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This review summarizes (1) the U.S. status quo for aquatic food animal production and marketing; (2) major food safety and quality issues/concerns for aquatic food animals in the United States, including fish misbranding, finfish/shellfish allergies, pathogens, toxins and harmful residues, microplastics, and genetically engineered salmon; and (3) various U.S. regulations, guidances, and detection methods for the surveillance of fishery products. Overall, fish misbranding is the biggest challenge in the United States due to the relatively low inspection rate. In addition, due to the regulatory differences among countries, illegal animal drugs and/or pesticide residues might also be identified in imported aquatic food animals. Future regulatory and research directions could focus on further strengthening international cooperation, enhancing aquatic food animal inspection, and developing reliable, sensitive, and highly efficient detection methods.

Carbonyls (such as acrolein, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde) are the critical type of carcinogens and toxicants contained within the heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. Using HNB products can have negative effects on human health; therefore, it is important to measure carbonyl contents within the HNB mainstream smoke. Typically, the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) approach involves forming the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives, which is the most extensively adopted approach to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze carbonyl compounds. However, the approach can result in analytical error because 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones contains the E-stereoisomer as well as the Z-stereoisomer. Only an E-isomers exists in the purified carbonyls-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, but when acid is added, the E-isomer and Z-isomer can be observed. For propionaldehyde-, acetaldehyde-, crotonaldehyde-, acrolein-, and 2-butanone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, their equilibrium Z/E isomer ratios are 0.143, 0.309, 0.093, 0.028, and 0.154. In the case of adding trace water into hydrazone derivatives dissolved within the acetonitrile solution, the derivative contents decrease, whereas the free DNPH content increases. Therefore, catalytic acid should be added in the low content. To determine carbonyls-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones through HPLC, the optimal approach is adding phosphoric acid into the samples and the standard reference solution to form the 0.02–1.0% acid solution.

Imperfect Batesian mimicry is common in nature. Female common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus), for instance, seem to be imperfect mimics of hawks (Accipiter spp.) in both appearance and call. However, only few experiments have confirmed that female cuckoos can effectively mimic sparrowhawk calls. To test the effectiveness of female common cuckoos mimicking the call of hawks, we performed a playback experiment on two host bird species, namely the Oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) and white wagtail (Motacilla alba), and two potential host bird species, the crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus) and Eurasian hoopoe (Upupa epops), during the non-breeding season in Hainan island, China. We found that while there are significant differences in the likelihood that different species respond to playback call types, they do not differ in how they respond to the different calls, and that overall, the birds are more likely to respond to female cuckoo and hawk calls than to dove or male cuckoo calls, and with no significant difference between hawk and female cuckoo. Our results show that although female common cuckoos mimic the call of sparrowhawks imperfectly, they can mislead birds into displaying anti-predatory behavior. This study provides further evidence to support the recently proposed hypothesis that hawk mimicry in female cuckoo calls can not only fool their hosts, but also the non-host species.

Tropomyosin, a myofibrillar muscle protein, has been recognized as a finfish allergen. In this study, tropomyosin from Atlantic cod fillets (Gadus morhua, C

Mimicry is widespread in the animal kingdom. Parasitic cuckoos can reduce the risk of their offspring being rejected by employing morphological and egg mimicry. Female common cuckoos (Cuculus canor...

Summary To study the effects of tobacco rod circumference on cigarette combustion status, cigarettes were made with three different circumferences of 24 mm, 20 mm, 17 mm and otherwise identical construction. Their combustion characteristics, including combustion coal volume, characteristic temperature distribution, heating rate, instantaneous burn rate, and yields of selected mainstream smoke chemicals, were systematically measured. The results indicated that the cigarettes with the lowest circumference of 17 mm showed higher combustion temperatures with a smaller coal volume. The maximum instantaneous burn rate was distinctly different for the three cigarettes, from 1.84 mm/s to 2.48 mm/s, when their circumference was reduced from 24 mm to 17 mm. The tobacco mass consumption per puff showed a negative trend when the circumference decreased. The majority of the chemical compounds (16 of 21) measured in mainstream smoke decreased when the circumference was reduced, except for formaldehyde, while the yields of the chemical compounds produced per weight of cut tobacco, consumed during puffing, showed an obverse trend.

