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Abstract Nonlinear charge transport, such as nonreciprocal longitudinal resistance and nonlinear Hall effect, has attracted considerable interest in probing the symmetries and topological properties of new materials. Recent research has revealed significant nonreciprocal longitudinal resistance and nonlinear Hall effect in MnBi2Te4, an intrinsic magnetic topological insulator, induced by the quantum metric dipole. However, the inconsistent response with charge density and conflicting C3z symmetry requirement necessitate a thorough understanding of factors affecting the nonlinear transport measurement. This study uncovers an experimental factor leading to significant nonlinear transport signals in MnBi2Te4, attributed to gate voltage oscillation from the application of large alternating current. Additionally, a methodology is proposed to suppress this effect by individually grounding the voltage electrodes during second-harmonic measurements. The investigation underscores the critical importance of assessing gate voltage oscillation’s impact before determining the intrinsic nature of nonlinear transport in 2D material devices with an electrically connected operative gate electrode.

Purpose: To access the distribution of choroidal vein drainage pattern and the choroidal vein alterations in choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) areas in eyes with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using widefield indocyanine green angiography (WF-ICGA). Methods: In this retrospective observational study, medical records and multimodal imaging of 127 patients (165 eyes) with CSC were reviewed. The number and location of dominant vortex veins and CVH areas on WF-ICGA images were evaluated. Choroidal vein alterations, including fusiform, bulbosity, sausaging, choroidal vein confluence and intervortex venous anastomosis, were identified in CVH areas. The differences of choroidal features were compared between acute and chronic groups. Results: Sixty-three acute CSC eyes and 102 chronic CSC eyes were evaluated. In this study, 125 eyes (75.76 %) exhibited an asymmetric pattern of choroidal vein drainage routes. Chronic CSC group had more CVH areas compared with acute CSC eyes in general (P < 0.001). Compared with chronic CSC eyes, CVH areas in acute CSC eyes were more likely to occur in the dominant vortex vein system (P = 0.006). Regarding the choroidal vein alterations, all kinds of anatomical changes were significantly more pronounced in chronic CSC eyes compared with acute group (P < 0.001 for all), with sausaging and intervortex venous anastomosis more commonly observed in chronic group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of chronic symmetric CSC was significantly better than that of chronic asymmetric CSC cases (P = 0.006), with the BCVA showing a correlation with the frequency of sausaging dilations (P = 0.032). An increased number of sausaging dilation was associated with poorer visual acuity in chronic asymmetric CSC. Conclusions: Choroidal vascular remodeling occurs throughout the entire course of the CSC, with the formation of intervortex venous anastomosis creating a new drainage path that helps ameliorate choroidal vein congestion over time.

Purpose: This study aimed to elucidate the distribution and morphological features of choroidal vortex veins in pachychoroid disease (PCD). Design: Retrospective observational study. Subjects: Patients with PCD included from January 2022 to June 2023. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using wide-field indocyanine green angiography (WF-ICGA) to assess choroidal vortex veins in PCD patients, categorizing them based on location (equatorial/posterior) and morphology (absent, incomplete, complete, complete with ampulla). Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of different location and morphology of vortex veins in PCD. Results: A total of 190 eyes from 99 PCD patients were examined. Notably, only 8.9 % (17/190) of eyes had posterior vortex veins. We identified 1620 vortex veins, predominantly equatorial (99 %, 1603/1620). Morphologically, the most common type was incomplete (61.9 %), followed by complete (19.5 %), absent (11.1 %), and complete with ampulla (7.5 %). The distribution of these veins varied, with the inferotemporal quadrant showing the highest prevalence at 26.9 %, followed by the superonasal (26.1 %), superotemporal (24.3 %), and inferonasal (22.7 %) quadrants. The median number of vortex veins per eye was 8, with a range from 5 to 15. Conclusions: This study highlights that posterior vortex veins are less frequent in PCD eyes, with incomplete veins being the most prevalent. These findings provide important clinical evidence for understanding the distribution and morphologic characteristics of choroidal vortex veins in PCD, contributing to our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this condition.

Background: This study aims to investigate the short-term changes in relatively normal retinal vessels following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in nAMD patients, an area that currently represents a research gap. Methods: In this prospective study, we enrolled patients newly diagnosed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and received standardized monthly anti-VEGF therapy for three months. Follow-ups were conducted at baseline and 1-week, 1-month, 2-months and 3-months post first injection. Assessment indicators included radial peripapillary capillary vascular density (RPC-VD) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in different optic disk regions using optical coherence tomography angiography, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP). Results: 68 nAMD patients (68 eyes) were included in this study. Significant reductions of RPC-VD and increases of RNFL thickness primarily in the nasal regions were observed 1-week post anti-VEGF (adjusted P < 0.05). Significant negative correlations were found between 1-week changes in RPC-VD and RNFL thickness in the nasal sectors (P < 0.05). From 1 to 3 months post-injection, RPC-VD and RNFL thickness essentially returned to baseline levels. Throughout the follow-up periods, IOP remained stable (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Anti-VEGF treatments transiently influence the relatively normal retinal vessels, which might lead to nerve fiber edema, predominantly on the nasal side of the optic disk.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the scleral spur length (SSL) in response to different accommodation stimuli states, as well as the correlation with Schlemm’s canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM). 74 children were recruited for this study. The 0D, − 4D, and − 8.0 D accommodation stimuli state was achieved by looking at a variable distance optotype. The ciliary muscle (CM), scleral spur (SS), SC, and TM were imaged by swept-source optical coherence tomography. The SSL (Method III) increased significantly from 221.56 ± 30.74 μm at base state to 234.99 ± 30.11 μm at − 4D accommodation stimuli state (p = 0.028) and increased to 250.09 ± 29.87 μm at − 8D accommodation stimuli state (p = 0.011). Method III had the largest areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (0.798, 95% CI 0.721–0.875). Moreover, CM 1, SC, and trabecular meshwork length (TML) were significantly correlated with SSL (Method III) (p