic agent for tumor treatment based on the cytotoxicity of free-radicals originating from interactions with ferrous ions. Meanwhile, simultaneously delivering DHA and iron ions to tumors for selectively killing cancer cells is still a great challenge in DHA tumor therapy. Herein, we develop a facile yet efficient strategy based on iron-coordinated hollow polydopamine nanospheres to load DHA (DHA@HPDA-Fe). The as-prepared nanoagent is biodegradable and exhibits controllable release of DHA and Fe ions in tumor microenvironments, resulting in ferrous ion-enhanced production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DHA and thus effectively killing the tumor cells. In vivo therapy experiments indicated that the anti-tumor efficacy of DHA@HPDA-Fe was about 3.05 times greater than that of free DHA, and the tumor inhibition ratio was 88.7% compared with the control group, accompanied by negligible side effects, indicating that the proposed nanomedicine platform is promising for anti-tumor applications.

In this article, a type of small-sized metal organic framework (MOF), MIL-101(Fe), as an intelligent delivery system was fabricated to load chemotherapy drug dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and photosensitizer methylene blue (MB). In addition, the Fe ions releasedfrom the MOFs in the tumor environment not only enhanced the curative effect of DHA but also catalyzed H2O2 to release O2, which further improved the photodynamic therapeutic effect of the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites can serve as a T2 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent at the same time. The polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used to modify the surface of MOFs-MB-DHA to acquire the excellent controllable release of drugs and good biocompatibility to decrease the side effects for normal cells. All the results show remarkably increase of the therapeutic efficiency by synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy. Thus, a smart multifunctional drug delivery system for diagnosis and therapy based on MOFs-MB-DHA@PLA@PEG was constructed for not only real-time imaging but also chemotherapy and photodynamic synergetic therapy to kill the tumor selectively, showing great potential for conquering the existing barrier in chemo-photodynamic synergetic therapy.

In this study, we present the synthesis and application of a new therapeutic platform based on photosensitizer-loaded, two-dimensional layered nanomaterials of WSe

Graphene oxide (GO) has drawn worldwide attention in various biomedical fields because of its unique properties, and great progress has been made in the past years. Probing the interaction between GO and proteins, understanding and evaluating potential impact of GO on the protein structure and function, is of significant importance for design and optimization of functional interfaces and revealing the bioeffect of GO materials. Cytochrome

Understanding the gating mechanism of ion channel proteins is the basis for regulating cell activity and designing new drug molecules, but it still remains a great challenge. Herein, a new tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) model was proposed to accommodate the voltage-gated ion channel model-Alamethicin (Alm) peptides. Using surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroelectrochemistry combined with fluorescence spectroscopy, it was found that the orientation of the peptides inserted into the membranes was affected by membrane dipole potential regulated by chaotropic anions. A lower dipole potential could reduce the energy barrier of the insertion of peptides into the membranes, which facilitates the peptides to adopt a more upright orientation in the membranes. This research is of great significance for understanding the mechanism of ion channel-related diseases.

Cancer has become one of the primary threats to human beings, and traditional therapies (including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) show limited therapeutic efficacy due to the complexity of tumor biology. Furthermore, determining how to utilize the differences between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and healthy tissues and exploring new nanoplatforms that can realize early diagnosis and effective and non-toxic therapy are challenges in cancer theranostics. Numerous researchers have designed multifunctional nanomaterials and investigated their personalized therapy and regulation abilities toward TME, including oxygen generation, glutathione consumption and the production of reactive oxygen species and multi-model imaging effects. This review will introduce the latest progress in the design of multi-functional nanomedicines for the regulation of TME and their theranostics, and it will provide a critical angle for the future development of nanomedicine.

Phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT), is usually considered as a promising strategy for cancer treatment due to its noninvasive and selective therapeutic effect by laser irradiation. A light-activatable nanoplatform based on bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated Bi2Te3 nanosheets conjugated with methylene blue (MB) was successfully designed and constructed for bimodal PTT/PDT combination therapy. The resultant nanoconstruct (BSA-Bi2Te3/MB) exhibited high stability in various physiological solutions and excellent biocompatibility. Especially, the nanoconstruct not only possessed strong near-infrared absorption and high photothermal conversion as a photothermal agent for efficient tumor ablation but also could successfully load photosensitizer for PDT of tumor. When exposed to laser irradiation, tumors in mice with BSA-Bi2Te3/MB injection were completely eliminated without recurrence within 15 d, demonstrating the potential of the nanoconstruct as a bimodal PTT/PDT thera...

Intrinsically integrating precise diagnosis, effective therapy, and self-anti-inflammatory action into a single nanoparticle is attractive for tumor treatment and future clinical application, but still remains a great challenge. In this study, bovine serum albumin-iridium oxide nanoparticles (BSA-IrO2 NPs) with extraordinary photothermal conversion efficiency, good photocatalytic activity, and a high X-ray absorption coefficient were prepared through one-step biomineralization. The nanoparticles allow tumor phototherapy and simultaneous photoacoustic/thermal imaging and computed tomography. More importantly, BSA-IrO2 NPs can also act as a catalase to protect normal cells against H2 O2 -induced reactive oxygen pressure and inflammation while significantly enhancing photoacoustic imaging through microbubble-based inertial cavitation. These remarkable features may open up the exploration iridium-based nanomaterials in theranostics.

Iron–manganese layered double hydroxide nanosheets were developed as an effective photothermal nanocarrier for loading a photosensitizer. The catalase-like activity enables the nanosheets to decompose H2O2 into O2, overcoming tumor hypoxia and enhancing O2-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT). The combination of PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) can almost completely eliminate tumor tissues.

The local tumor hypoxia has become one of the main obstacles for photodynamic therapy (PDT).To break through this barrier, the fabrication of O2-evolving nanoplatform has been more significant. Herein, the uniform methylene blue (MB)–bovine serum albumin (BSA)–Fe(III) nanoparticles (MB–BSA–Fe(III) NPs) were successfully synthesized by biomineralization approach. MB–BSA–Fe(III) NPs show high loading capacity of MB, and Fe(ΙΙΙ) has excellent catalytic performance towards abundant H2O2 in cancer cells to generate O2, overcoming tumor hypoxia. All these combination effects remarkably increase the therapeutic efficiency of PDT, resulting in almost complete destruction of cancer cells. Most importantly, MB–BSA–Fe(III) NPs exhibit T2- magnetic resonance imaging, which have the potential for precise visualization of the tumor location. Our results demonstrate that MB–BSA–Fe(III) is a novel H2O2-responsive and O2-evolving nanoplatform and it has great potential for clinical applications such as cancer diagnosis, treatment or drug delivery.

Integration of multiple therapeutic/diagnostic modalities into a single system holds great promise to improve theranostic efficiency for tumors, but still remains a technical challenge. Herein, we report a new multimodal theranostic nanoconstruct based on Fe-doped polydiaminopyridine nanofusiforms, built easily and on a large scale, which can dual-regulate intracellular oxygen and glutathione levels, transport iron ions, and simultaneously be used for thermal imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Co-loading of dihydroartemisinin and methylene blue generates a superior multifunctional theranostic agent with enhanced photochemotherapy efficiency and biodegradability, leading to almost complete destruction of tumors with near-infrared light irradiation. This represents an attractive route to develop multimodal anticancer theranostics.

The penetration depth of near-infrared laser has greatly restricted the development of most photothermal agents. Recently, photothermal agents in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window have drawn great attention as they can overcome above barrier. Herein, a novel "all in one" NIR-II responsive nanoplatform (nickel selenide @polydopamine nanocomposites, NiSe@PDA NCs) based on in situ coating the polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of biomineralized nickel selenide nanoparticles (NiSe NPs) for dual-model imaging-guided photothermal therapy is reported. Under the illumination of NIR-II laser (1064 nm), the photothermal conversion efficiency of NiSe@PDA NCs can reach 48.4%, which is higher than that of single NiSe NPs due to the enhanced molar extinction coefficient. In addition, because of the paramagnetic effect of NiSe NPs, the constructed NiSe@PDA NCs can be acted as T1 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Most importantly, the MRI contrast effect is enhanced with the coating of PDA layer due to the loose structure of PDA. Ultimately, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the developed NCs can achieve efficient MRI-guided photothermal therapy for treating malignant tumor. Therefore, the designed NiSe@PDA NCs with excellent features show great potential for clinical MRI-guided cancer therapy.

