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With the continuous exploitation of coal resources, the economic losses and casualties caused by coal spontaneous combustion have become increasingly prominent. It is of great significance to study the mechanism of coal spontaneous combustion, coping strategies and utilization of coal fire resources to promote the green prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion. This paper summarizes and combs the research status of coal spontaneous combustion, mainly reviews the mechanism and prevention technology of coal spontaneous combustion, the thermal dynamic evolution of coal fire disaster and the extraction and utilization of coal fire thermal energy. The purpose is to provide reference for the research and practice in the field of coal spontaneous combustion, and to promote the effective control of coal fire disasters and the rational use of resources.

To evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with succinic acid on growth performance, flesh quality, glucose, and lipid metabolism of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD), five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were prepared as follows: HCD (control group) consisting of 55% corn starch and HCD supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0% succinic acid, respectively. Tilapia with an initial body weight of 204.90 ± 1.23 g randomly assigned to 15 tanks with 3 replicates per group and 10 fish per tank fed for 8 weeks. Increasing dietary succinic acid supplementation resulted in significant second-order polynomial relationship in the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency rate (PER), viscerosomatic index, condition factor, and contents of muscular crude lipid and glycogen (P

The present study aimed to compare the nutritional effects of cholesterol, bile acids, and combination of cholesterol with bile acids in plant-based diets on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT; Oreochromis niloticus). The isonitrogenous (321 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (76 g/kg crude fat) diets (Con diet) were based on plant protein sources, which included corn gluten meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. The Con diet was supplemented with 12 g/kg cholesterol (CHO diet), 0.2 g/kg bile acids (BAs diet), a combination of 12 g/kg cholesterol and 0.2 g/kg bile acids (CHO–BAs diet), respectively. Each diet was fed to three tanks in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system for 9 weeks. Results showed that compared to the Con group, fish had a higher weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and a lower feed conversion ratio in the CHO–BAs group. The highest levels of whole-fish fat and ash were found in the Con group. Serum parameters, including activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), along with levels of glucose (GLU) and triglyceride (TG) except for total cholesterol (TCHO), were lower in the CHO, BAs, and CHO–BAs groups than those in the Con group (P < 0.001). Histological examination revealed that fish in the Con group exhibited severe hepatocyte vacuolization and diminished hepatocyte proliferation. Gene expression analysis indicated that the transcriptional levels of bile acid metabolism-related genes (including fxr, fgf19, bsep) were up-regulated in the CHO–BAs group (P < 0.05), whereas cholesterol metabolism-related genes (acly and hmgcr) were down-regulated in both CHO and CHO–BAs groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the higher taurine-conjugated bile acids (T-BAs), followed by free bile acids (Free-BAs) and glycine (G-BAs) were determined in tilapia bile. Among these, taurochenodeoxycholic bile acid was the predominant bile acid. Dietary bile acids supplementation also increased the proportion of T-BAs (tauro β-muricholic acid and taurodehydrocholic acid) while decreasing Free-BAs in the fish bile. In conclusion, the incorporation of cholesterol with bile acids into plant-based diets can effectively reduce cholesterol uptake, suppress bile acids synthesis, enhance bile acids efflux, and promote hepatocyte proliferation, which is helpful for maintaining the normal liver morphology in tilapia, and thus improving its growth performance.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (H. sabdariffa) shows considerable promise in alleviating oxidative stress injury through its rich content of phytochemicals, especially polysaccharides, yet its efficacy in treating intestinal radiation injury remains unclear. Here, we purified one water-soluble polysaccharides from H. sabdariffa (HSP1), and subsequently explored its role in relieving intestinal radiation injury via a mouse model of abdominal irradiation. The results demonstrated that HSP1 intervention effectively improved gut barrier function by restoring mucus secretion and upregulating tight junction proteins. Additionally, HSP1 mitigated oxidative stress through Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and reduced the inflammatory response through restraining the activation of pattern recognition receptors. Moreover, HSP1 modulated the balance of gut microbiota by suppressing pathogenic bacteria, while promoting the growth of beneficial symbiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136. Altogether, this study highlights the protective potential of HSP1 against intestinal radiation injury, providing primary data for further applications of H. sabdariffa polysaccharides as radioprotectors.

Objective In geothermal exploration, a clay cap is a typical hydrothermal geothermal system, and its depth and distribution range can provide crucial information for delineating the scope of geothermal resources and determining the location of geothermal drilling. Clay caps are usually composed of a clay layer formed through hydrothermal reactions and are characterized by low resistance. The low-resistivity cap can be effectively imaged using the audio-frequency magnetotelluric method. To obtain uncertainty information about the distribution of clay cap layers and imaging results, this paper employs the 1D trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion method to investigate the detection capabilities of low-resistance cap layers in geothermal areas through audio electromagnetic data. Methods In this paper, a model test is first carried out to establish a geoelectric model of a typical geothermal system.Subsequently, a 1D trans-dimensional Bayesian algorithm is used to invert the synthetic data to obtain the uncertainty information of the subsurface electrical structure and interface position. Then, the method was applied to the processing of measured audio frequency magnetotelluric data in the Yanggao geothermal area of Shanxi Province. Results This method has relatively accurate identification ability for low-resistivity clay caps, and the obtained uncertainty analysis results of the upper and lower interfaces of low-resistivity caps are also relatively reliable according to numerical tests. It was found that this method has a good ability to identify shallow low-resistivity caps and can provide an uncertainty evaluation of the clay cap interface position via field data tests. The 2D inversion results of this survey line verify the reliability of the 1D inversion. Conclusion This method has relatively accurate imaging capabilities and uncertainty analysis capabilities for shallow geothermal clay caprocks and has strong application prospects in geothermal detection.

Bacteria play critical roles in regulating soil phosphorus (P) cycling. The effects of interactions between crops and soil P-availability on bacterial communities and the feedback regulation of soil P cycling by the bacterial community modifications are poorly understood. Here, six soybean (Glycine max) genotypes with differences in P efficiency were cultivated in acidic soils with long-term sufficient or deficient P-fertilizer treatments. The acid phosphatase (AcP) activities, organic-P concentrations and associated bacterial community compositions were determined in bulk and rhizosphere soils. The results showed that both soybean plant P content and the soil AcP activity were negatively correlated with soil organic-P concentration in P-deficient acidic soils. Soil P-availability affected the α-diversity of bacteria in both bulk and rhizosphere soils. However, soybean had a stronger effect on the bacterial community composition, as reflected by the similar biomarker bacteria in the rhizosphere soils in both P-treatments. The relative abundance of biomarker bacteria Proteobacteria was strongly correlated with soil organic-P concentration and AcP activity in low-P treatments. Further high-throughput sequencing of the phoC gene revealed an obvious shift in Proteobacteria groups between bulk soils and rhizosphere soils, which was emphasized by the higher relative abundances of Cupriavidus and Klebsiella, and lower relative abundance of Xanthomonas in rhizosphere soils. Among them, Cupriavidus was the dominant phoC bacterial genus, and it was negatively correlated with the soil organic-P concentration. These findings suggest that soybean growth relies on organic-P mineralization in P-deficient acidic soils, which might be partially achieved by recruiting specific phoC-harboring bacteria, such as Cupriavidus.

