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The negative influence of malnutrition on patients with malignant tumors runs through the whole course of a disease. To the best of our knowledge, the nutritional status of cancer patients has not yet been reported in a large sample size. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the status of malnutrition and nutritional support therapy in a large sample of patients with common malignant tumors in China. In this observational multicenter study, 80 tertiary hospitals in 22 major provinces and cities were selected using a two-stage random sampling method. A total of 47,488 hospitalized patients with 16 kinds of common malignant tumors were enrolled in this study. The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). The severity of malnutrition was identified by a quantitative assessment where 0–1 was labelled as no malnutrition and 2–3, 4–8, and ≥9 were defined as suspected/mild, moderate and severe malnutrition. The PG-SGA scores of patients with different tumor characteristics were compared by a variance analysis. The incidence rate of moderate and severe malnutrition was 58.2%, of which 32.1% and 26.1% fell under the category of moderate and severe malnutrition, 22.2% were suspected/mild and only 19.6% of the sample were not malnourished. The incidence of malnutrition varied in respect to tumor species, age, gender, tumor stage, treatment and region: The PG-SGA score of pancreatic cancer patients was the highest (9.58±5.74), and that of breast cancer patients was the lowest (3.51±3.49); The PG-SGA score of vs. 5.60, P = 0.006) and gastric cancer (8.36 vs. 7.81, P

The Internet of Things (IoT) is ubiquitous in our lives. However, the inherent vulnerability of IoT smart devices can lead to the destruction of networks in untrustworthy environments. Therefore, authentication is a necessary tool to ensure the legitimacy of nodes and protect data security. Naturally, the authentication factors always include various sensitive users’ information, such as passwords, ID cards, even biological information, etc. How to prevent privacy leakage has always been a problem faced by the IoT. Zero-knowledge authentication is a crucial cryptographic technology that uses authenticates nodes on the networks without revealing identity or any other data entered by users. However, zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) requires more complex data exchange protocols and more data transmission compared to traditional cryptography technologies. To understand how zero-knowledge authentication works in IoT, we produce a survey on zero-knowledge authentication in privacy-preserving IoT in the paper. First, we overview the IoT architecture and privacy, including security challenges and open question in different IoT layers. Next, we overview zero-knowledge authentication and provide a comprehensive analysis of designing zero-knowledge authentication protocols in various IoT networks. We summarize the advantages of ZKP-based authentication in IoT. Finally, it summarizes the potential problems and future directions of ZKP in IoT.

There has been a great deal of work on improving the efficiency of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme. Our approach, in this regard, is to use the idea of packed ciphertexts to construct a multi-bit FHE with a short public key on the basis of the learning with errors (LWE) problem. More specifically, our FHE scheme builds on a basic encryption scheme that chooses LWE samples from the Gaussian distribution and adds Gaussian error to it. This results in decreasing the number of LWE samples from 2nlogq to n + 1. We prove that our FHE scheme is pragmatically feasible and its security relies on the hardness of the LWE problem. In addition, we form a new process of key switching for multi-bit FHE based on the ideas adopted by Brakerski et al. for optimizing the process of key switching. Finally, we analyze and compare the concrete parameters between our FHE scheme and BGH13 scheme. The result shows that compared with the BGH13 scheme, our scheme has a smaller public key by a factor about logq.

Esophageal cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in China. Patients with esophageal cancer are more likely to suffer from malnutrition. The purpose of this study is to assess nutritional status of patients with esophageal cancer from multiple perspectives and analyze the risk factors.A total of 1482 esophageal cancer patients were enrolled in the study. We investigated the Scored Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) scores, NRS-2002 scores, Karnofsky performance status scores, anthropometric, and laboratory indicators of patients. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the risk factors of nutritional status.PG-SGA (≥4) and NRS-2002 (≥3) showed the incidence of malnutrition were 76% and 50%, respectively. In the patients with PG-SGA score ≥4, the proportion of patients who did not receive any nutritional support was 60%. The incidence of malnutrition in females was significantly higher than that in males. Besides, abnormality rates of Red blood cell (P0.001), MAC (P = 0.037), and MAMC (P0.001) in males was significantly higher than that in females, while abnormality rates of TSF (P0.001) was lower than that in females. After adjusted with the other potential risk factors listed, unconditional logistic regression analysis indicated smoking (odds ratio: 2.868, 95% confidence interval: 1.660-4.954), drinking (OR: 1.726, 95% CI: 1.099-2.712), family history (OR: 1.840, 95% CI: 1.132-2.992), radiotherapy or chemotherapy (OR: 1.594, 95% CI: 1.065-2.387), and pathological stage (OR: 2.263, 95% CI: 1.084-4.726) might be the risk factors of nutritional status, while nutritional support can reduce the risk of malnutrition.Effective nutritional risk assessment methods and nutritional intervention measures can be adopted according to the research data to improve quality of life of esophageal cancer patients.

