Search

The anaerobic digestion (AD) performance of spent cow bedding was investigated with different hydrothermal pretreatment (HP) conditions. Spent cow bedding was pretreated with low temperatures (50, 70, and 90°C) and different pretreatment times (2-72 h) with ammonia and without ammonia. The results showed that spent cow bedding was a good raw material for AD. After pretreatment, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the group of hydrothermal pretreatments with ammonia (HPA) was higher than that in the HP group at the same pretreatment temperature and time. The optimal pretreatment condition was achieved with an HPA of 50℃ holding for 72h. At the optimal condition, the highest concentration of VFAs was 1.58-10.85 times higher than that of the other pretreated groups. The highest hemicellulose and lignin removal rates were 58.07% and 10.32%, respectively. The highest methane yield was 163.0 ml·(g VS)-1, which was 48.9% higher than that of the untreated group. The VFAs, pH, and reducing sugars showed positive relationships with the methane yield. Therefore, HP at low temperature can enhance the AD performance of spent cow bedding.

Cisplatin is an important platinum drug in the chemotherapy of many malignant tumors in clinical application. It is well accepted that its main target is DNA molecule. However, recent studies have shown that platinum drugs may also act on some important functional proteins in the human body and have complicate effects on their efficacy. E-cadherin is newly discovered glycoproteins which have been regarded as the important signs of the occurrence and development of some tumors. In this study, the interactions between cisplatin and E-cadherin were explored by fluorescence spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated that cisplatin can efficiently quench the fluorescence of E-cadherin, and the calculated binding constant Kb was 3.20×106 (25°C), 1.36 ×106(31°C) and 8.22×105 L mol-1 (37°C). The thermodynamic parameters ΔH

Cow bedding is one of the dominant livestock wastes among agricultural waste in China. The bedding is a good raw material for anaerobic digestion (AD) and produces biogas of sustainable energy. To improve the AD performance of bedding, a two-step pretreatment of hydrothermal with ammonia (TPHA) was used at 100, 150, and 200 °C holding for 5–30 min. The results revealed that the highest volatile fatty acids concentration was 4720.1 mg/L at a TPHA of 200 °C for 5 min. The highest removal rates of cellulose and hemicellulose were 35.4% and 97.4% at a hydrothermal pretreatment (HP) of 100 °C for 30 min and 200 °C for 10 min, respectively. The highest methane yield of cow bedding was 169.1 mL/g VS using the TPHA at 150 °C for 10 min, which was 54.5% higher than that of the untreated group. Kinetic analysis showed that the modified Gompertz model was more suitable for TPHA for cow bedding. Therefore, TPHA could improve pretreatment characteristics and enhance the methane yield of cow bedding.

Phytoremediation assisted by endophytic bacteria is promising to efficiently remediate cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. Bacillus cereus BL4, isolated from Miscanthus floridulus growing around a pyrite mine, exhibited high Cd tolerance and plant growth-promoting traits and could improve Cd bioavailability in soil. As a result of the pot experiment, after inoculation with strain BL4, the fresh weight, height, and Cd accumulation of Miscanthus floridulus shoots increased by 19.08-32.26 %, 6.02-16.60 %, and 23.67 %-24.88 %, respectively, and roots increased by 49.38-56.41 %, 22.87-33.93 %, and 28.51 %-42.37 %, respectively. Under Cd stress, the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and root activity of Miscanthus floridulus increased, while the membrane permeability and malonaldehyde (MDA) content significantly decreased after the inoculation of BL4, which indicated the alleviation of the cytotoxicity of Cd. Accordingly, the glutathione (GSH) content increased, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes presented downward trends after BL4 inoculation. Cd bioavailability in soil increased after BL4 inoculation, accompanied by increases in the activities of soil enzymes (invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, FDA hydrolase, and catalase) as well as the richness and diversity of soil bacteria. Our findings revealed that strain BL4 might strengthen the phytoremediation of Cd by Miscanthus floridulus through its effects on plant physio-biochemistry and soil microecology, which provided a basis for the relative application to Cd-contaminated soil.