Two fish parvalbumin models were established to study relationships among matrix effect, extractability, and thermostability during in vitro immunodetection using two parvalbumin-specific monoclonal antibodies (3E1 and PARV19). Our results illustrated that matrix-induced thermal instability of parvalbumin was due mainly to physical (hydrophobic effect) and chemical (thiol-disulfide interchange) interactions. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, surfactant), β-mercaptoethanol (reducing agent) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, metal chelator) during sample preparation could not only increase the extractability of parvalbumin but also enhanced its immunodetection. Our findings demonstrated excess EDTA completely chelated Ca2+ in parvalbumin and rendered it undetectable using PARV19 (a Ca2+-dependent antibody). Overall, our resulted showed that matrix effect on in vitro analyte quantification cannot be underestimated. Any false negative or positive results could lead to severe or life-threatening allergic reactions.

The current study presents a convenient, rapid and effective simultaneous extraction/derivatization (SEDP) strategy for effective pretreatment of catecholamines (CAs). Commercial zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles were employed for the selective capturing of cis-diol containing CAs to remove the biological interferences and phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) was used for derivatization to improve the ionization and to improve the chromatographic separation. The extraction and derivatization procedures were integrated into one step to simplify the sample pretreatment. Excessive derivatization reagents were removed as well, reducing the degree of contaminations in mass spectrometry. The factors affecting the SEDP process were optimized and the results showed that the detection sensitivity and chromatographic separation of CAs greatly improved compared with underivatized CAs, during LC-MS/MS analysis. Combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), quantifying the concentration of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) in biological fluids was validated in ranges of 1-200.0 ng/mL with a satisfactory correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.997). The obtained recoveries were in the range of 91.0-109.5% with RSDs less than 9.4%. Finally, significant changes in CAs levels in urine samples of healthy people and pheochromocytoma patients were detected. The developed method offers comparative advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity and selectivity.

From December 2018 to December 2019, four nocturnal roosting sites with large aggregations of White Wagtails Motacilla alba were found in Haikou, Hainan, southern China. Three of them were located near road intersections in the city center of Haikou, and one was located at an airport terminal. Numbers of individuals exceeded 1,250 individuals at each roost. Characteristics of the environment and the nocturnal roosting trees were measured to elucidate the nocturnal roost preferences of white wagtails in urban areas, and some assistance was provided to the issues of urban greening and wildlife problems in cities.

Ding, H.; Dai, J.W., and Jiang, X.Y., 2020. The ecological protection and tourism exploitation of coast resources in Macau. In: Al-Tarawneh, O. and Megahed, A. (eds.), Recent Developments of Port, Marine, and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 110, pp. 1–4. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the support of the Chinese government, the marine area of Macau has been further defined and enlarged, resulting in the rich and premium coast resources. Correspondingly, the Macau government should not only attach crucial importance to the coast resources, but also promote the ecological protection and exploit tourism. Based on the features of Macau's coast resources, the authors of this essay propose that in order to protect the coast resources and ecological environment successfully, the Macau government should create the landscape ecology texture between city and coast, keep full control of pollution sources as well as perfect integrated monitoring system, conduct research on the ecological protection of natural reserves and wetland park, and enhance the education of environment conservation. It is suggested that based on ecological protection and in order to make full use of the opportunity to change Macau into ‘the center of tourism and entertainment in the world’, top-level design is required and the tourism projects and products that integrates gambling industry, shopping, and cultural heritage should be created. In the meantime, the government, enterprises and relevant organizations should launch more projects and programs of leisure vacations and study travels, develop its tourism by cooperating fully with Hong Kong and other cities around Macau. In the future, the ‘win-win’ goal of protecting and exploiting coast resources could be achieved.

The major objective of this study was to establish a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of porcine hemoglobin (PHb) in raw meat products. Before assay development, two mAbs immunoreactive to PHb β subunit with different epitopes were characterized. The optimized immunoassay was specific to PHb and had a wide PHb working range from 15.6 µg/mL to 3,000 µg/mL and high reproducibility with low coefficient of variations (CV

As a naturally occurring reaction during food processing, glycation, also known as non-enzymatic browning or Maillard reaction, can improve food protein physiochemical properties and functionality. In this perspective, three aspects of glycation (terminology confusion between glycation and glycosylation, its current application, and its impact on immunoreactivity) are elaborated. Overall, the immunoreactivity of glycated proteins may decrease, remain unchanged, or even increase after food glycation. Also, it should be noted that the effect of glycation on the immunoglobulin (Ig)E- or IgG-binding capacity of allergens does not necessarily and correctly predict the allergenicity of the glycated protein in the allergic patient population.

