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In industrial quality assessment, monitoring whether the textured product contains defects is a critical step. Compared to a large number of defect-free images that are easy to obtain, anomaly samples are limited and vary randomly in size and type. It is challenging to develop an automatic and accurate texture defect localization system that only uses normal images for training. In this paper, a multi-resolution feature learning network is proposed to detect various texture defects in an unsupervised manner. A robust pre-trained model is first employed to extract the perceptual features from the input image, then the perceptual features of various layers are fed to the corresponding multi-scale autoencoder framework. This hierarchical alignment strategy aids in receiving multi-level information for locating anomalies of various sizes. Moreover, a residual attention module (RAM) is embedded in the architecture to further improve the detection performance. Our proposed method has achieved state-of-the-art performance on the texture dataset of MVTecAD. We also extended the experiment to the real industrial texture datasets, and its detection result is better than the major existing advanced techniques.

Mechanical force is essential to shape the internal architecture and external form of the skeleton by regulating the bone remodeling process. However, the underlying mechanism of how the bone responds to mechanical force remains elusive. Here, we generated both orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model in vivo and a cyclic stretch-loading model in vitro to investigate biomechanical regulation of the alveolar bone. In this study, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was screened as one of the mechanosensitive proteins by protein array analysis of cyclic stretch-loaded bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and was also proven to be activated in osteoblasts in response to the mechanical force during OTM. With an inducible osteoblast linage-specific Stat3 knockout model, we found that Stat3 deletion decelerated the OTM rate and reduced orthodontic force-induced bone remodeling, as indicated by both decreased bone resorption and formation. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in BMSCs directly inhibited mechanical force-induced osteoblast differentiation and impaired osteoclast formation via osteoblast-osteoclast cross-talk under mechanical force loading. According to RNA-seq analysis of Stat3-deleted BMSCs under mechanical force, matrix metalloproteinase 3 (Mmp3) was screened and predicted to be a downstream target of STAT3. The luciferase and ChIP assays identified that Stat3 could bind to the Mmp3 promotor and upregulate its transcription activity. Furthermore, STAT3-inhibitor decelerated tooth movement through inhibition of the bone resorption activity, as well as MMP3 expression. In summary, our study identified the mechanosensitive characteristics of STAT3 in osteoblasts and highlighted its critical role in force-induced bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement via osteoblast-osteoclast cross-talk. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from Zr

To increase catalytic efficiency, mesoporous supports have been widely applied to immobilize well-defined metal oxide clusters due to their ability to stabilize highly dispersed clusters. Herein, a redox-active heterometallic Ce

Allomelanin is a class of nitrogen-free melanin mostly found in fungi and, like all naturally occurring melanins, is hydrophilic. Herein, we develop a facile method to modify synthetic hydrophilic allomelanin to yield hydrophobic derivatives through post-synthetic modifications. Amine-functionalized molecules of various kinds can be conjugated to allomelanin nanoparticles under mild conditions with high loading efficiencies. Hydrophobicity is conferred by introducing amine-terminated alkyl groups with different chain lengths. We demonstrate that the resulting hydrophobic allomelanin nanoparticles undergo air/water interfacial self-assembly in a controlled fashion, which enables the generation of large-scale and uniform structural colors. This work provides an efficient and tunable surface chemistry modification strategy to broaden the scope of synthetic melanin structure and function beyond the known diversity found in nature.

Porous carbons have been widely applied for capacitive energy storage, yet usually suffer from insufficient rate performance because of the sluggish ion transport kinetics in deep and multi-branched pores. Herein, we fabricated an interconnected microporous capacitive carbon (IMCC) by growing D (+)-glucosamine on bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers scaffold, followed by carbonization and activation. The BC nanofibers acted as a sacrificial template during pre-carbonization, facilitating the subsequent KOH permeation and homogeneous activation. By taking advantage of the interconnected microporous structure, the IMCC delivers a high capacitance of 302 F g