This study investigated the effects of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial community on biogas production in the process of rice straw (RS) anaerobic digestion (AD). The results showed that the sCOD concentrations and VFA production appeared the same trend, which was inversely related with that of daily biogas production. The cumulative methane yield of RS was 194.9 ml·(g VS)-1·−1. The modified Gompertz model is the best fit for measured methane yields of RS in the three kinetic models of first-order kinetic, Cone and modified Gompertz. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Euryarchaeota were the dominant microbial phyla throughout AD process. At the genus level, the microorganisms mainly composed of Clostridium, Vadin, Terrisporobacter, Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium, and Methanosarcina. Proteiniphilum showed strong relationship with sCOD and VFA production. Clostridium and Terrisporobacter displayed relationship with biogas production. Therefore, in order to improve the stability of the AD system, the parameter changes of VFAs, sCOD, and biogas yield were monitored in the RS AD process. The study can provide theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of RS AD.

In this paper, we focus on the challenges of training efficiency, the designation of reward functions, and generalization in reinforcement learning for visual navigation and propose a regularized extreme learning machine-based inverse reinforcement learning approach (RELM-IRL) to improve the navigation performance. Our contributions are mainly three-fold: First, a framework combining extreme learning machine with inverse reinforcement learning is presented. This framework can improve the sample efficiency and obtain the reward function directly from the image information observed by the agent and improve the generation for the new target and the new environment. Second, the extreme learning machine is regularized by multi-response sparse regression and the leave-one-out method, which can further improve the generalization ability. Simulation experiments in the AI-THOR environment showed that the proposed approach outperformed previous end-to-end approaches, thus, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.

The oral bioavailability of many phenolic acid drugs is severely limited due to the high hydrophilicity and extensive first-pass effect induced by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolism. The present study investigated the inhibitory activity of the pharmaceutical excipients of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) against COMT and evaluated the potential of a self-microemulsion loaded with a phospholipid complex containing EVOO for oral absorption enhancement of salvianolic acid B (SAB), a model phenolic acid. An in vitro COMT assay showed that EVOO could effectively inhibit enzyme activity in the rat liver cytosol. Next, the SAB phospholipid complex/self-microemulsion containing EVOO (named SP-SME1) was prepared and characterized (particle size, 243.60 ±6.96 nm and zeta potential, -23.67 ±-1.36 mV). The phospholipid complex/self-microemulsion containing ethyl oleate (EO) (named SP-SME2) was taken as the control group. Compared with free SAB, the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp value) of the two SP-SMEs significantly increased (12.0-fold and 10.90-fold). A pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the AUC0-∞ value of SAB for the SP-SME1 group significantly increased by 4.72 and 2.82 times compared to that for free SAB (p

In this paper we describe a new strategy based on internal code and visual unit to extract query interface schema. In the process of extraction, there are still some aspects that should be improved. In order to access multiple network databases in deep Web, which is a time-consuming work, how to integrate a unified query interface is one potential problem. Integration is a process of matching attributes that are in the query forms based on domain ontology. It can save a lot of time and energy to visit abundant network databases. Experimental results also show that our method outperforms the state-of-art integrator from the perspective of traditional performance metrics.

Soy sauce is a common condiment that has a unique flavor, one that is derived from its rich amino acids and salts. It is known that excessive intake of high-sodium food will affect human health, causing a series of diseases such as hypertension and kidney disease. Therefore, removing sodium from the soy sauce and retaining the amino acids is desirable. In this study, electrodialysis (ED) was employed for the desalination of soy sauce using commercial ion exchange membranes (IEMs). The influence of the current density and initial pH on the desalination degree of the soy sauce was explored. Results showed that the optimal desalination condition for ED was reached at a current density of 5 mA/cm2 and pH of 5, with the desalination degree of 64% and the amino acid loss rate of 29.8%. Moreover, it was found that the loss rate of amino acids was related to the initial concentration and molecular structure. In addition, the amino acid adsorption by IEMs was explored. Results implied that the molecular weight and structure affect amino acid adsorption. This study illustrated that the ED process can successfully reduce the salt content of the soy sauce and retain most of the amino acids without compromising the original flavor.