Cigarette smoking increases health risks, such as respiratory diseases and heart diseases. Despite the decline in smoking rates in some countries, millions of adults still choose to smoke cigarettes. The use of next-generation nicotine delivery devices, such as tobacco heating products (THPs), may become a potentially safer alternative to smoking. Here, we report on the development of an electrically heated THP, coded as THP COO, with three different flavored tobacco sticks. The purpose of the study was to measure the levels of a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in the total particulate matter (TPM) generated and to conduct a set of toxicological assessments of THP COO as compared with 3R4F reference cigarette. For all 55 HPHCs identified, the levels generated by the THP tobacco sticks were significantly lower in comparison to those in 3R4F TPM. The rate of reduction of HPHCs was between 68.6% and 99.9% under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regimen. Human lung cancer cells (NCI-H292) exposed to 3R4F TPM showed dose-dependent responses for most of the 15 in vitro toxicity endpoints, whereas those exposed to comparable doses of THP COO TPMs did not. Therefore, exclusive use of the THP COO products may reduce the exposure of those tested HPHCs and thus potentially reduce health risk of smoking.

Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have been widely used to control food safety and quality. To develop an accurate and reproducible ELISA, false immunodetection results caused by non-specific binding (NSB) and cross-reaction must be prevented. During the case study of sandwich ELISA development for the detection of porcine hemoglobin (PHb), several critical factors leading to NSB and cross-reaction were found. First, to reduce the NSB of the target analyte, the selection of microplate and blocker was discussed. Second, cross-reactions between enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies and sample proteins were demonstrated. In addition, the function of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was evaluated. Overall, this study highlights the essence of both antibody and assay validation to minimize any false-positive/negative immunodetection results.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be used for the detection of trace amounts of pesticides in foods to ensure consumer safety. In this perspective, we highlight the trends of SERS-based assays in pesticide detection and the various challenges associated with their selectivity, reproducibility, and nonspecific binding. We also discuss and compare the target analyte capture techniques, such as the use of antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), coupled with SERS to overcome the drawbacks as mentioned above. In addition, issues related to the nonspecific binding of analytes and its potential solution are discussed.

This paper uses chandra symmetric matrix to find the equivalent proposition of a worldly unsolved problem.

A critical step in determining the allergenicity of a food protein is to study the gastrointestinal digestion resistance, which is an essential characteristic of food allergens due to the preservation of their protein structure and immunoglobulin (Ig) E epitopes. In this study, the immunochemical properties of tropomyosin peptide fragments from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) resulted from pepsin digestion were analyzed. To identify the allergens from salmon and mullet, their IgE- and IgG-binding proteins/peptides were studied using fish-allergic human sera and anti-fish protein monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. From our results, as the major fish allergen, parvalbumin from both species was recognized in all tested human sera. Tropomyosin-bound IgE was identified in 71% of the tested sera. Antigenicity of intact tropomyosin decreased as a function of pepsin digestion time. The amino acid sequence of mullet tropomyosin was analyzed using a tandem mass spectrometer. Two IgE epitopes on Atlantic salmon tropomyosin alpha-1 were mapped. Overall, tropomyosin was identified as one of the major IgE-binding proteins in both fish species; however, further studies are required to determine the clinical significance of fish tropomyosin as an allergen due to its high homology with human tropomyosin.

In order to (1) reduce the risk of intentional or unintentional contamination of foods, (2) better comply with food regulations, and (3) decrease economic loss to the food industry caused by recall, it is necessary to develop reliable methods for the detection of different food adulterants/contaminants. This study was conducted to characterize two mammalian skeletal troponin (sTn) specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 6G1 and 8F10), and use them to develop a mAb-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of mammalian meats. From our results, both mAbs were positive to porcine sTnI and sTnC but negative to sTnT. The extractability and antigenicity of target analytes in pork were enhanced by the addition of urea and β-mercaptoethanol into the extraction buffer. The optimized sandwich ELISA was specific to heated mammalian meats and was adequate to analyze samples subject to the most severe heat treatment (132 °C/2 bar/120 min). Mammalian fat (10–30%, g/g) did not significantly affect the assay signal. The optimized assay could detect as low as 1% (g/g) of heated mammalian meats adulterated in poultry meats. Overall, this assay has the potential to fight food fraud, comply with food regulations, and decrease food recalls, which may open up new diagnostic methods for the food industry and the food regulatory authorities.