A new method to prepare large Cu–Cr alloy with both high strength and high conductivity has been developed. Cu–Cr billets are produced efficiently by laser additive manufacturing, and the microstructure of the alloy is changed by severe plastic deformation caused by large cold rolling ratio. The strength of the alloy can be significantly increased to 677 MPa by eliminating pores, introducing texture and refining grain. The deformation twins caused by plastic deformation processing make up for the plasticity loss caused by grain refinement. With the increase of density and the deformation of Cr particles, the electrical conductivity of the alloy is increased to 28.7 MS/m. Our findings not only deepen the understanding of laser additive manufacturing of highly reflective metals, but also provide a new idea for the preparation of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu alloy workpieces.

Abstract Acute liver injury is the basis of the pathogenesis of diverse liver diseases. However, the mechanism underlying liver injury is complex and not completely understood. In our study, we revealed that CERK, which phosphorylates ceramide to produce ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), was the sphingolipid pathway-related protein that had the most significantly upregulated expression during acute liver injury. A functional study confirmed that CERK and C1P attenuate hepatic injury both in vitro and in vivo through antioxidant effects. Mechanistic studies have shown that CERK and C1P positively regulate the protein expression of NRF2, which is a crucial protein that helps maintain redox homeostasis. Furthermore, our results indicated that C1P disrupted the interaction between NRF2 and KEAP1 by competitively binding to KEAP1, which allowed for the nuclear translocation of NRF2. In addition, pull-down assays and molecular docking analyses revealed that C1P binds to the DGR domain of KEAP1, which allows it to maintain its interaction with NRF2. Importantly, these findings were verified in human primary hepatocytes and a mouse model of hepatic ischemia‒reperfusion injury. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that CERK-mediated C1P metabolism attenuates acute liver injury via the binding of C1P to the DGR domain of KEAP1 and subsequently the release and nuclear translocation of NRF2, which activates the transcription of cytoprotective and antioxidant genes. Our study suggested that the upregulation of CERK and C1P expression may serve as a potential antioxidant strategy to alleviate acute liver injury.

Abstract Many intrusion detection techniques have been developed to ensure that the target system can function properly under the established rules. With the booming Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the resource-constrained nature of its devices makes it urgent to explore lightweight and high-performance intrusion detection models. Recent years have seen a particularly active application of deep learning (DL) techniques. The spiking neural network (SNN), a type of artificial intelligence that is associated with sparse computations and inherent temporal dynamics, has been viewed as a potential candidate for the next generation of DL. It should be noted, however, that current research into SNNs has largely focused on scenarios where limited computational resources and insufficient power sources are not considered. Consequently, even state-of-the-art SNN solutions tend to be inefficient. In this paper, a lightweight and effective detection model is proposed. With the help of rational algorithm design, the model integrates the advantages of SNNs as well as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In addition to reducing resource usage, it maintains a high level of classification accuracy. The proposed model was evaluated against some current state-of-the-art models using a comprehensive set of metrics. Based on the experimental results, the model demonstrated improved adaptability to environments with limited computational resources and energy sources.

Abstract Single-atom magnetism switching is a key technique towards the ultimate data storage density of computer hard disks and has been conceptually realized by leveraging the spin bistability of a magnetic atom under a scanning tunnelling microscope. However, it has rarely been applied to solid-state transistors, an advancement that would be highly desirable for enabling various applications. Here, we demonstrate realization of the electrically controlled Zeeman effect in Dy@C84 single-molecule transistors, thus revealing a transition in the magnetic moment from 3.8 $${\mu }_{{{{{{\rm{B}}}}}}}$$ μ B to 5.1 $${\mu }_{{{{{{\rm{B}}}}}}}$$ μ B for the ground-state G N at an electric field strength of 3 $$-$$ − 10 MV/cm. The consequent magnetoresistance significantly increases from 600% to 1100% at the resonant tunneling point. Density functional theory calculations further corroborate our realization of nonvolatile switching of single-atom magnetism, and the switching stability emanates from an energy barrier of 92 meV for atomic relaxation. These results highlight the potential of using endohedral metallofullerenes for high-temperature, high-stability, high-speed, and compact single-atom magnetic data storage.

Molecular iron phthalocyanine (FePc) bearing a single‐atom Fe–N4 moiety is a high‐profile non‐platinum catalyst toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but its unsatisfactory activity and inadequate stability hinder the practical application. Herein, a novel strategy by hybridizing FePc with fullerene‐derived intrinsic defect‐rich carbon to improve its ORR activity and stability is reported. Via alkali‐assisted thermal pyrolysis, C60 molecules are disintegrated into tiny fragments that then restructure into pentagon‐ and edge‐rich carbon (FC). Utilizing FC as a support of FePc leads to a significantly improved ORR activity compared to other supports including reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube that hold distinct structural features. The optimized FePc/FC with a Fe loading of 3 wt% presents a half‐wave potential of 0.917 V, far beyond that of Pt/C (0.846 V), via selective four‐electron ORR pathway and excellent stability under accelerated stress test. The practical applicability of FePc/FC is also demonstrated as a high‐performing cathode catalyst of aqueous zinc–air batteries. It is, for the first time, explicitly disclosed that strong interactions between FePc molecules and intrinsic carbon defects (e.g., pentagons and edges) not only strengthen the anchoring effect of supported FePc but also enhance the intrinsic ORR activity of single‐atom Fe–N4 sites.

BackgroundMefunidone is a novel synthetic compound and is better when compared to pirfenidone for the anti-fibrotic treatment of renal fibrosis in end-stage renal disease. We conducted this first-in-human, phase I clinical trial to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) (including food effect) profiles of mefunidone administered orally as single and multiple ascending doses in healthy subjects.MethodsPart A assessed single ascending doses of mefunidone from 25 mg to 800 mg or placebo once daily in the fasting state. Part A also assessed the effect of food on tolerability and PK in the 100 mg cohort. Part B consisted of three treatment groups who received 100 mg, 200 mg, or 400 mg of mefunidone or placebo twice daily (BID, bis in die) on days 1–6 and once in the morning on day 7.ResultsSingle oral doses of mefunidone up to 800 mg and multiple doses of mefunidone up to 400 mg BID were all well-tolerated. Mefunidone behaved with ideal dose proportionality within the single-dose range of 50 mg–600 mg and the multiple-dose range of 100 mg BID to 400 mg BID by day 7. High-fat fed conditions led to a delay in Tmax by approximately 1 h and a slight reduction of approximately 20% in Cmax compared to that in fasting conditions, but it did not significantly affect systemic exposure.ConclusionMefunidone exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profiles. The present study informed and supported further developmental clinical studies of mefunidone.Clinical Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov, identifier CXHL1900206