Recent studies demonstrated that dihydromyricetin (DHM) has prominent therapeutic effects on liver injury and liver cancer. By summarizing the current preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, the present review examines the preventive and therapeutic effects of DHM on liver disorders as well as its potential mechanisms. Briefly, in both chemical- and alcohol-induced liver injury models, DHM ameliorates hepatocyte necrosis and steatosis while promoting liver regeneration. In addition, DHM can alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via regulating lipid/glucose metabolism, probably due to its anti-inflammatory or sirtuins-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, DHM treatment inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and autophagy and regulates redox balance in liver cancer cells, thus exhibiting remarkable anti-cancer effects. The pharmacological mechanisms of DHM may be associated with its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and apoptosis-regulatory benefits. With the accumulating interests in utilizing natural products to target common diseases, our work aims to improve the understanding of DHM acting as a novel drug candidate for liver diseases and to accelerate its translation from bench to bedside.

A mass of tailings left by mineral exploitation have caused serious environmental pollution. Although many studies have shown that soil microorganisms have the potential to remediate environmental pollution, the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and the surrounding environment of tailings is still unclear. In this study, 15 samples around pyrite mine tailing were collected to explore the ecological effects of environmental factors on bacterial community. The results showed that most of the samples were acidic and contaminated by multiple metals. Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) migrated and accumulated to into downstream farmlands while chromium (Cr) was the opposite. Proteobacteria, Chloroflex and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla. Soil pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), available phosphorus (AP), the bacteria abundance and diversity all gradually increased with the increase of the distance from the tailing. Invertase, acid phosphatase, total organic carbon (TOC), pH, TP and Cr were the main influencing factors to cause the variation of bacterial community. This work could help us to further understand the changes in soil microbial communities around pollution sources.

We report a novel Mn-Co-Ni-O (MCN) nanocomposite in which the p-type semiconductivity of Mn-Co-Ni-O can be manipulated by addition of graphene. With an increase of graphene content, the semiconductivity of the nanocomposite can be tuned from p-type through electrically neutral to n-type. The very low effective mass of electrons in graphene facilitates electron tunneling into the MCN, neutralizing holes in the MCN nanoparticles. XPS analysis shows that the multivalent manganese ions in the MCN nanoparticles are chemically reduced by the graphene electrons to lower-valent states. Unlike traditional semiconductor devices, electrons are excited from the filled graphite band into the empty band at the Dirac points from where they move freely in the graphene and tunnel into the MCN. The new composite film demonstrates inherent flexibility, high mobility, short carrier lifetime, and high carrier concentration. This work is useful not only in manufacturing flexible transistors, FETs, and thermosensitive and thermoelectric devices with unique properties but also in providing a new method for future development of 2D-based semiconductors.

Ovarian cancer is known for its highest mortality rate in gynecological malignancy. Previous studies demonstrated that thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound isolated from Nigella sativa L., is a potent anti-ovarian cancer agent, which inhibit tumor growth by modulating apoptotic activity. In this study, we found that the effect of chemotherapy on ovarian cancer cells in vitro varies by race/ethnicity. HO-8910 was established from Chinese patient with ovarian serous carcinoma. The results showed that HO-8910 displayed higher resistance to platinum than SKOV3. And further cell variability assay indicated that TQ exhibited dramatically inhibitory activity on HO-8910 and SKOV3. However, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis suggested TQ had multiple mechanisms for its cytotoxic effect. As for HO-8910, TQ could modulated expression level of several pivotal factors involving autophagy, including PI3K, ATG-7, Bectlin-1 and p62, but has little effect on p53, PARP and caspase-3, and no effect on Bax. Our results sustained that TQ was a promising anti-ovarian cancer candidate and its potential application in Chinese patients, even Asian patients , treatment in clinic.