Background: Malnutrition is common in patients with cancer, which adversely affects the survival and quality of life of cancer patients. However, there is no national data on the prevalence of malnutrition in Chinese cancer patients. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition and quality of life (QOL) of Chinese patients with local regional, recurrent or metastatic cancer, to address the prognostic value of nutritional status and QOL on the survival of cancer patients in China and to validate the patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA) questionnaire in Chinese cancer patients.Methods: This is an observational, multi-centered, and hospital-based prospective cohort study. We aimed to recruit 50,000 cancer patients (age 18 and above) over an 8-year period. Data collection will occur within 48 hr after patients are admitted to hospital, 30-days after hospital admission, and the follow-up will be conducted 1-8 years after enrolment. The primary outcome is overall survival, and secondary outcomes are length of hospital stay and hospital costs. Factors measured are demographic characteristics, tumor characteristics, anthropometry measurements, hematological measurement, body composition, PG-SGA scores, Karnofsky performance status scores, and QLQ C30 scores. This protocol was approved by local ethical committees of all the participant hospitals.Conclusions: This multi-centered, large-scale, long-time follow-up prospective study will help diagnose malnutrition in cancer patients in China, and identify the related risk factors associated with the negative outcomes. The anticipated results will highlight the need for a truly scientific appraisal of nutrition therapy, and help to improve outcomes among cancer patients in China.Trial Registration: The trial has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800020329. Registered on 19 December 2018.

Fully homomorphic encryption is faced with two problems now. One is candidate fully homomorphic encryption schemes are few. Another is that the efficiency of fully homomorphic encryption is a big question. In this paper, we propose a fully homomorphic encryption scheme based on LWE, which has better key size. Our main contributions are: (1) According to the binary-LWE recently, we choose secret key from binary set and modify the basic encryption scheme proposed in Linder and Peikert in 2010. We propose a fully homomorphic encryption scheme based on the new basic encryption scheme. We analyze the correctness and give the proof of the security of our scheme. The public key, evaluation keys and tensored ciphertext have better size in our scheme. (2) Estimating parameters for fully homomorphic encryption scheme is an important work. We estimate the concert parameters for our scheme. We compare these parameters between our scheme and Bra12 scheme. Our scheme have public key and private key that smaller by a factor of about logq than in Bra12 scheme. Tensored ciphertext in our scheme is smaller by a factor of about log2q than in Bra12 scheme. Key switching matrix in our scheme is smaller by a factor of about log3q than in Bra12 scheme.

A critical challenge in a fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme is to manage noise. Modulus switching technique is currently the most efficient noise management technique. When using the modulus switching technique to design and implement a FHE scheme, how to choose concrete parameters is an important step, but to our best knowledge, this step has drawn very little attention to the existing FHE researches in the literature. The contributions of this paper are twofold. On one hand, we propose a function of the lower bound of dimension value in the switching techniques depending on the LWE specific security levels. On the other hand, as a case study, we modify the Brakerski FHE scheme (in Crypto 2012) by using the modulus switching technique. We recommend concrete parameter values of our proposed scheme and provide security analysis. Our result shows that the modified FHE scheme is more efficient than the original Brakerski scheme in the same security level.

A series of surface catalytic reaction equations were developed to record the relationship between degradation efficiency and cyclohexane concentration in CPCR. The half-life of photocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane was obtained according to Langmuir-Hinshelwoods (L-H) kinetic law. The results indicated that the degradation conversion data can be fitted by three linear functions at various cyclohexane concentration ranges, respectively, and having two points of intersection which divided the photocatalysis into three sections. These results were validated theoretically by the relationship between half-life and cyclohexane concentration.

The increasing development of mobile networks raises new security requirements and concerns. In addition to the basic need of authentication, confidentiality and key distribution services, a new problem involving privacy is the unauthorized tracking of users' migration. We present here a mobile commerce identity authentication protocol. Our scheme based on conic curves . This scheme is composed of three part which need to use threshold signature and proxy signature. Because the security of license is determined by private key, not the arithmetic itself, user can not construct new license by given license and the public key as long as the private key is not leaked. Since encoding and decoding over conic are easily implement on conic curves, it has enabled our scheme to greatly enhance efficiency. We also analysis its security. The entire process guarantees the security and reliability.

Online authentication involves much more than the obvious identification and validation problem. We present here a comprehensive framework for online authentication which has several important practical benefits. Our distributed E-Business authentication scheme based on conic curve is proposed. This scheme is composed of three parts, constructing license and validating license. Because the security of license is determined by private key, not the arithmetic itself, user can not construct new license by given license and the public key as long as the private key is not leaked. Since encoding and decoding over conic are easily implement on conic curves, it has enabled our scheme to greatly enhance efficiency. We also analysis its security. The entire process guarantees the security and reliability.

A distributed e-business authentication scheme based on conic curve is proposed. This scheme is composed of two parts, constructing license and validating license. Because the security of license is determined by private key, not the arithmetic itself, user can not construct new license by given license and the public key as long as the private key is not leaked. Since encoding and decoding over conic are easily implement on conic curves, it has enabled our scheme to greatly enhance efficiency. We also analyse its security. The entire process guarantees the security and reliability.