Magnetic graphitized carbon black/primary secondary amine/magnetite (GCB/PSA/Fe3O4) composite material was used as modified QuEChERS adsorbent for the clean-up of tobacco extract. A method for the determination of ten pesticide residues in tobacco was proposed by coupling the modified QuEChERS procedure to on-line gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GPC-GC-MS/MS). Several parameters affecting clean-up efficiency were investigated. Under optimized conditions including 3.30–5.30 min of on-line GPC collection time, 80 mg of adsorbent amount, and 1.0 min of clean-up time, the limits of detection for target analytes ranged from 0.940 ng L−1 to 100 ng L−1. The linear regression data of the proposed method were obtained with correlation coefficients ≥ 0.9989 for all target analytes. The relative standard deviations for both intra- and inter-day were less than 15.1% and 19.8%, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 68.8%–132.2% for real samples. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of pesticide residues in real samples, and the results were in agreement with those obtained from the current standard method.

2) a b s t r a c t In this study, magnetic graphene was used as modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) adsorbent for the determination of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in tobacco. To achieve the optimum conditions of modified QuEChERS procedure toward target analytes, several parameters affecting the clean-up efficiency including the amount of the adsorbent and clean-up time were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a method for the determination of 26 OCPs residues in tobacco was established by coupling the modified QuEChERS procedure to on-line gel permeation chromatography–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (on-line GPC–GC–MS2). The limits of detection of proposed method for 26 OCPs residues ranged from 0.01275 to 3.150 ng/g. And good linearities of the proposed method were obtained with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.9985 for all target analytes. Good reproducibility of method was obtained as intra- and inter-day precisions, the relative standard deviations were less than 11.1 and 15.0%, respectively. The apparent recoveries were in the range of 64–126% at different concentrations for real samples. Compared with the reported methods for the determination of OCPs residues in tobacco, the proposed method has the advantages of simple to operate, low cost and high clean-up ability. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of OCPs residues in real samples. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Misusage of porcine blood proteins, such as misbranding and substitution, can cause religious objections, law violation, and food quality concerns. These issues highlight the need for detecting unlabeled or overuse of porcine blood in foods. Compared with acidic and neutral pHs, porcine hemoglobin (PHb) at alkaline pH retained the best solubility, molecular integrity, and immunoreactivity after heat treatment. PHb at acidic and alkaline pHs remained stable during storage at 4 °C for 29 days. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to mammalian hemoglobin, 13F7, was developed. A mAb13F7-based indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) was optimized for the quantification of PHb in meat products. This assay had a wide working range from 0.5 ppm to 1000 ppm. It was sensitive (limit of detection: 0.5 ppm), precise and reproducible with low inter- and intra-coefficient of variances (

Introduction Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2, marketed as iQOS) is a heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco product that has been successfully introduced to global markets. Despite its expanding market, few independent and systematic researches into THS 2.2 have been carried out to date. Methods We tested a comprehensive list of total particulate matter (TPM), water, tar, nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, aromatic amines, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, N-nitrosamines, phenol, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon under both ISO and HCI regimes. We also simulated pyrolysis of THS 2.2 heating sticks and made comparisons with conventional cigarette tobacco fillers using comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS) to determine whether the specially designed ingredients help reduce harmful constituents. Results Other than some carbonyls, ammonia, and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), the delivered releases from THS 2.2 were at least 80% lower than those from 3R4F. Tar and nicotine remained almost the same as 3R4F. Interestingly, the normalized yield of THS 2.2 to 3R4F under the HCI regime was lower than that under the ISO regime. Conclusions THS 2.2 delivered fewer harmful constituents than the conventional cigarette 3R4F. Simulated pyrolysis results showed that the lower temperature instead of specially designed ingredients contributed to the distinct shift. In particular, if smoking machines are involved to evaluate the HNB products, smoking regimes of heat-not-burn tobacco products should be carefully chosen. Implications To our knowledge, few independent studies of HNB products have been published. In this paper, a comprehensive list of chemical releases was tested systematically and compared to those from 3R4F. Although THS 2.2 generates lower levels of harmful constituents, the nicotine and tar levels were almost identical to 3R4F.The results should be discussed carefully in the future when assessing the dual-use with other conventional cigarettes, nicotine dependence of HNB products, etc. This study also suggests that regulatory agencies should pay attention to the smoking regimes that are adopted to evaluate HNB tobacco products.