Pleurotus has great potential for heavy metal mycoremediation. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, the response of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cornucopiae under Cd contamination was evaluated. P. ostreatus and P. cornucopia accumulated 0.34 and 0.46 mg/g Cd in mycelium, respectively. Cd removal elevated with its concentration elevation, which reached 56.47% and 54.60% for P. ostreatus and P. cornucopia with Cd at 20 mg/L. Low-level Cd (≤ 1 mg/L) had no significant influence on either fungus, while varied response was observed under high-level Cd. 705 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in P. cornucopia at Cd1 and Cd20, whereas 12,551 DEGs in P. ostreatus. Differentially regulated functional categories and pathways were also identified. ATP-binding cassette transporters were involved in Cd transport in P. cornucopia, whereas the endocytosis and phagosome pathways were more enhanced in P. ostreatus. 26 enzymes including peroxisomal enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were upregulated in P. ostreatus, whereas only cytosolic catalase was overexpressed in P. cornucopia, suggesting their different Cd detoxification pathways. Also, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway involved in Cd resistance in both species instead of glutathione metabolism, although more active in P. ostreatus. These findings provided new insight into the molecular mechanism of mycoremediation and accumulator screening.

Deep reinforcement learning has greatly simplified visual navigation by utilizing the end-to-end network training strategy. Unlike previous navigation methods which build upon high-precision maps, deep reinforcement learning-based method enables real-time navigation by only taking one image as input at a time. As such, deep reinforcement learning based navigation methods are applicable to a variety number of applications in robotics/vision communities, thanks to its light-weight computational cost. Despite the advantages, however, these methods still suffer from inefficient data exploration and poor convergence on network training. In this paper, we propose to use inverse reinforcement learning to solve the problem，which can provide more accurate and efficient guidance for decision-making. The proposed method is able to learn a more effective reward function from less training data. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed method achieves a higher success rate of navigation and produces paths that are more similar to the optimal ones compared to the reinforcement learning baselines.

Characteristics and resistant mechanisms of macro-fungus endophytic bacteria to cadmium (Cd) have not been well defined. Strains L1 and L3 with Cd-resistant capacity were isolated from the fruiting body of Coprinus comatus, which were identified as Bacillus sp. Under the stress of Cd, the morphologies of both L1 and L3 changed to reduce the threat of Cd. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry indicated that functional groups such as –OH, -COOH, and –NH2 participated in the Cd adsorption process. The contents of Cd adsorbed on the cell wall of L1 were 83.46–174.51% higher than that of L3. On the contrary, the contents of Cd accumulated in L1 cytoplasm were 38.77–74.77% lower than that of L3. As the level of Cd increased from 10 to 30 mg/L, the percentages of Cd distributed on the cell walls of L1 and L3 increased by 42.43% and 26.78%, respectively. The results also revealed that the contents of Cd absorbed by the sterilized strains L1 and L3 were 47.67–64.94% and 8.65–78.63% higher than that of living ones, respectively. In addition, the proline production of L1 was 23.75–109.68% higher than that of L3, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) production of L1 was 0.96–15.60% lower than that of L3. Thus, through the comparison of endophytic bacterial physiological responses, the possible characteristics and resistant mechanisms of macro-fungus endophytic bacteria under Cd stress were firstly reported.