Abstract Metallosalen covalent organic frameworks (M(salen)‐COFs) have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for advanced heterogeneous catalysis, including organocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, due to their unique structural advantages (combining molecules catalysts and crystalline porous materials) and tunable topological network. It is essential to provide a comprehensive overview of emerging designs of M(salen)‐COFs and corresponding advances in this field. Herein, this review first summarizes the reported metallolinkers and the synthesis methods of M(salen)‐COFs. In addition, the review enumerates the excellent M(salen)‐COF based heterogeneous catalysts and discusses the fundamental mechanisms behind the outstanding heterogeneous catalytic performance of M(salen)‐COFs. These mechanisms include the pore enrichment effect (enhancing local concentration within porous materials to promote catalytic reactions), the three‐in‐one strategy (integrating enrichment, reduction, and oxidation sites in one system), and the incorporation of a built‐in electric field (implanting a built‐in electric field in heterometallic phthalocyanine covalent organic frameworks). Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges and prospects related to M(salen)‐COFs in heterogeneous catalysis.

Carbon-based metal-free nanomaterials are promising alternatives to precious metals as electrocatalysts of key energy storage and conversion technologies. Of paramount significance are the establishment of design principles by understanding the catalytic mechanisms and identifying the active sites. Distinct from sp2-conjugated graphene and carbon nanotube, fullerene possesses unique characteristics that are growingly being discovered and exploited by the electrocatalysis community. For instance, the well-defined atomic and molecular structures, the good electron affinity to tune the electronic structures of other substances, the intermolecular self-assembly into superlattices, and the on-demand chemical modification have endowed fullerene with incomparable advantages as electrocatalysts that are otherwise not applicable to other carbon materials. As increasing studies are being reported on this intriguing topic, it is necessary to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the recent progress. This review takes such an initiative by summarizing the promises and challenges in the electrocatalytic applications of fullerene and its derivatives. The content is structured according to the composition and structure of fullerene, including intact fullerene (e.g., fullerene composite and superlattices) and fullerene derivatives (e.g., doped, endohedral, and disintegrated fullerene). The synthesis, characterization, catalytic mechanisms, and deficiencies of these fullerene-based materials are explicitly elaborated. We conclude it by sharing our perspectives on the key aspects that future efforts shall consider.

Abstract Reducing inter-spin distance can enhance magnetic interactions and allow for the realization of outstanding magnetic properties. However, achieving reduced distances is technically challenging. Here, we construct a 3d-4f metal cluster (Dy2VN) inside a C80 cage, affording a heretofore unseen metallofullerene containing both paramagnetic 3d and 4f metal ions. The significantly suppressed 3d-4f (Dy-V) distances, due to the unique cage confinement effect, were observed by crystallographic and theoretical analysis of Dy2VN@I h (7)-C80. These reduced distances result in an enhanced magnetic coupling (J total, Dy-V = 53.30 cm−1; J total, Dy-Dy = −6.25 cm−1), leading to a high magnetic blocking temperature compared to reported 3d-4f single-molecule magnets and strong coercive field of 2.73 Tesla. Our work presents a new class of single-molecule magnets with both paramagnetic 3d and 4f metals confined in a fullerene cage, offering superior and tunable magnetic properties due to the unique cage confinement effect and the diverse composition of the entrapped magnetic core.

This study was to evaluate the potential of a host-associated Bacillus velezensis as a probiotic for hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂). Diets (B0 to B5) containing 0, 0.90 × 108, 0.80 × 109, 0.85 × 1010, 0.90 × 1011, 0.83 × 1012 CFU/kg B. velezensis YFI-E109 were fed to the fish with initial weight (3.07 ± 0.08 g) in a recirculating aquaculture system for six weeks with three replicates, respectively. Probiotic effects were analyzed based on growth, body composition, liver and gut morphology, gut microbiome, and liver metabolome. Analysis of the bacterial genome has shown that the most abundant genes in B. velezensis YFI-E109 were distributed in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Fish in groups B3 and B4 had better growth performance, and higher intestinal amylase (AMS) and lipase (LPS) activities compared with other groups (P

This study was first conducted to investigate the effects of acute lead exposure on developing zebrafish embryos or larvae from 24 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Our data showed that treatment with 50–200 μM lead significantly affected larval survivability and morphology compared to the respective control. Second, we chose 120 hpf larvae treated with 12.5 μM lead for RNA sequencing due to its exposure level being sufficient to produce toxic effects with minimum death and lead bioaccumulation in developing zebrafish. A total of 137.45 million raw reads were obtained, and more than 86% of clean data were mapped to the zebrafish reference genome. Differential expression profiles generated 116 up- and 34 down-regulated genes upon lead exposure. The most enriched GO terms for representative DEGs were ion transport and lipid metabolism. Third, a comparison with the dataset of mercury-regulated gene expression identified 94 genes (64 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated) for exposure specific to lead, as well as 422 genes (338 up-regulated and 84 down-regulated) for exposure specific to mercury. In addition, 56 genes were co-regulated by micromolar mercury and lead treatment, and the expression of thirteen genes, including mt2, ctssb.1, prdx1, txn, sqrdl, tmprss13a, socs3a, trpv6, abcb6a, gsr, hbz, fads2, and zgc:92590 were validated by qRT-PCR. These genes were mainly associated with metal ion binding, proteolysis, antioxidant activity, signal transduction, calcium ion or oxygen transport, the fatty acid biosynthetic process, and protein metabolism. Taken together, these findings help better understand the genome-wide responses of developing zebrafish to lead or mercury and provide potential biomarkers for acute exposure to toxic metals.

Despite substantial evidence suggesting that hydrogen gas (H2) can enhance osmotic tolerance in plants, the conventional supply method of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) poses challenges for large-scale agricultural applications. Recently, magnesium hydride (MgH2), a hydrogen storage material in industry, has been reported to yield beneficial effects in plants. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of MgH2 in plants under osmotic stress. Mung bean seedlings were cultured under control conditions or with 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000, with or without MgH2 addition (0.01 g L−1). Under our experimental conditions, the MgH2 solution maintained a higher H2 content and longer retention time than HRW. Importantly, PEG-stimulated endogenous H2 production was further triggered by MgH2 application. Further results revealed that MgH2 significantly alleviated the inhibition of seedling growth and reduced oxidative damage induced by osmotic stress. Pharmacological evidence suggests the MgH2-reestablished redox homeostasis was associated with activated antioxidant systems, particularly the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. The above observations were further supported by the enhanced activities and gene transcriptional levels of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of MgH2 in mitigating osmotic stress in mung bean seedlings, providing novel insights into the potential agricultural applications of hydrogen storage materials.