Aims To explore the influence of carbohydrates on the production of fengycin by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fmb-60. Methods and Results Fermentation and gene expression levels were examined following culture supplementation with fructose, arabinose and sorbitol. Compared with other carbohydrates, fructose most efficiently increased the concentration of the essential component amino acids for fengycin synthesis in the cell. The maximum production of fengycin was found to be 392.87 mg l-1, increased by 76% in fed-batch fermentation. Furthermore, fructose enhanced the biosynthesis of fengycin by increasing the expression of fengycin synthetase genes (fenA, fenB, fenC, fenD, fenE and fenTE) and regulatory genes (comA, degU, degQ and sigma H). Conclusion Fructose is important for fengycin production in B. amyloliquefaciens fmb-60, and it could enhance fengycin biosynthesis by raising the expression of the fengycin synthetase genes and upregulating signal factors. Significance and Impact of the Study The results identify regulatory mechanisms involved in fengycin biosynthesis and provide an effective method to enhance production of fengycin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In this study, a silica/primary secondary amine (SiO2/PSA) was used as an in-pipette-tip solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) in mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS). We investigated several parameters including an extraction procedure of total particulate matter, type and amount of sorbent and on-line gel permeation chromatography parameters to obtain optimum conditions for a new strategy to target analytes. Under the optimized conditions, we developed a method for the simultaneous determination of PAHs and TSNAs in MSS by coupling in-pipette-tip SPE procedures to an on-line gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (on-line GPC-GC-MS(2)). Our method had limits of detection for target analytes ranging from 0.01 to 0.23ng/cig. Good linearities were obtained with coefficients of determination (R(2)) greater than 0.9984 for all target analytes. Good reproducibility was obtained as intra- and inter-day precisions, and the relative standard deviations were less than 11.4 and 13.3%, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 77.1-108.6% at different concentrations for real samples. Compared to previous standard methods for the determination of PAHs and TSNAs in MSS, our method was highly effective, fast, and had low consumption of organic solvent and a high degree of automation. Finally, our method successfully analyzed PAHs and TSNAs in real samples, and no significant deviations were observed when compared to similar analysis using standard methods.

A rapid method for the analysis of hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, p-cresol, m-cresol, and o-cresol in mainstream cigarette smoke by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) using a beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) mobile phase additive was developed. The seven major phenolic compounds in mainstream smoke were collected with YC/T 255-2008 standard method. The extract was filtrated with 0.22 microm filtration film and then subjected to UPLC analysis. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column, and the mobile phase with 4 g/L beta-CD additive was used. The fluorescence detection condition was optimized. The analysis time was 10 mm for one sample. Comparing with the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods published, the p-cresol and m-cresol were completely separated. In addition, the effect of beta-CD on fluorescence enhancement for seven major phenolic compounds was significant. The linearity were good between the peak area and the concentration in the linear ranges of seven phenolic compounds, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 9. The limits of detection of the method were 4 - 14 ng/cig, and the recoveries were 95.5% - 103.5% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 4%.

A simple method for the analysis of benzo [ a ] pyrene, benzo [ a ] anthracene and chrysene in mainstream cigarette smoke using automated solid phase extraction (SPE) system-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed. After being smoked in the ISO mode, the Cambridge filter pad was used to collect mainstream cigarette smoke, and then extracted by 40 mL cyclohexane containing deuterated benzo [a] pyrene as the internal standard. The extract was cleaned-up by an automated PrepLinc SPE-AccuVap system and then detected using GC-MS/MS. The detection limits for benzo [a] pyrene, benzo [a] anthracene and chrysene were 0.05,0. 16, and 0.23 ng/cig, respectively. The recoveries were ranged from 91.5% to 102.1% to 102.1% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 5%. This method was proved to be simple, sensitive, and suitable for the determination of benzo [a] pyrene, benzo[a] anthracene and chrysene in mainstream cigarette smoke.

A rapid method for the analysis of hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, p-cresol, m-cresol, and o-cresol in mainstream cigarette smoke by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) using a beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) mobile phase additive was developed. The seven major phenolic compounds in mainstream smoke were collected with YC/T 255-2008 standard method. The extract was filtrated with 0.22 microm filtration film and then subjected to UPLC analysis. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column, and the mobile phase with 4 g/L beta-CD additive was used. The fluorescence detection condition was optimized. The analysis time was 10 mm for one sample. Comparing with the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods published, the p-cresol and m-cresol were completely separated. In addition, the effect of beta-CD on fluorescence enhancement for seven major phenolic compounds was significant. The linearity were good between the peak area and the concentration in the linear ranges of seven phenolic compounds, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 9. The limits of detection of the method were 4 - 14 ng/cig, and the recoveries were 95.5% - 103.5% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 4%.