Microbially induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) is an advanced bioremediation technology to immobilize heavy metals. An indigenous bacterium QY14 with the function of mineralization isolated from Cd contaminated farmland soil was identified as Burkholderia ambifaria. The minimum inhibitory concentration value for QY14 was 550 mg/L for soluble Cd concentration. This study found that the addition of 10 mM Ca2+ during MIPP process could significantly increase the removal ratio of Cd, and the maximum removal ratio of Cd with 10 mM Ca2+ and without Ca2+ in solution was 99.97% and 76.14%, respectively. The increase of acid phosphatase activity and the formation of precipitate containing calcium caused by 10 mM Ca2+ addition contributed the increase of Cd removal efficiency. The results of SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD showed that Cd was removed by forming Cd containing hydroxyapatite (Cd-HAP). In addition, the dissolution experiment showed the Cd release ratio of Cd-HAP (0.01‰ at initial pH 3.0 of solution) was lower than Cd-absorbed HAP, indicating that Cd was more likely removed by the formation of Ca10−xCdx(PO4)6(OH)2 solid solution. Our findings revealed MIPP-based bioremediation supplied with 10 mM Ca2+ could increase the Cd removal and could potentially be applied for Cd remediation.

Biomineralization to immobilize the toxic metal has great potential for the bioremediation of multiple heavy metal contamination. In this study, the efficiency of Microbially Carbonate Induced Precipitation (MICP) for several common heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd) in mining areas as well as their precipitation patterns were researched. After urease activity and precipitation ability comparison, Sporosarcina kp-4 and kp-22 were selected for subsequent studies. The removal of Cd was mainly based on the formation of cadmium carbonate induced by bacteria activity, while the removal of Cu was depended on the pH increase generated by the same process. Precipitation contributed to Zn and Ni removal was more complex, which was also based on the MICP process. Removal rates of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd (the concentration of all metals was 160 mg/L) reached 75.10%, 98.03%, 59.46% and 96.18%, respectively, within 2 h. For the immobilization of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd at 160 mg/L, the optimal dosages of bacterial cultured solution were about 0.25 mL, 0.8 mL, 0.5 mL and 0.8 mL, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) revealed the toxicity of these heavy metals for MICP bacteria was arrange as: Cd > Zn > Ni > Cu. Our study confirmed that urease-producing bacteria could coprecipitate multiple heavy metals even without the ability tolerate them, and the MICP process was an effective biological approach that was worth investigating further to immobilize multiple heavy metals in ecological restoration.

The chromium was deposited on the surface of 0.45 C medium carbon steel by high current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) alloying treatment to obtain a high quality alloying layer. The microstructure of the alloying layer was studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. The hardness of the surface was measured by Vickers durometer. The corrosion resistance of samples before and after HCPEB irradiation was also measured by an electrochemical workstation. The results showed that the alloying layer with a dept of about 4–9 μm on the surface was formed after HCPEB alloying treatment. TEM results revealed that the Cr element is dissolved on the surface and alloyed with C element in the substrate to form Cr23C6enhanced particles. The microhardness and corrosion resistance of the medium carbon steel subjected to a HCPEB alloying processing were remarkably improved compared with the original one.

In order to improve the retention of amino acids in desalinating a saline stream using electrodialysis, a novel porphyrin-containing thin-film composite (TFC) cation exchange membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization (IP) using tetraphenylporphinesulfonate (TPPS), m-phenylene diamine (MPD), and trimesoyl chloride. The separation of a single amino acid [Arginine (Arg), Lysine (Lys), Histidine (His), and Proline (Pro)] and the mixture of four from a NaCl solution was investigated. Results showed that sodium ions transported much faster than the amino acid ions due to its small molar mass and high mobility. Arg migrated much faster than Lys may attribute to its guanidine that increased the polarity of the ion, thus resulting in a higher loss degree of Arg (60%) than that of Lys (32%) in the single amino acid test. In the mixed amino acid test, a competition behavior between Arg and Lys limited their transport over membrane. The loss degree of Arg and Lys was reduced to 32.7% and 9.31% with porphyrin TFC membrane, which could be attributed to combination of the TFC dense layer and the strong electrical interaction between the charge-elevated membrane surface and the amino acids. The porphyrin TFC achieved a loss degree of total amino acids of 13.8%, which was much lower than that of pristine TFC membrane (20.2%) and based membrane (27.25%), respectively. These findings indicated that using porphyrin TFC membrane can efficiently separate salts and amino acids, and may also be beneficial for other membrane separation techniques.