The high prevalence of malocclusion and dentofacial malformations means that the demand for orthodontic treatments has been increasing rapidly. As the biological basis of orthodontic treatment, the mechanism of mechanical force–induced alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has become the key scientific issue of orthodontics. It has been demonstrated that bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are crucial for bone remodeling and exhibit mechanical sensing properties. Mechanical force can promote osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs and osteogenesis, but the key factor that mediates mechanical force–induced osteogenesis during OTM remains unclear. In this study, by performing reverse-phase protein arrays on BMSCs exposed to mechanical force, we found that the expression level of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) was significantly upregulated during the mechanical force–induced osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs. The number of FOXO3-positive cells was consistently higher on the OTM side as compared with the control side and accompanied by the enhancement of osteogenesis. Remarkably, inhibiting FOXO3 with repaglinide delayed OTM by severely impairing mechanical force–induced bone formation in vivo. Moreover, knockdown of FOXO3 effectively inhibited the mechanical force–induced osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs, whereas the overexpression of FOXO3 enhanced this effect. Mechanistically, we revealed a novel regulatory model in which FOXO3 promoted osteocalcin transcription by activating its promoter in cooperation with runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). We collectively obtained the first evidence that FOXO3 is critical for OTM, where it responds to mechanical force and directly regulates downstream osteoblastic differentiation in an efficient manner.

International audience; Interpenetration of two or more sublattices is common among many metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Herein, we study the evolution of one zirconium cluster-based, 3,8-connected MOF from its non-interpenetrated (NU-1200) to interpenetrated (STA-26) isomer. We observe this transient catenation process indirectly using ensemble methods, such as nitrogen porosimetry and X-ray diffraction, and directly, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The approach detailed here will serve as a template for other researchers to monitor the interpenetration of their MOF samples at the bulk and single-particle limits. We investigate the mechanical stability of both lattices experimentally by pressurized in situ X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation as well as computationally with density functional theory calculations. Both lines of study reveal that STA-26 is considerably more mechanically stable than NU-1200. We conclude this study by demonstrating the potential of these MOFs and their mixed phases for the capture of gaseous n-hexane, used as a structural mimic for the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard gas.

This work demonstrated the development of a hierarchical porous carbon–carbon composite used as an electrode material for capacitive deionization. The novel core–shell composite consisting of carbon nanofibers and N-rich porous carbon nanosheets (CNFZIF) was obtained by in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanosheets on electrospun nanofibers. By tailoring the composition and porosity of CNFZIF, ion transport and adsorption in the composite were tuned to achieve a large desalination capacity and a high desalination rate. Thanks to the synergistic effect of its N-rich carbon surface, high hydrophilicity, large specific surface area and unique hierarchical porous structure, the engineered CNFZIF sample exhibited an excellent capacitive deionization performance with a maximum desalination capacity of up to 50.88 mg g−1 for NaCl solution and a high capacity retention rate of 97% after 30 cycles. Remarkably, CNFZIF also demonstrated high desalination capacities of 27.19 mg g−1, 25.35 mg g−1 and 20.46 mg g−1 for CaCl2, MgCl2, and KCl solutions, respectively. This work provided a new route for the design of advanced electrode materials, and therefore represents a major step forward in the development of electrodes for capacitive deionization applications.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is utilized as one of the most popular consumer plastics worldwide, but difficulties associated with recycling PET have generated a severe environmental crisis with most PET ending its lifecycle in landfills. We report that zirconium-based metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF) UiO-66 deconstructs waste PET into the building blocks terephthalic acid (TA) and mono-methyl terephthalate (MMT) within 24 hours at 260 °C (total yield of 98 % under 1 atm H

The encapsulation of enzymes within porous materials has shown great promise, not only in protecting the enzymes from denaturation under nonbiological environments, but also, in some cases, in facilitating their enzymatic reaction rates at favorable reaction conditions. While a number of hypotheses have been developed to explain this phenomenon, the detailed structural changes of the enzymes upon encapsulation within the porous material, which are closely related to their activity, remain largely elusive. Herein, the structural change of cytochrome c (Cyt c) upon encapsulation within a hierarchical metal-organic framework, NU-1000, is investigated through a combination of experimental and computational methods, such as electron paramagnetic resonance, solid-state ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations. The enhanced catalytic performance of Cyt c after being encapsulated within NU-1000 is supported by the physical and in silico observations of a change around the heme ferric active center.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid materials composed of metal ions and organic linkers featuring high porosity, crystallinity, and chemical tunability at multiple length scales. A recent advancement in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its direct application to MOF structure-property relationships have changed how we consider rational MOF design and development. Herein, we provide a perspective on TEM studies of MOFs and highlight the utilization of state-of-the-art TEM technologies to explore dynamic MOF processes and host-guest interactions. Additionally, we provide thoughts on what the future holds for TEM in the study of MOFs.

