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Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35), the core component of the retromer complex which regulates endosomal trafficking, is genetically linked with Parkinson's disease (PD). Impaired vision is a common non-motor manifestation of PD. Here, we show mouse retinas with VPS35-deficient rods exhibit synapse loss and visual deficit, followed by progressive degeneration concomitant with the emergence of Lewy body-like inclusions and phospho-α-synuclein (P-αSyn) aggregation. Ultrastructural analyses reveal VPS35-deficient rods accumulate aggregates in late endosomes, deposited as lipofuscins bound to P-αSyn. Mechanistically, we uncover a protein network of VPS35 and its interaction with HSC70. VPS35 deficiency promotes sequestration of HSC70 and P-αSyn aggregation in late endosomes. Microglia which engulf lipofuscins and P-αSyn aggregates are activated, displaying autofluorescence, observed as bright dots in fundus imaging of live animals, coinciding with pathology onset and progression. The Rod∆Vps35 mouse line is a valuable tool for further mechanistic investigation of αSyn lesions and retinal degenerative diseases.

Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to investigate how cooperative learning (CL) has been conceptualized and implemented in Chinese physical education (PE). CL is one of the most influential and widespread areas of theory, research, and practice in western education. With the promotion of Chinese government policies, CL has become a popular field of research and was widely used as a pedagogical practice in Chinese. Design/Approach/Methods: Shulruf's five methodological steps were utilized as the process of screening and selecting relevant studies. Inductive analysis and constant comparison were conducted for analyzing the chosen literature. Findings: The analytic induction revealed four key themes: (a) historical development, (b) policy influence, (c) conceptualization of CL, and (d) implementation of CL. We found that the conceptualization of CL in Chinese PE was ambiguous, and the implementation of CL was predominantly documented by quantitative research methods. In addition, few studies were conducted at the elementary school level. Originality/Value: This is a comprehensive literature review on CL in Chinese PE. Findings and recommendations in this article will be beneficial for policymakers, scholars, and PE teachers to better understand and promote CL in China.

We present a high-order compressible multiphase fluid solver to investigate the shock wave dynamic characteristics in deep-water explosions with energetic material detonation. The spatial terms of the system equations are discretized using fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory reconstruction in characteristic space and Lax–Friedrich's splitting, while the temporal terms are discretized using a third-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge–Kutta scheme. The multiphase interface is captured by the level-set method combining modified ghost fluid method , and a programmed burn model is proposed to describe the phase transition from unreacted material to gaseous products and the release of detonation chemical energy. The solver is validated through comparison with other literature results and experimental results. The early shock wave characteristics of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and RS211 charges at different water depths are investigated, and numerical results indicate that the peak value of relative pressure and wave speed increase approximately linearly with increasing water depth. The near-field explosions of cylindrical TNT charges under different water depth conditions are examined using two different initiation patterns, revealing that the shape of the explosive charge significantly influences near-field underwater explosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown that bilinguals outperform monolinguals on tasks requiring non-linguistic executive control skills, thereby generating an interest in the relationship between bilingual language processing and non-linguistic control abilities. Based on this, the present study further examined the bidirectional interaction between language control and non-linguistic control in unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals. These bilinguals completed a Flanker task in three types of language control contexts (i.e., L1, L2, and Mixed language contexts) in the interleaved word-comprehension-to-Flanker sequence and performed a picture-word matching task in three types of non-linguistic executive control contexts (i.e., color, shape and color-shape mixed contexts) in the interleaved color-shape-switching-to-word-comprehension sequence. The results showed that the Flanker effect in mixed language context was smaller than in single (L1 and L2) context, suggesting language control leads to a better non-linguistic control ability. Additionally, the language switching cost was found smaller in the mixed task context (color/shape switching), indicating that non-linguistic control can enhance the language control ability. Therefore, we conclude that there is a bidirectional interaction between language control and non-linguistic control even in unbalanced bilinguals.

The utilization of underwater explosion prediction programs incorporating explosives is not widespread in engineering at present, primarily due to the complexity associated with the detonation reaction process. The instantaneous detonation model (IDM) serves as a valuable tool for simulating underwater explosions due to its efficiency in engineering applications, disregarding the detonation reaction process. However, existing analytical solutions for the distribution of detonation gaseous products, based on the assumption of 1D isentropic flow, have limitations in accuracy. Moreover, alternative IDM approaches have not gained widespread recognition. In this study, we present a novel IDM, termed hp-IDM, which predicts fluid structure in the detonation zone using high-order solutions derived from the Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) model. The spatial aspect of the DSD model is discretized using fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory reconstruction in characteristic space and Lax–Friedrich's splitting, while temporal terms are discretized via a third-order total variation diminishing Runge–Kutta scheme. Interface motion is captured using the level-set method combined with the modified ghost fluid method model, and a programmed burn model describes the generation and propagation of the detonation wave. We validate the self-similarity of detonation wave propagation using the DSD model and derive quantitative calculation formulas for the IDM by averaging or curve fitting dimensionless results. Subsequently, the hp-IDM model is established through high-order polynomial approximation of the Taylor rarefaction zone and the constant static zone for 1D planar, cylindrical, and spherical TNT charges. The application of the hp-IDM model involves direct mapping from the radial direction to spatial structured grids for 1D planar, 2D cylindrical, and 3D spherical shaped charges. Numerical results demonstrate that the hp-IDM model proposed in this paper achieves both high accuracy and computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Corylifol A (CYA) is one of the main active components of Psoralea corylifolia L. CYA had been reported to have ameliorating effects on dexamethasone‐induced atrophy of C2C12 mouse skeletal myotubes, but its effects on cancer cachexia were unclear. Here, we checked the influence of CYA on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia mice and tried to clarify its mechanisms. Methods C26 tumour‐bearing mice were applied as the animal model to examine the effects of CYA in attenuating cachexia symptoms. The in vitro cell models of TNF‐α‐induced C2C12 myotubes or ad‐mRFP‐GFP‐LC3B‐transfected C2C12 myotubes were used to check the influence of CYA on myotube atrophy based on both ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy‐lysosome system. The possible direct targets of CYA were searched using the biotin‐streptavidin pull‐down assay and then confirmed using the Microscale thermophoresis binding assay. The levels of related signal proteins in both in vitro and in vivo experiments were examined using western blotting and immunocytochemical assay. Results The administration of CYA prevented body weight loss and muscle wasting in C26 tumour‐bearing mice without affecting tumour growth. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of mice treated with 30 mg/kg of CYA (23.59 ± 0.94 g) was significantly higher than that of the C26 model group (21.66 ± 0.56 g) with P