Coal combustion contributes to 44% of global fuel CO2 emissions. Until now, there has less effective means to study the generation mechanism of carbon dioxide. To approach the generation mechanism of CO2 in coal combustion process at atomic level, the structure information of long-flame coal from Huating mining area, Gansu, China was characterized by ultimate analysis, 13C NMR and XPS. According to these information, one new average structure model was established, its parameters are consistent with the experimental results. Then reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in 2000–3500 K were performed. Four types of intermediates (Rn–O, Rn–CHO, Rn–CO2, and C2O2) that correspond to four generation routes of CO2 were obtained from the ReaxFF MD simulations. The intermediates can generate CO2 through attacks from oxygen-containing radicals or cleavage of the C–C bond. Rn–O and Rn–CHO can generate CO as intermediates. The oxidation route of acetylene, which first oxidised into C2O2 and then further oxidised into CO2, was analysed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M062X/6–311** level. The DFT results demonstrate the precision of ReaxFF MD calculations. The results can improve the understanding of CO2 generation during coal combustion.

To achieve laser direct welding of glass and metal without optical contact is hard, owing to the large difference in thermal expansion and thermal conductivity between glass and metal and an insignificant melting area. In this study, the high-power picosecond pulsed laser was selected to successfully weld the aluminosilicate glass/6061 aluminum alloy with a gap of 35 ± 5 μm between glass and metal. The results show that the molten glass and metal diffuse and mix at the interface. No defects such as microcracks or holes are observed in the diffusion mixing zone. Due to the relatively large gap, the glass collapsed after melting and caulking, resulting in an approximately arc-shaped microcrack between modified glass and unmodified glass or weakly modified glass. The shape of the glass modification zone and thermal accumulation are influenced by the single-pulse energy and linear energy density of the picosecond laser during welding, resulting in variations in the number and size of defects and the shape of the glass modification zone. By reasonably tuning the two factors, the shear strength of the joint reaches 15.98 MPa. The diffusion and mixing at the interface and the mechanical interlocking effect of the glass modification zone are the main reasons for achieving a high shear strength of the joint. This study will provide reference and new ideas for the laser transmission welding of glass and metal in the non-optical contact conditions.

The structure and energetics of the clusterfullerene La2C2@D5(450)-C100 are calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G*∼SDD level (including counterpoise correction for the basis set superposition error), and the observed features are confirmed. Its stability is explained by substantial energy gain connected with the encapsulation, viz. 140 kcal/mol per atom of the encapsulate, actually higher than previously found for comparable systems.

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two essential mineral nutrients for plant growth, which are required in relative high amount in plants. Plants have evolved a series of strategies for coordinately acquiring and utilizing N and P. However, physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying of N and P interactions remain largely unclear in soybean (Glycine max). In this study, interactions of N and P were demonstrated in soybean as reflected by significant increases of phosphate (Pi) concentration in both leaves and roots by N deficiency under Pi sufficient conditions. A total of four nitrogen limitation adaptation (NLA), encoding RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase were subsequently identified in soybean genome. Among them, transcription of GmNLA1-1 and GmNLA1-3 was decreased in soybean by N starvation under Pi sufficient conditions, not for GmNLA1-2. Suppression of all three GmNLA1 members was able to increase Pi concentration regardless of the P and N availability in the growth medium, but decrease fresh weight under normal conditions in soybean hairy roots. However, comparted to changes in control lines at two N levels, N deficiency only resulted in a relatively higher increase of Pi concentration in GmNLA1-1 or GmNLA1-3 suppression lines, strongly indicating that GmNLA1-1 and GmNLA1-3 might regulate P homeostasis in soybean response to N starvation. Taken together, our result suggest that redundant and diverse functions present in GmNLA1 members for soybean coordinate responses to P and N availability, which mediate P homeostasis.

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) is a rare and complex molecularly driven endocrine disease that can present with a variety of clinical manifestations, including paroxysmal hypertension, episodic anxiety, tremors, devastating acute heart failure and acute pulmonary edema. The variety of PHEO-related symptoms increase the difficulty of identifying and diagnosing PHEO. We reported a case of a 27-year-old Chinese male was diagnosed PHEO by CT scan because of upper abdominal pain. The patient complicated with hypertensive crisis and headache following his admission, and he was underwent adrenal tumor surgical resection by carrying out appropriate clinical, laboratory and radiological imaging. Thus, the patient's PHEO-related symptoms were relieved and the blood pressure returned to normal, and discharged from the hospital with a follow-up plan. Although the PEHO-related symptoms are varied and difficult to diagnose, CT examination can be used for the preliminary detection and diagnosis. This case report emphasizes the importance of considering PHEO by CT scan and atypical symptoms, which help others better understand PHEO for early detection and timely surgical treatment to reduce catecholamine-related complications.

Abstract The bat coronaviruses (CoV) BANAL-20-52 and BANAL-20-236 are two newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) closely related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoV) and the genome of BANAL-20-52 shares the highest homology with SARS-CoV-2. However, the risk of their potential zoonotic transmission has not been fully evaluated. Here, we determined their potential host susceptibility among 13 different bat species and 26 different animal species, and found that both might have extensive host ranges, indicating high zoonotic transmission potential. We also determined the cryo-EM structures of BANAL-20-52 and BANAL-20-236 S proteins at pH 5.5 and the complex of BANAL-20-236 S1 and Rhinolophus affinis ACE2, and found that both trimeric S proteins adopt all three receptor binding domains (RBDs) in “closed” conformation and are more compact than SARS-CoV-2. Strikingly, the unique sugar moiety at N370 of bat SC2r-CoVs acts like a “bolt” and crosses over two neighboring subunits, facilitating the S proteins in the locked conformation and underpinning the architecture stability. Removal of the glycosylation at N370 by a T372A substitution substantially enhances virus infectivity but becomes highly sensitive to trypsin digestion at pH 5.5, a condition roughly mimicking the insectivorous bat’s stomach digestion. In contrast, WT S proteins of SC2r-CoVs showed considerable resistance to trypsin digestion at pH 5.5, indicating that the highly conserved T372 in bat CoVs might result from the selective advantages in stability during the fecal-oral transmission over A372. Moreover, the results of cross-immunogenicity among S proteins of SARS-CoV-2, BANAL-20-52, and BANAL-20-236 showed that A372 pseudoviruses are more sensitive to anti-S sera than T372, indicating that immune evasion might also play a role in the natural selection of T372 over A372 during evolution. Finally, residues 493 and 498 of the S protein affect host susceptibility, and residue 498 also influences the immunogenicity of the S protein. Together, our findings aid a better understanding of the molecular basis of CoV entry, selective evolution, and immunogenicity and highlight the importance of surveillance of susceptible hosts of these viruses to prevent potential outbreaks.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a host-associated Bacillus subtilis 1-C-7 as a probiotic for Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). Four test diets were formulated to contain graded levels of B. subtilis 1-C-7 at 0 (CY), 0.85 × 108 (Y1), 0.95 × 109 (Y2) and 0.91 × 1010 (Y3) CFU/kg diet. The test fish with initial weight 30.0 ± 1.2 g were fed the 4 test diets with 3 replicates in an indoor water-flow aquaculture system with 12 net cages (40 fish/cage) for 10 wk. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, the probiotic effects of B. subtilis on Chinese perch were analyzed based on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, histologic morphology of liver and gut, gut microbiota and the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that the percentage of weight gain had no significant change in the Y1 and Y2 groups (P > 0.05) but decreased in the Y3 group compared to that in the CY group (P