This paper investigates automatic quality inspection for the components with a small diameter and deep aperture. An automatic pick-and-place system is constructed, which employs an endoscope to achieve better image quality aiming at the characteristics of the component. A coarse-to-fine contour extraction algorithm with four steps is presented to inspect the component’s quality. First, approximate locations of the targets are estimated using faster region-based convolutional neural networks (faster RCNN). Second, the corresponding edge image is obtained by using the multiscale probability boundary (mPb) detector. Third, edge enhancement is performed, which is based on the Brownian motion model. Fourth, the corresponding contours are finely extracted by edge grouping. A shape analyzing algorithm is utilized to classify the components based on the extracted contours. Comparison experiments fully demonstrate the superiority of the proposed inspection method over existing methods. Meanwhile, successful inspection results on challenging real-world image data prove that the system is of practical significance to industrial applications.

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs), such as sarin and sulfur mustard, continue to be a threat due to their high toxicity coupled with worldwide usage. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are efficient mate...

Zr6-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tetratopic organic linkers have been extensively investigated owing to their versatile structural tunability. While diverse topologies and polymorphism in the resulting MOFs are often encountered with tetratopic linkers and Zr6 nodes, reports on phase transitions within these systems are rare. Thus, we have a limited understanding of polymorph transformations, hindering the rational development of pure phase materials. In this study, a phase transition from a microporous MOF, scu-NU-906, to a mesoporous MOF, csq-NU-1008, was discovered and monitored through in situ variable temperature liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (VT-LCTEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and in situ variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction (VT-PXRD). It was found that the microporous- to-mesoporous transformation in the presence of formic acid occurs via a concomitant dissolution-reprecipitation process.

The intriguing catalytic properties of cerium-based materials have motivated the development of Ce-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). However, the controlled crystallization of Ce MOFs remains nascent due to complications with the high reduction potential of Ce4+ species. Modulators offer a route in other well-studied coordination networks to slow down crystallization processes to allow for corrective, uniform crystal growth. Herein, we report an investigation of modulator identity and concentration on the synthesis of a Ce-UiO-type MOF with 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDC) as a linker. At low concentrations using both benzoic acid and trifluoroacetic acid, we observed a mononuclear Ce3+ MOF (NU-350) through single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Higher modulator concentrations yielded pure-phase Ce-UiO-NDC, with uniform particle sizes observed with utilizing benzoic acid as a modulator. Moreover, we demonstrated the transferability of this synthesis through the pure-phase synthesis of Ce-UiO-66 with benzoic acid as a modulator. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed a single crystalline domain within Ce-UiO-NDC.

Objectives To clarify the effects of a local orthodontic force on alveolar bone by analysing bone remodelling in different regions of the maxilla during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Methods An OTM model was established in rats. Histological changes in the maxilla were analysed using TRAP staining, IHC staining for CTSK and haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining. The root bifurcation region of the alveolar bone of the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) molars were selected as the regions of interest (ROIs), which were further divided into a cervical and an apical level. Sequential fluorochrome labelling was performed to analyse bone deposition rates. Results The maxillary left first molars were moved mesially. TRAP staining and IHC staining for CTSK showed orthodontic force increased osteoclast numbers in all six ROIs at both the cervical and apical levels. H and E staining indicated elevated osteoblast numbers in the OTM group in all induced regions. Sequential fluorochrome labelling exhibited increased bone deposition rates around M1, M2 and M3 in the OTM group. Conclusions An orthodontic force applied to the first molar could initiate widespread remodelling of the maxillary alveolar bone, which was not restricted to the tension and pressure sites. This may revise the orthodontic biomechanical theory and provide new insights for clinical work.

Isoreticular synthesis is a powerful tool to enhance specific attributes of a metal-organic framework (MOF). While the isoreticular expansion of MOF structure are prevalent in the literature, the compression of a topology holds great promise for separations due to the contracted pore apertures and/or cavities. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and Xe/Kr separation capability of a new Zr-based MOF, NU-1106, connected by the tetratopic linker 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetracarboxylate, which exhibits a compressed ftw topology compared to the extended ones reported previously. NU-1106 showed selective uptake of Xenon over Krypton, providing the potential for use for separations.