Though numerous external-stimuli-triggered tumor therapies, including phototherapy, radiotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy have made great progress in cancer therapy, the low penetration depth of the laser, safety concerns of radiation, the therapeutic resistance, and the spatio-temporal constraints of the specific equipment restrict their convenient clinical applications. What is more, the inherent physiological barriers of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including hypoxia, heterogeneity, and high expression of antioxidant molecules also restrict the efficiency of tumor therapy. As a result, the development of nanoplatforms responsive to endogenous stimuli (such as glucose, acidic pH, cellular redox events, and etc.) has attracted great attention for starvation therapy, ion therapy, prodrug-mediated chemotherapy, or enzyme-catalyzed therapy. In addition, nanomedicines can be modified by some targeted units for precisely locating in subcellular organelles and boosting the destroying of tumor tissue, decreasing the dosage of nanoagents, reducing side effects, and enhancing the therapeutic efficiency. Herein, the properties of the TME, the advantages of endogenous stimuli, and the principles of subcellular-organelle-targeted strategies will be emphasized. Some necessary considerations for the exploitation of precision medicine and clinical translation of multifunctional nanomedicines in the future are also pointed out.

Inflammation is a beneficial response of the body in response to external stimuli, while the overwhelming inflammation caused by disease therapy often leads to treatment failure. Therefore, precise regulation of inflammation is essential in remodelling body microenvironment and enhancing the therapy efficiency. Herein, we show an efficient strategy for precisely regulating inflammation and immunosuppressive microenvironment after photothermal therapy (PTT) by controlling release of dietary luteolin through dynamical disassembly of photothermal agent, which dramatically increase the therapy efficiency of PTT and accompanied immunotherapy. As a result, not only the local tumour could be effectively destructed by PTT, but also the combination of PTT-induced immunogenic death (ICD), and regulation of inflammation after PTT and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by released luteolin could achieve the effective inhibition of tumour recurrence and metastasis. As a proof of concept, this research demonstrates how to solve tumour recurrence and metastasis by precise regulation of inflammation inherited in cancer therapy.

In recent years, the properties of protein corona have attracted intense interest in the field of nanobio interface, but a long-ignored research issue is how the desorbed proteins suffering from conformational change upon weak association with nanoparticles affect their functional properties when further interacting with their downstream protein partners. In this Article, surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and electrochemical cyclic voltammetry were used to study the adsorption and redox properties of the soluble cytochrome c (cyt c) on 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) after weakly binding to and then desorbed from nano-TiO2. For the first time, our study reveals that the weak interaction between cyt c and nano-TiO2 induces the protein to undergo a heterogeneous conformational change. More importantly, the cyt c with a largely unfolded conformation exhibits a weaker interaction with its binding partner mimics than the native-like cyt c but a faster ad...

In this study, we present the synthesis and application of a new therapeutic platform based on photosensitizer-loaded, two-dimensional layered nanomaterials of WSe2 for combined photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy. WSe2 nanosheets are synthesized by a simple and efficient chemical exfoliation using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an effective exfoliating agent and strong stabilizing agent, endowing the WSe2-BSA nanosheets obtained with high stability in physiological solutions and good biocompatibility without further functionalization. The WSe2-BSA nanosheets can be employed not only as an efficient photothermal agent but also as a carrier to load methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizing agent for photodynamic therapy. Moreover, the generation of singlet oxygen can be regulated by controlling the release of MB from the WSe2 nanosheets with NIR irradiation. The therapeutic efficacy of the MB-loaded WSe2-BSA (WSe2-BSA/MB) complexes was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. It was found that dual-mode photothermal and photodynamic therapy has a significant synergistic effect and dramatically improves the therapeutic efficacy toward cancer cells compared with single mode treatment. These findings indicate that WSe2 nanosheets could be a promising therapeutic agent and smart carrier for the synergistic combination of phototherapy towards biomedical applications.