The contribution of the magnetic field to the formation of high-mass stars is poorly understood. We report the high angular resolution (∼0.″3, 870 au) map of the magnetic field projected on the plane of the sky ( B _POS ) toward the high-mass star-forming region G333.46−0.16 (G333), obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at 1.2 mm as part of the Magnetic fields in Massive star-forming Regions survey. The B _POS morphology found in this region is consistent with a canonical “hourglass” with an embedded flattened envelope in a perpendicular direction, which suggests a dynamically important field. This region is fragmented into two protostars that appear to be gravitationally bound in a stable binary system with a separation of ∼1740 au. Interestingly, by analyzing H ^13 CO ^+ ( J = 3–2) line emission, we find no velocity gradient over the extent of the continuum, which is consistent with a strong field. We model the B _POS , obtaining a marginally supercritical mass-to-flux ratio of 1.43, suggesting an initially strongly magnetized environment. Based on the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method, the magnetic field strength toward G333 is estimated to be 5.7 mG. The absence of strong rotation and outflows toward the central region of G333 suggests strong magnetic braking, consistent with a highly magnetized environment. Our study shows that despite being a strong regulator, the magnetic energy fails to prevent the process of fragmentation, as revealed by the formation of the two protostars in the central region.

A compact source, G0.02467–0.0727, was detected in Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 3 mm observations in continuum and very broad line emission. The continuum emission has a spectral index α ≈ 3.3, suggesting that the emission is from dust. The line emission is detected in several transitions of CS, SO, and SO _2 and exhibits a line width FWHM ≈ 160 km s ^−1 . The line profile appears Gaussian. The emission is weakly spatially resolved, coming from an area on the sky ≲1″ in diameter (≲10 ^4 au at the distance of the Galactic center, GC). The centroid velocity is v _LSR ≈ 40–50 km s ^−1 , which is consistent with a location in the GC. With multiple SO lines detected, and assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions, the gas temperature is T _LTE = 13 K, which is colder than seen in typical GC clouds, though we cannot rule out low-density, subthermally excited, warmer gas. Despite the high velocity dispersion, no emission is observed from SiO, suggesting that there are no strong (≳10 km s ^−1 ) shocks in the molecular gas. There are no detections at other wavelengths, including X-ray, infrared, and radio. We consider several explanations for the millimeter ultra-broad-line object (MUBLO), including protostellar outflow, explosive outflow, a collapsing cloud, an evolved star, a stellar merger, a high-velocity compact cloud, an intermediate-mass black hole, and a background galaxy. Most of these conceptual models are either inconsistent with the data or do not fully explain them. The MUBLO is, at present, an observationally unique object.

Only a handful of massive starless core candidates have been discovered so far, but none of them have been fully confirmed. Within the MM1 clump in the filamentary infrared dark cloud G34.43+0.24 that was covered by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) ATOMS survey at Band 3 (∼2″, 6000 au) and the ALMA-QUARKS survey at Band 6 (∼0.″3, 900 au), two prestellar core candidates MM1-C and E1 with masses of 71 and 20 M _⊙ and radii of 2100–4400 au were discovered. The two cores show no obvious sign of star formation activities. In particular, MM1-C is a very promising massive prestellar core candidate with a total gas mass of 71 M _⊙ . Within MM1-C, we detected two extremely dense substructures, C1 and C2, as characterized by their high densities of ${n}_{{{\rm{H}}}_{2}}\sim {10}^{8\mbox{--}9}\,{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$ . Moreover, evidence of further fragmentation in C2 was also revealed. We have detected the primordial fragmentation in the earliest stage of massive star formation, and we speculate that MM1-C would be the birthplace of a massive multiple system. However, we cannot fully rule out the possibility that the massive prestellar core MM1-C will just form a cluster of low-mass stars if it undergoes further fragmentation.

This present study aims to clarify the enhancing effects of different T-shaped fins inside the horizontal shell and tube energy storage unit. The impact of various length-width ratios, rotation angles and eccentric distances of T-shaped fins are investigated. The results can be concluded as follows. The melting efficiency can be increased by 35.48% as the length-width radio increases from 0.5 to 2, for that the augment of length-width ratio can enhance the conduction process, but the enhancing amplitude gradually decreases. The increase of the rotation angle could result in decrease of the thermal performance. Compared to Ro = 0°, the melting efficiency can be decreased by 14.89% for Ro = 45°. With the augment of eccentric distances, the energy storage process is enhanced first and then weakened, the optimal eccentric distance is Ec = 2R2/3. T-shaped fins with the geometric parameters of AR = 2, Ro = 0° and Ec = 2R2/3 is the optimal configuration. Through the optimal configuration, the melting efficiency can be increased by 97.72% compared to finless tube, and it can be increased by 28.12% compared to rectangular fins. This study can further improve our understanding on the enhancing effects of T-shaped fins and provide guidance for its optimal configurations.

AbstractBackground With high recurrence and metastatic rates, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has few therapy choices. The innate immune stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) pathway has emerged as a critical foundation for improving anticancer immunotherapy. Although 2’,3’-cGAMP has been shown to have therapeutic potential as a STING agonist in subcutaneous solid tumour treatments in mice, the effect of cGAMP in metastatic malignancies has received less attention.Methods Bioluminescence imaging technology was applied to monitor TNBC tumour cell metastasis in living mice. Serum biochemical test and blood routine examination of mice were used to demonstrate cGAMP administration had no toxicity. The activation of DCs and CD8+ T cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry. The pharmacological mechanism of cGAMP for suppressing breast tumour metastasis was also explored.Results cGAMP treatment substantially suppressed tumour development and metastasis without adverse effects. cGAMP activated the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway, which modified the tumour immune milieu to reverse the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and PI3K/AKT pathways and prevent tumour metastasis. It was postulated and proven that cGAMP had a pharmacological mechanism for reducing breast tumour metastasis.Conclusion The findings suggest that cGAMP could be useful in the immunotherapy of immune-insensitive metastatic breast cancer.