Currently, deep learning-based visual inspection has been highly successful with the help of supervised learning methods. However, in real industrial scenarios, the scarcity of defect samples, the cost of annotation, and the lack of a priori knowledge of defects may render supervised-based methods ineffective. In recent years, unsupervised anomaly localization algorithms have become more widely used in industrial inspection tasks. This paper aims to help researchers in this field by comprehensively surveying recent achievements in unsupervised anomaly localization in industrial images using deep learning. The survey reviews more than 120 significant publications covering different aspects of anomaly localization, mainly covering various concepts, challenges, taxonomies, benchmark datasets, and quantitative performance comparisons of the methods reviewed. In reviewing the achievements to date, this paper provides detailed predictions and analysis of several future research directions. This review provides detailed technical information for researchers interested in industrial anomaly localization and who wish to apply it to the localization of anomalies in other fields., Comment: submit to IEEE TIM

Heterometallic Ce

The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a central role in cell survival and function. STAT3 has been demonstrated to participate in the maintenance of bone homeostasis in osteoblasts, but its role in osteoclasts in vivo remains poorly defined. Here, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model in which Stat3 was deleted in osteoclasts using a cathepsin K-Cre (Ctsk-Cre) driver. We observed that osteoclast-specific Stat3 deficiency caused increased bone mass in mice, which we attributed to impaired bone catabolism by osteoclasts. Stat3-deficient bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) showed decreased expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasm 1 (NFATc1), and reduced osteoclast differentiation determined by decreases in osteoclast number, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, and expression of osteoclast marker genes. Enforced expression of NFATc1 in Stat3-deficient BMMs rescued the impaired osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistically, we revealed that STAT3 could drive the transcription of NFATc1 by binding to its promoter. Furthermore, preventing STAT3 activation by using an inhibitor of upstream phosphorylases, AG490, also impaired osteoclast differentiation and formation in a similar way as gene deletion of Stat3. In summary, our data provide the first evidence that STAT3 is significant in osteoclast differentiation and bone homeostasis in vivo, and it may be identified as a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases through regulation of osteoclast activity.

To form hierarchical anode materials for fast lithium-/sodium storage, nanocrystallites SnO2 (5 nm) on reduced graphene nanosheets (rGO) are successfully synthesized through ultrasonication and cryodesiccation, the as-produced SnO2/rGO clusters are homogeneously connected by carbon nanotube (CNT) through cryodesiccation. rGO with high specific surface area efficiently buffers the volumetric change and the pulverization of SnO2 during lithiation/delithiation process. CNTs not only hinder the restack of SnO2/rGO clusters but also as conductive bridges connect the scattered SnO2/rGO clusters, which consequently improve the cycle stability and rate performance of samples. At the current density of 0.1 A g−1, SnO2/rGO/CNT sample presents the initial discharge and charge capacities of 1678.6 and 1091.2 mAh g−1. At 5 A g−1, SnO2/rGO/CNT sample delivers 434.7 mAh g−1 that is higher than SnO2/rGO sample with 251.7 mAh g−1. Moreover, the SnO2/rGO/CNT - LiCoO2 full cell shows high capacity of 852.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with a CE of 99.4%. The result indicates that CNTs can effectively achieve the integrity of the material by connecting other clusters of metal oxides and rGO.

This paper focuses on the contour extraction for the inner wires of a kind of deep hole component to achieve a high-accuracy inspection. The vision system consisting of a camera and an endoscope is developed to acquire high-quality images of the internal structure. For the acquired images, a contour extraction method is proposed, which could be divided into the following steps. First, the start points of wires referred as the prior information on the component are obtained with a predefined filter, and on the basis, several regions of interest (ROIs) are defined. Second, the multiscale probability of boundary operator is utilized to detect edges in the ROIs. Third, a Brownian motion model is established to calculate the connectivity between edges. The prior information obtained previously is used again to determine the probabilities of the edges belonging to the contours. Finally, the symmetric ratio contour method is used to form the wires’ contours with the edges. In the proposed method, the edges belonging to the wires’ contours are enhanced by making full use of the prior information, resulting in the improvement in accuracy and real-time performance. As evidenced by the experiments, the proposed method can efficiently extract the inner wires’ contours from the component’s image with low-contrast conditions, noises, and shadows.