Currently, a novel of meta-heuristic algorithm called monarch butterfly optimization (MBO) is presented for solving machine learning and continuous optimization problems. It has been proved experimentally that MBO is superior to artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), Biogeography-based optimization (BBO), differential evolution algorithm (DE) and simple genetic algorithm (SGA) algorithms on most test functions. This paper presents a new version of MBO with simulated annealing (SA) strategy called SAMBO. The SA strategy is put in the migration operator and butterfly adjusting operator. So the newly proposed algorithm has two features: One is that the algorithm accepts all the butterfly individuals whose fitness are better than their parents. The other is that the algorithm randomly selects some individuals which are worse than their parents to disturbance the convergence of algorithm. In this way, the SAMBO algorithm can escape from local optima. Finally, the experiments are carried on 14 continuous nonlinear functions, and results show that SAMBO method exceeds the MBO algorithm on most test functions.

Signaling lymphocyte activation family 7 (SLAMF7/CS1) is a cell surface glycoprotein that is highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells. CS1 is a sensitive and specific biomarker for multiple myeloma. CAR-T cell immunotherapy is a new method for the treatment of multiple myeloma. CS1 CAR-T cell immunotherapy has good effect on relapsed refractory multiple myeloma. To detect the expression efficiency of CS1 CAR on CS1 CAR-T cells and to find an auxiliary means to CAR-T cell immunotherapy, we prepared a CS1-Fc fusion protein. First, the extracellular domain of CS1 was amplified from the existing plasmid by PCR and ligated with human IgG1-Fc fragment by overlap extension PCR. The recombinant fragment was ligated into pMH3 eukaryotic expression vector. After restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing, the pMH3-CS1-Fc-his recombinant plasmid was successfully constructed. The recombinant plasmid was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-S) by liposome. The expression of the CS1-Fc fusion protein in CHO-S cells was identified by flow cytometry after G418 pressure screening. Next, the CS1-Fc fusion protein was purified by nickel column. Western-blot analysis showed that molecular weight of the fusion protein was about 70 kDa was identified by Western blotting. The CS1-Fc fusion protein couldeffectively detect the expression rate of CS1 CAR and promote the activation, proliferation andcytokines secretion of the CS1 CAR-T cells. The results will lay the experimental foundation for the in vitro detection and potentiation of CAR-T cells in multiple myeloma treated with CS1 CAR-T cell.人信号淋巴细胞激活分子 F7 (SLAMF7/CS1) 是一种细胞表面糖蛋白，在多发性骨髓瘤细胞中高度表达。已有研究表明CS1 是多发性骨髓瘤较为灵敏且特异的生物标志物。CAR-T 细胞免疫疗法是治疗多发性骨髓瘤的新方法，其中CS1 CAR-T 细胞免疫疗法针对复发性难治性多发性骨髓瘤有较好的疗效。为了检测CS1 CAR-T 细胞上CS1 CAR 的表达效率和探寻CAR-T 细胞免疫疗法的辅助手段，文中制备了一种CS1-Fc 融合蛋白。首先利用PCR 技术从已有质粒中扩增得到CS1 的胞外段序列，再通过重叠延伸PCR 与人IgG1-Fc 段相连。将重组片段连接至pMH3 真核表达载体上，经酶切鉴定和DNA 测序后，将重组质粒pMH3-CS1-Fc-his 转染至中国仓鼠卵巢细胞 (CHO-S)。经G418 加压筛选和流式细胞术鉴定，证实CS1-Fc 融合蛋白在CHO-S 细胞中获得了表达。利用镍柱对CS1-Fc 融合蛋白进行纯化，经Western blotting 鉴定，融合蛋白的分子量约为70 kDa。流式细胞术和细胞计数分析结果显示，CS1-Fc 融合蛋白能有效检测CS1 CAR 的表达效率，证实了CS1-Fc 融合蛋白对CS1 CAR-T细胞具有活化、促增殖及促分泌细胞因子的作用。本研究结果为多发性骨髓瘤细胞免疫治疗CAR-T 细胞的体外检测和效能强化奠定了实验基础。.