AIM: To detect the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transient receptor potential mucin-1 (TRPML1), and autophagy-related (Atg) proteins (LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin1) in vitreous humor of patients with simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: RRD patients enrolled as the RRD group, and patients with idiopathic macular hole (IMH) and idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane (IMEM) were enrolled as control group. The levels of ROS, TRPML1, LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin1 in vitreous humor of patients in the RRD and control groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The RRD group included 28 eyes 28 patients and had a higher concentration of ROS in vitreous humor (631.86±18.05 vs 436.34±108.22 IU/mL, P

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of concentrated cottonseed protein (CPC) as a substitute for fishmeal (FM) in juvenile hybrid culter (Erythroculter ilishaeformis ♀ × Ancherythroculter nigrocauda ♂). A total of 360 fish with an initial body weight of 10.0 ± 0.5 g were randomly allocated into 12 indoor culture tanks, with each tank containing 30 fish. Four diets were formulated in which fish meal (FM) was replaced by CPC at different inclusion levels: 0% (T0), 15% (T15), 30% (T30), and 45% (T45). The corresponding amounts of CPC included were 0, 61, 122, and 182 g/kg, respectively. At the end of the 10-week feeding trial, the findings revealed an inverse correlation between the proportion of CPC replacing FM and both final body weight (FBW) and weight growth rate (WG) in hybrid culter. Specifically, the T30 and T45 groups exhibited significantly lower FBW and WG compared to the T0 group (p < 0.05). No significant differences in crude protein and ash contents were observed among all groups (p > 0.05). However, the crude lipid content was highest in hybrid culter fed the T45 diet and lowest in the T0 group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in muscle amino acid composition among all treatment groups (p > 0.05). The contents of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) declined slightly as the proportion of FM substituted by CPC increased, yet this decline did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity elevated with increasing dietary CPC, and the T45 group exhibited significantly higher ALT activity compared to the T0 group (p < 0.05). The hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly lower in the T45 group than in the T0 and T15 groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a decrease in intestinal villi length with an increasing replacement ratio of FM by CPC, and the villi length in the T45 group exhibited a significant reduction when compared to that in the T0 group (p < 0.05). It is concluded that replacing 15% FM with CPC does not exert obviously detrimental effects on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal morphology, muscle amino acid profile, or antioxidant performance of juvenile hybrid culter.

Summary: Current gaseous sensors hardly discriminate trace volatile organic compounds at the ppt level. Herein, we present an integrated platform for simultaneously enabling rapid preconcentration, reliable surface-enhanced Raman scattering, (SERS) detection and automatic identification of trace aldehydes at the ppt level. For rapid preconcentration, we demonstrate that the nozzle-like microfluidic concentrator allows the enrichment of rare gaseous analytes by five-fold in only 0.01 ms. The enriched gas is subsequently captured and detected by an integrated silicon-based SERS chip, which is made of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 coated silver nanoparticles grown in situ on a silicon wafer. After SERS measurement, a fully connected deep neural network is built to extract faint features in the spectral dataset and discriminate volatile organic compound classes. We demonstrate that six kinds of gaseous aldehydes at 100 ppt could be detected and classified with an identification accuracy of ∼80.9% by using this platform.

ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of mental imagery training (MIT) in promoting bilateral transfer (BT) of motor performance for healthy subjects.Data sourcesWe searched 6 online-databases (Jul-Dec 2022) using terms: “mental practice,” “motor imagery training,” “motor imagery practice,” “mental training,” “movement imagery,” “cognitive training,” “bilateral transfer,” “interlimb transfer,” “cross education,” “motor learning,” “strength,” “force” and “motor performance.”Study selection and data extractionWe selected randomized-controlled studies that examined the effect of MIT on BT. Two reviewers independently determined if each study met the inclusion criteria for the review. Disagreements were resolved through discussion and, if necessary, by a third reviewer. A total of 9 articles out of 728 initially identified studies were chosen for the meta-analysis.Data synthesisThe meta-analysis included 14 studies for the comparison between MIT and no-exercise control (CTR) and 15 studies for the comparison between MIT and physical training (PT).ResultsMIT showed significant benefit in inducing BT compared to CTR (ES = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.57–0.98). The effect of MIT on BT was similar to that of PT (ES = –0.02, 95% CI = –0.15–0.17). Subgroup analyses showed that internal MIT (IMIT) was more effective (ES = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.57–2.76) than external MIT (EMIT) (ES = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.74–1.17), and mixed-task (ES = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.26–2.11) was more effective than mirror-task (ES = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.14–0.78) and normal-task (ES = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.23–0.90). No significant difference was found between transfer from dominant limb (DL) to non-dominant limb (NDL) (ES = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.37–0.97) and NDL to DL (ES = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.59–1.15).ConclusionThis review concludes that MIT can serve as a valuable alternative or supplement to PT in facilitating BT effects. Notably, IMIT is preferable to EMIT, and interventions incorporating tasks that have access to both intrinsic and extrinsic coordinates (mixed-task) are preferred over those that involve only one of the two coordinates (mirror-task or normal-task). These findings have implications for rehabilitation of patients such as stroke survivors.

To investigate the effects of a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet on the growth, serum biochemistry, and DNA methylation and gene transcription profiles of muscle tissue of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), fish with initial body weight (27.87 ± 0.40) g were fed with a control diet (CON, containing 330 g kg−1 carbohydrate) and an HC diet (containing 490 g kg−1 carbohydrate) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the HC diet had side-effects on muscle growth and health, and caused excessive fat accumulation in the tissues of grass carp. A total of 3135 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 530 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in muscle were screened by bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing analysis. Twenty-seven DMRs were negatively correlated with DEGs, and eleven DMRs were located in the promoters of DEGs. The methylation level of promoter regions of seven target genes decreased and their transcription levels increased, including FOX protein, diacylglycerol kinase (DGKZ), proto-myosin regulatory protein (tmod1), Notch2, DnaJ homolog (dnajc1), von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains (vwde), and zgc:77838. The methylation level of promoter regions of four target genes increased and their transcription levels decreased, including epidermal growth factor-like domain 6 (EGFL6), estrogen receptor alpha (Erα), cohesin subunit SA-1-like, and LOC795573. These eleven essential genes were mainly involved in GO terms containing cell differentiation, muscle contraction, lipid phosphorylation, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and Notch signaling pathway. This study provides a new research direction for the molecular mechanism of the HC diet on muscle growth of grass carp.

The recently synthetically prepared endohedral CH4@C60 was characterized here using calculations—namely its structure, energetics, thermodynamics, and vibrational spectrum. The calculations were carried out with DFT (density-functional theory) methods, namely by the DFT M06-2X functional and MP2, as well as B2PLYPD advanced correlated, treatments with the standard 6-31++G** and 6-311++G** basis sets, corrected for the basis set superposition error evaluated using the approximative Boys–Bernardi counterpoise method. The symmetry of the endohedral obtained in the geometry optimizations was tetrahedral T. The energetics of CH4 encapsulation into C60 was attractive (i.e., with a negative encapsulation-energy term), producing a substantial energy gain of −13.94 kcal/mol at the most advanced computational level, B2PLYPD/6-311++G**. The encapsulation equilibrium constants for CH4@C60 were somewhat higher than previously found with the CO@C60 system. For example at 500 K, the encapsulation equilibrium constant for CH4@C60 had a value one order of magnitude larger than for CO@C60. The encapsulation thermodynamic characteristics suggest that high-pressure and high-temperature synthesis could in principle also be possible for CH4@C60.