Melanosomes in nature have diverse morphologies, including spheres, rods, and platelets. By contrast, shapes of synthetic melanins have been almost entirely limited to spherical nanoparticles with few exceptions produced by complex templated synthetic methods. Here, we report a non-templated method to access synthetic melanins with a variety of architectures including spheres, sheets, and platelets. Three 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene dimers (4-4', 2-4' and 2-2') were used as self-assembling synthons. These dimers pack to form well-defined structures of varying morphologies depending on the isomer. Specifically, distinctive ellipsoidal platelets can be obtained using 4-4' dimers. Solid-state polymerization of the preorganized dimers generates polymeric synthetic melanins while maintaining the initial particle morphologies. This work provides a new route to anisotropic synthetic melanins, where the building blocks are preorganized into specific shapes, followed by solid-state polymerization.

Skeletal deformities are typical AD-HIES manifestations, which are mainly caused by heterozygous and loss-of-function mutations in Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). However, the mechanism is still unclear and the treatment strategy is limited. Herein, we reported that the mice with Stat3 deletion in osteoblasts, but not in osteoclasts, induced AD-HIES-like skeletal defects, including craniofacial malformation, osteoporosis, and spontaneous bone fracture. Mechanistic analyses revealed that STAT3 in cooperation with Msh homeobox 1(MSX1) drove osteoblast differentiation by promoting Distal-less homeobox 5(Dlx5) transcription. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of STAT3 partially rescued skeletal deformities in heterozygous knockout mice, while inhibition of STAT3 aggravated bone loss. Taken together, these data show that STAT3 is critical for modulating skeletal development and maintaining bone homeostasis through STAT3-indcued osteogenesis and suggest it may be a potential target for treatments., Autosomal dominant hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome (AD-HIES) is associated with mutations in STAT3, and clinical manifestations include skeletal deformities. Here, the authors show that inactivation of STAT3 in osteoblast induces AD-HIES-like skeletal defects by impairing osteogenesis, and show that pharmacological STAT3 activation rescues the phenotype.

Although porous carbons have been widely used for capacitive deionization, the low accessible surface area because of the hydrophobic microporous structure results in unsatisfied desalination capacity, which drastically hinders their practical application. Herein, a novel carbon nanofiber fabric with a large accessible surface area was prepared by electrospinning using the uniformly dispersed ferrocene as a pore former. The carbon nanofiber fabric with good mechanical strength and flexibility can be directly used as a filter membrane to filter simulated sandy seawater. The high content of heteroatoms increases the surface polarity of the carbon nanofiber, while the well-controlled interconnected mesoporous structure of the optimized sample facilitates fast transport and adsorption of hydrated Na+ and Cl-. Thus, the hydrophilic carbon nanofiber fabric shows a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 922 m2 g-1 and a large accessible surface area of 405 m2 g-1, leading to a high capacitance of 263 F g-1 in the NaCl electrolyte. Most importantly, it shows an ultrahigh desalination capacity of 19.34 mg g-1, which is much higher than most of the previously reported carbon materials. The high desalination capacity, fast adsorption rate, and good cycle stability make the as-prepared carbon nanofiber fabric an attractive candidate for practical application.

Gadolinium(III) nanoconjugate contrast agents (CAs) provide significant advantages over small-molecule complexes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), namely increased Gd(III) payload and enhanced proton relaxation efficiency (relaxivity, r1). Previous research has demonstrated that both the structure and surface chemistry of the nanomaterial substantially influence contrast. We hypothesized that inserting Gd(III) complexes in the pores of a metal-organic framework (MOF) might offer a unique strategy to further explore the parameters of nanomaterial structure and composition, which influence relaxivity. Herein, we postsynthetically incorporate Gd(III) complexes into Zr-MOFs using solvent-assisted ligand incorporation (SALI). Through the study of Zr-based MOFs, NU-1000 (nano and micronsize particles) and NU-901, we investigated the impact of particle size and pore shape on proton relaxivity. The SALI-functionalized Gd nano NU-1000 hybrid material displayed the highest loading of the Gd(III) complex (1.9 ± 0.1 complexes per node) and exhibited the most enhanced proton relaxivity (r1 of 26 ± 1 mM-1 s-1 at 1.4 T). Based on nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) analysis, we can attribute the performance of Gd nano NU-1000 to the nanoscale size of the MOF particles and larger pore size that allows for rapid water exchange. We have demonstrated that SALI is a promising method for incorporating Gd(III) complexes into MOF materials and identified crucial design parameters for the preparation of next generation Gd(III)-functionalized MOF MRI contrast agents.