Background: The sTNFRII-adiponectin fusion protein previously showed strong TNFα antagonistic activity. However, the fusion protein exists as mixture of different multimers. The aim of the present study was to characterize its active components. Methods: In this study, the fusion protein was isolated and purified by Ni-NTA affinity and gel exclusion chromatography, and further identified by Coomassie staining and western blotting. The TNFα antagonistic and glucose uptake-promoting activities were determined in vitro. The glucose detection kit and 2- NBDG (2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-D-glucose) were used to measure their effects on glucose metabolism (including glucose consumption and glucose uptake in HepG2 and H9C2 cells). The effect of the fusion protein on glucose uptake was also examined in free fatty acid (FFA)- induced insulin resistance cell model. Results: The sTNFRII-adiponectin fusion protein was found to exist in three forms: 250 kDa (hexamer), 130 kDa (trimer), and 60 kDa (monomer), with the final purity of 90.2%, 60.1%, and 81.6%, respectively. The fusion protein could effectively antagonize the killing effect of TNFα in L929 cells, and the multimer was found to be superior to the monomer. In addition, the fusion protein could increase glucose consumption without impacting the number of cells (HepG2, H9C2 cells) in a dosedependent manner. Mechanistically, glucose uptake was found to be enhanced by the translocation of GLUT4. However, it could not improve glucose uptake in the cell model of insulin resistance. Conclusion: In summary, the active components of the fusion protein are hexamers and trimers. The hexamer and trimer of sTNFRII-adiponectin fusion protein had both TNFα-antagonizing and glucose uptake-promoting activities, although neither of them could improve glucose uptake in the cell model of insulin resistance.

Cadmium (Cd)-remediation by microorganisms has been frequently used due to environmental friendliness, low cost and easy operation. However, the mechanisms of bio-remediation were not clear enough. Hence, a strain KC6, identified as Bacillus subtilis, was isolated from the metal contaminated soil around an open-air pyrite mine. KC6 had high resistance to Cd (about 100 mg L−1) and was able to produce siderophores (0.66 A/Ar) and solubilize phosphate (21.98 mg L−1). Besides, in the optimum experiment, Bacillus subtilis KC6 showed the greatest ability to remove Cd with pH 7 and 35 °C, and the revolution had little effect on Bacillus subtilis KC6 adsorbing Cd. Moreover, Bacillus subtilis KC6 had higher Cd sorption ability under 10 and 40 mg/L Cd treatment about 86.33%, 65.33%, respectively. Through Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and element mapping analyses, Cd in solution was bonded onto cell walls of KC6 by increasing functional groups. Besides, under Cd stress, low molecular weight organic acids (malic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and succinic acid) produced by strain KC6 increased significantly compared to non-Cd treatment. The various functional groups and exudates could help KC6 to chelate Cd to Cd-ligands complexes so that Cd could be bonded onto cell wall and transport into cellular organs and cytoplasm.

The coordinate system involved in surveying and mapping is rather complicated. The combination transformation of coordinate systems can solve many problems in real life and work. At the same time, the transformation between coordinate systems is also a difficult problem to be solved urgently. Aiming at the parameters and characteristics of Beidou coordinate system and the projection parameters of local city coordinate system, a set of transformation methods suitable for Beidou coordinate and local city coordinate system are developed by combining parameter transformation algorithm, the feasibility of the algorithm is verified by transforming the known control points.