Fragmentation contributes to the formation and evolution of stars. Observationally, high-mass stars are known to form multiple-star systems, preferentially in cluster environments. Theoretically, Jeans instability has been suggested to determine characteristic fragmentation scales, and thermal or turbulent motion in the parental gas clump mainly contributes to the instability. To search for such a characteristic fragmentation scale, we have analyzed Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.33 mm continuum observations toward 30 high-mass star-forming clumps taken by the Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA survey. We have identified 573 cores using the dendrogram algorithm and measured the separation of cores by using the Minimum Spanning Tree technique. The core separation corrected by projection effects has a distribution peaked around 5800 au. In order to remove biases produced by different distances and sensitivities, we further smooth the images to a common physical scale and perform completeness tests. Our careful analysis finds a characteristic fragmentation scale of ∼7000 au, comparable to the thermal Jeans length of the clumps. We conclude that thermal Jeans fragmentation plays a dominant role in determining the clump fragmentation in high-mass star-forming regions, without the need to invoke turbulent Jeans fragmentation.

We report the first arcsecond-resolution observations of the magnetic field in the ministarburst complex Sgr B2. SMA polarization observations revealed magnetic field morphology in three dense cores of Sgr B2 N(orth), M(ain), and S(outh). The total plane-of-sky magnetic field strengths in these cores are estimated to be 4.3–10.0 mG, 6.2–14.7 mG, and 1.9–4.5 mG derived from the angular dispersion function method after applying the correction factors of 0.21 and 0.5. Combining with analyses of the parsec-scale polarization data from Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, we found that a magnetically supercritical condition is present from the cloud scale (∼10 pc) to core scale (∼0.2 pc) in Sgr B2, which is consistent with the burst of star formation activities in the region likely resulting from a multiscale gravitational collapse from the cloud to dense cores.

Filamentary structures are ubiquitously found in high-mass star-forming clouds. To investigate the relationship between filaments and star formation, we carry out the INFANT (Investigations of Massive Filaments and Sar Formation) survey, a multiscale, multiwavelength survey of massive filamentary clouds with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) band 3/band 6 and Very Large Array K band. In this first paper, we present the ALMA band 6 continuum observations toward a sample of eight high-mass star-forming filaments. We covered each target with an approximately rectangular mosaic field of view with two 12 m array configurations, achieving an angular resolution of ∼0.″6 (2700 au at 4.5 kpc) and a continuum rms of ∼0.1 mJy beam ^−1 (∼0.06 M _⊙ in gas mass assuming 15 K). We identify cores using the getsf and astrodendro and find the former is more robust in terms of both identification and measuring flux densities. We identify in total 183 dense cores (15–36 cores in each cloud) and classify their star formation states via outflow and warm gas tracers. The protostellar cores are statistically more massive than the prestellar cores, possibly indicating further accretion onto cores after the formation of protostars. For the high-mass end ( ${M}_{\mathrm{core}}$ > 1.5 M _⊙ ) of the core mass function (CMF) we derive a power-law index of −1.15 ± 0.12 for the whole sample and −1.70 ± 0.25 for the prestellar population. We also find a steepening trend in CMF with cloud evolution (−0.89 ± 0.15 for the young group versus. −1.44 ± 0.25 for the evolved group) and discuss its implications for cluster formation.

Water yield is one of the crucial functions of ecosystem services, playing a vital role in regulating and improving watershed water cycles, and closely related to other ecosystem services such as soil conservation, crop production, and biodiversity protection. Studying the spatiotemporal variations and influencing mechanisms of water yield in Guangdong Province is of significant importance for the rational development of water resources and the implementation of watershed ecological governance. In this study, the InVEST model was employed to calculate the water yield in Guangdong Province for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018. The results indicate irregular fluctuations in the total water yield of Guangdong Province, with annual average values ranging between 233.18 mm and 271.77 mm. Spatially, there is a clear gradient of decreasing water yield from north to south and from east to west. This study provides scientific evidence for water resource management and ecological environmental protection in Guangdong Province.

Massive infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are considered to host the earliest stages of high-mass star formation. In particular, 70 μ m dark IRDCs are the colder and more quiescent clouds. At a scale of about 5000 au using formaldehyde (H _2 CO) emission, we investigate the kinetic temperature of dense cores in 12 IRDCs obtained from the pilot Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Survey of 70 μ m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). Compared to the 1.3 mm dust continuum and other molecular lines, such as C ^18 O and deuterated species, we find that H _2 CO is mainly sensitive to low-velocity outflow components rather than to quiescent gas expected in the early phases of star formation. The kinetic temperatures of these components range from 26 to 300 K. The Mach number reaches about 15 with an average value of about 4, suggesting that the velocity distribution of gas traced by H _2 CO is significantly influenced by a supersonic nonthermal component. In addition, we detect warm line emission from HC _3 N and OCS in 14 protostellar cores, which requires high excitation temperatures ( E _u / k ∼ 100 K). These results show that some of the embedded cores in the ASHES fields are in an advanced evolutionary stage, previously unexpected for 70 μ m dark IRDCs.

We observe the magnetic field morphology toward a nearby star-forming filamentary cloud, G202.3+2.5, using James Clerk Maxwell Telescope/POL-2 850 μ m thermal dust polarization observations with an angular resolution of 14.″4 (∼0.053 pc). The average magnetic field orientation is found to be perpendicular to the filaments, while showing different behaviors in the four subregions, suggesting various effects from the filaments’ collision in these subregions. With the kinematics obtained by the ${{{\rm{N}}}_{2}{\rm{H}}}^{+}$ observation by IRAM, we estimate the plane-of-sky magnetic field strength by two methods, the classical Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi (DCF) method and the angular dispersion function (ADF) method, giving B _pos,dcf and B _pos,adf of ∼90 and ∼53 μ G. We study the relative importance between the gravity ( G ), magnetic field ( B ), and turbulence ( T ) in the four subregions, and find G > T > B , G ≥ T > B , G ∼ T > B , and T > G > B in the north tail, west trunk, south root, and east wing, respectively. In addition, we investigate the projection effects on the DCF and ADF methods, based on a similar simulation case, and find the 3D magnetic field strength may be underestimated by a factor of ∼3 if applying the widely used statistical B _pos -to- B _3D factor when using the DCF or ADF methods, which may further underestimate/overestimate the related parameters.

We report 850 μ m continuum polarization observations toward the filamentary high-mass star-forming region NGC 2264, taken as part of the B -fields In STar forming Regions Observations large program on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These data reveal a well-structured nonuniform magnetic field in the NGC 2264C and 2264D regions with a prevailing orientation around 30° from north to east. Field strength estimates and a virial analysis of the major clumps indicate that NGC 2264C is globally dominated by gravity, while in 2264D, magnetic, gravitational, and kinetic energies are roughly balanced. We present an analysis scheme that utilizes the locally resolved magnetic field structures, together with the locally measured gravitational vector field and the extracted filamentary network. From this, we infer statistical trends showing that this network consists of two main groups of filaments oriented approximately perpendicular to one another. Additionally, gravity shows one dominating converging direction that is roughly perpendicular to one of the filament orientations, which is suggestive of mass accretion along this direction. Beyond these statistical trends, we identify two types of filaments. The type I filament is perpendicular to the magnetic field with local gravity transitioning from parallel to perpendicular to the magnetic field from the outside to the filament ridge. The type II filament is parallel to the magnetic field and local gravity. We interpret these two types of filaments as originating from the competition between radial collapsing, driven by filament self-gravity, and longitudinal collapsing, driven by the region's global gravity.