Transgenic mouse models are powerful for understanding the critical genes controlling osteoclast differentiation and activity, and for studying mechanisms and pharmaceutical treatments of osteoporosis. Cathepsin K (Ctsk)-Cre mice have been widely used for functional studies of osteoclasts. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is relevant in bone homeostasis, but its role in osteoclasts in vivo remains poorly defined. To provide the in vivo evidence that STAT3 participates in osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism, we generated an osteoclast-specific Stat3 deletion mouse model (Stat3

Transgenic mouse models are powerful for understanding the critical genes controlling osteoclast differentiation and activity, and for studying mechanisms and pharmaceutical treatments of osteoporosis. Cathepsin K (Ctsk)-Cre mice have been widely used for functional studies of osteoclasts. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is relevant in bone homeostasis, but its role in osteoclasts in vivo remains poorly defined. To provide the in vivo evidence that STAT3 participates in osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism, we generated an osteoclast-specific Stat3 deletion mouse model (Stat3 fl/fl; Ctsk-Cre) and analyzed its skeletal phenotype. Micro-CT scanning and 3D reconstruction implied increased bone mass in the conditional knockout mice. H&E staining, calcein and alizarin red double staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were performed to detect bone metabolism. In short, this protocol describes some canonical methods and techniques to analyze skeletal phenotype and to study the critical genes controlling osteoclast activity in vivo.

The cover image is based on the Original Article Icariin prevents oestrogen deficiency–induced alveolar bone loss through promoting osteogenesis via STAT3 by Hongyuan Xu et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12743. [Image: see text]

Objectives Alveolar bone osteoporosis has attracted more and more attention because of its profound impact on stomatognathic function and treatment, but current treatments have not been targeted to alveolar bone and might even cause severe side effects. Thus, identifying the effects of anti‐osteoporosis agents on alveolar bone is essential. Icariin ameliorates metabolic dysfunction of long bones, but its effects on alveolar bone remain unclarified. Materials and methods BMSCs were isolated from rat mandibles (mBMSCs). The osteogenic potential of mBMSCs and the signalling pathway involved under icariin treatment were measured by ALP and alizarin red staining, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Dual‐luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and co‐immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the molecular mechanism. Ovariectomized and sham‐operated rats treated with or without icariin were analysed by micro‐CT, TRAP staining and calcein double labelling. Results We found that icariin promoted osteoblast differentiation of mBMSCs. Furthermore, STAT3 was critical for icariin‐promoted osteoblast differentiation, as indicated by increased phosphorylation levels in icariin‐treated mBMSCs, while preventing STAT3 activation blocked icariin‐induced osteoblast differentiation. Mechanistically, icariin‐promoted transcription of the downstream osteogenic gene osteocalcin (Ocn) through STAT3 and STAT3 bound to the promoter of Ocn. Notably, icariin prevented the alveolar bone osteoporosis induced by oestrogen deficiency through promoting bone formation. Conclusions For the first time, our work provides evidence supporting the potential application of icariin in promoting osteogenesis and treating alveolar bone osteoporosis.

Power transformer is the most imperative and crucial equipment in electrical power system. Accurately monitoring the occurrence of transformer faults and rapidly isolating the faults are of great significance to ensure the reliability of power supply and avoid serious damage to the transformer. There are many methods used in the transformer to monitor transformer running state. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of transformer turn-to-turn fault and inrush current identification methods based on electrical information, and expounds the systematic research content that needs to be carried out for transformer turn-to-turn fault identification methods based on magnetic flux leakage information.

The Zr6-based metal–organic framework NU-1000 was successfully functionalized with candidate catalysts—MoSx units—via SIM (solvothermal deposition in MOFs) of molybdenum(VI), followed by reaction with H2S gas. The structure of the material, named MoSx-SIM, was characterized spectroscopically and through a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement. These measurements and others established that the catalyst is monometallic, with mixed oxygen and sulfur coordination, and that it forms from a MOF-node-supported molybdenum-based cluster featuring only oxy ligands. Notably, the formal potential for the MOF-grafted complex, like that for the metal–sulfur active site of hydrogenase, is nearly coincident with the formal potential for the hydrogen couple. Its effective concentration within the mesoporous MOF is several hundred millimolar, and its porous-framework-based immobilization/heterogenization obviates the need for aqueous solubility as a condition for use as a well-defined catalyst. MoSx-SIM was evaluat...