Revealing how weak forces interact synergistically to induce differences in nanobio effects is critical to understanding the nature of the nanobio interface. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) and a lipid membrane are selected as a nanobio model, and interaction forces at the GO-biomembrane interface are modulated by varying the amounts and species of oxygenated functional groups on the surface of GO. A synergic mechanism of interfacial interaction forces is investigated by a combination of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results reveal that after balancing with electrostatic repulsion, the moderate attraction between GO and lipid headgroups (such as electrostatic and/or hydrophobic interactions) is most favorable for lipid extraction, whereas lipid extraction is inhibited under an attraction that is too strong or too weak. Under moderate attraction between GO and the headgroups of lipids, the appropriate degree of rotation freedom is maintained for GO, which is beneficial to the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the C═O group in the phosphatide hydrophobic region and GO, thus triggering the insertion of GO into the lipid alkyl chain region, resulting in the rapid and significant extraction of lipids. Our results have important guiding significance for how to reveal the synergistic mechanism of weak interactions at the nanobio interface.

Characterization of the dynamic changes of the basic surface properties of nanoparticles is of great significance to reveal the interaction mechanism between nanoparticles and cells; however, it is often neglected due to the limitations of existing analytical methods. This knowledge has been renewed by using surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) to study the interaction between PEG-CuS nanoparticles and living cells attached to rGO-Au modified Au films. Based on the difference spectra of cell membranes and the associated water, we clearly revealed that Cu2+ ions produced by the degradation of PEG-CuS can coordinate with PEG, thus changing the interaction between nanoparticles and cells including how and how many nanoparticles enter the cells and the sequential photothermal effect, which breaks through the limitations of the present analytical methods.

At present, increasing attention is being paid to photothermal therapy corresponding to the second near infrared (NIR-II) range (1000–1700 nanometers); however, its biomedical applications related to carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) have always been limited by the large-scale fabrication of excellent diagnostic probes with a suitable size and optical absorption cross-section. Herein, we successfully prepared Bi@C nanoparticles with a suitable size and high output (3.14 g per patch) through a one-pot hydrothermal method. By combining Bi with carbon, the optical absorption in the NIR-II range was enhanced compared to that for single carbon; moreover, Bi@C could no longer be easily oxidized due to the protection of outer C compared with individual Bi. Furthermore, because of the high atomic number of Bi (Z = 83), the Bi@C nanoparticles exhibited computed imaging contrast properties. According to the in vitro and in vivo experiments, the Bi@C nanoparticles could ablate cancer cells under illumination with a 1064 nm laser with deeper penetration and an appropriate permissible exposure (MPE) to the laser (1 W cm−2), showing excellent performance for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. This study provides a simple method to synthesize metal–carbon nanocomposites to enhance the NIR-II optical absorption efficiency for effective deep-seated tumor photothermal therapy and will further broaden the applications of CNMs.

Recently, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been widely studied in biomedicine. In this article, we developed a new photothermal nanocarrier based on polydopamine coated selenide molybdenum (MoSe2@PDA) as an effective nanocarrier for loading anticancer drug doxorubicin (MoSe2@PDA-Dox). Conjugation of PDA onto the surface of MoSe2 nanosheets can not only enhance the photothermal effect of MoSe2 nanosheets and decrease its cytotoxicity but also provide anchor points for loading Dox. The resulting MoSe2@PDA nanocomposites exhibit good biocompatibility, good stability, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. The subsequent loading of anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) creates an efficient therapeutic agent with pH- and heat-responsive drug release. An in vivo experiment shows strong damage to tumor tissue, killing the tumor cell almost thoroughly. On that account, the MoSe2@PDA-Dox nanocomposites may play a key role in cancer therapy in the future. Our work reveals the great pr...