Magnetic fields of molecular clouds in the central molecular zone (CMZ) have been relatively under-observed at sub-parsec resolution. Here, we report JCMT/POL2 observations of polarized dust emission in the CMZ, which reveal magnetic field structures in dense gas at ∼0.5 pc resolution. The 11 molecular clouds in our sample include two in the western part of the CMZ (Sgr C and a farside cloud candidate), four around the Galactic longitude 0 (the 50 km s ^−1 cloud, CO 0.02−0.02, the Stone , and the Sticks and Straw among the Three Little Pigs), and five along the Dust Ridge (G0.253+0.016, clouds b, c, d, and e/f), for each of which we estimate the magnetic field strength using the angular dispersion function method. The morphologies of magnetic fields in the clouds suggest potential imprints of feedback from expanding H ii regions and young massive star clusters. A moderate correlation between the total viral parameter versus the star formation rate (SFR) and the dense gas fraction of the clouds is found. A weak correlation between the mass-to-flux ratio and the SFR, and a weak anticorrelation between the magnetic field and the dense gas fraction are also found. Comparisons between magnetic fields and other dynamic components in clouds suggest a more dominant role of self-gravity and turbulence in determining the dynamical states of the clouds and affecting star formation at the studied scales.

In this work, we constrain the star-forming properties of all possible sites of incipient high-mass star formation in the Milky Way’s Galactic Center. We identify dense structures using the CMZoom 1.3 mm dust continuum catalog of objects with typical radii of ∼0.1 pc, and measure their association with tracers of high-mass star formation. We incorporate compact emission at 8, 21, 24, 25, and 70 μ m from the Midcourse Space Experiment, Spitzer, Herschel, and SOFIA, cataloged young stellar objects, and water and methanol masers to characterize each source. We find an incipient star formation rate (SFR) for the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of ∼0.08 M _⊙ yr ^−1 over the next few 10 ^5 yr. We calculate upper and lower limits on the CMZ’s incipient SFR of ∼0.45 and ∼0.05 M _⊙ yr ^−1 ,respectively, spanning roughly equal to and several times greater than other estimates of CMZ’s recent SFR. Despite substantial uncertainties, our results suggest the incipient SFR in the CMZ may be higher than previously estimated. We find that the prevalence of star formation tracers does not correlate with source volume density, but instead ≳75% of high-mass star formation is found in regions above a column density ratio ( N _SMA / N _Herschel ) of ∼1.5. Finally, we highlight the detection of atoll sources , a reoccurring morphology of cold dust encircling evolved infrared sources, possibly representing H ii regions in the process of destroying their envelopes.

Peroxyacetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted much attention in wastewater treatment by reason of high selectivity, long half-life reactive oxygen species (ROS), and wider applicability. In this study, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) was applied to activate PAA for the removal of ofloxacin (OFX). The degradation of OFX could reach 83.0% via the CoFe2O4/PAA system under neutral conditions. The low concentration of co-existing anions and organic matter displayed negligible influence on OFX removal. The contributions of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), organic radicals (R-O·), and other reactive species to OFX degradation in CoFe2O4/PAA were systematically evaluated. Organic radicals (especially CH3C(O)OO·) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were verified to be the main reactive species leading to OFX destruction. The Co(II)/Co(III) redox cycle occurring on the surface of CoFe2O4 played a significant role in PAA activation. The catalytic performance of CoFe2O4 remained above 80% after five cycles. Furthermore, the ecotoxicity of OFX was reduced after treatment with the CoFe2O4/PAA system. This study will facilitate further research and development of the CoFe2O4/PAA system as a new strategy for wastewater treatment.

Microplastics are emergent contaminants threatening aquatic organisms including aquacultured fish. This study investigated the effects of high-density polyethylene (HDPE, 100 to 125 μm) on yellow perch (Perca flavescens) based on integrative evaluation including growth performance, nutritional status, nutrient metabolism, fish health, and gut microbial community. Five test diets (0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 g HDPE/100 g diet) containing 41% protein and 10.5% lipid were fed to juvenile perch (average body weight, 25.9 ± 0.2 g; n = 15) at a feeding rate of 1.5% to 2.0% body weight daily. The feeding trial was conducted in a flow-through water system for 9 wk with 3 tanks per treatment and 15 yellow perch per tank. No mortality or HDPE accumulation in the fish was found in any treatments. Weight gain and condition factor of fish were not significantly impacted by HDPE (P > 0.05). Compared to the control group, fish fed the 8% HDPE diet had significantly decreased levels of protein and ash (P

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is an innovative treatment for CD19-expressing lymphomas. CAR-T cells are primarily manufactured via lentivirus transfection or transposon electroporation. While anti-tumor efficacy comparisons between the two methods have been conducted, there is a current dearth of studies investigating the phenotypes and transcriptome alterations induced in T cells by the two distinct manufacturing methods. Here, we established CAR-T signatures using fluorescent imaging, flow cytometry, and RNA-sequencing. A small fraction of CAR-T cells that were produced using the PiggyBac transposon (PB CAR-T cells) exhibited much higher expression of CAR than those produced using a lentivirus (Lenti CAR-T cells). PB and Lenti CAR-T cells contained more cytotoxic T cell subsets than control T cells, and Lenti CAR-T cells presented a more pronounced memory phenotype. RNA-sequencing further revealed vast disparities between the two CAR-T cell groups, with PB CAR-T cells exhibiting greater upregulation of cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. Intriguingly, PB CAR-T cells singularly expressed IL-9 and fewer cytokine release syndrome-associated cytokines when activated by target cells. In addition, PB CAR-T cells exerted faster in vitro cytotoxicity against CD19-expressing K562 cells but similar in vivo anti-tumor efficacy with Lenti CAR-T. Taken together, these data provide insights into the phenotypic alterations induced by lentiviral transfection or transposon electroporation and will attract more attention to the clinical influence of different manufacturing procedures.

A novel method for conceptual design of a mechatronics system was proposed, and the design framework of “requirement-environment-conflict-original understanding-solution” was established. The contradiction between design requirements and environmental constraints was identified by using the method of environment-based design (EBD), and the requirements and environment were iteratively analyzed to decouple complex and abstract issues. According to the original understanding of the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), the product solution for specific needs was obtained, which ensured the directionality of innovation, the systematic generation of product design solutions, and the standardization of the design process. The friction and wear test machine of the aeroengine variable stator vane (VSV) shaft bushing system shows that the proposed design method is reasonable and effective.