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The amorphous I/Au composite nanoflms were prepared by low vacuum direct current sputtering (LVDCS) method. The optimized preparation technologies contain growth pressure, time, gaseous environment and annealing conditions. The maximum fuorescence emission (λemmax) of I/Au nanoflms was observed at wavelength of 375 nm, and the intensity of fuorescence emission peak of annealed I/Au flms was smaller than that of unannealed one due to fewer amorphous Au nanoparticles, caused by annealing treatment. In the UV-Vis absorption spectra, the intensity of UV-Vis absorption peak of annealed I/ Au nanoflms is larger than that of the unannealed one. This work also developed a new way to grow I/Au composite fuorescent thin flms.

This is a prospective, single center study aimed to evaluate the predictive power of peritumor and intratumor radiomics features assessed using T2 weight image (T2WI) of baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating pathological good response to NAC in patients with LARC (including Tany N+ or T3/4a Nany but not T4b). In total, 137 patients with LARC received NAC between April 2014 and August 2020. All patients were undergoing contrast-enhanced MRI and 129 patients contained small field of view (sFOV) sequence which were performed prior to treatment. The tumor regression grade standard was based on pathological response. The training and validation sets (n=91 vs. n=46) were established by random allocation of the patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was applied to estimate the performance of different models based on clinical characteristics and radiomics features obtained from MRI, including peritumor and intratumor features, in predicting treatment response; these effects were calculated using the area under the curve (AUC). The performance and agreement of the nomogram were estimated using calibration plots. In total, 24 patients (17.52%) achieved a complete or near-complete response. For the individual radiomics model in the validation set, the performance of peritumor radiomics model in predicting treatment response yield an AUC of 0.838, while that of intratumor radiomics model is 0.805, which show no statically significant difference between then(P>0.05). The traditional and selective clinical features model shows a poor predictive ability in treatment response (AUC=0.596 and 0.521) in validation set. The AUC of combined radiomics model was improved compared to that of the individual radiomics models in the validation sets (AUC=0.844). The combined clinic-radiomics model yield the highest AUC (0.871) in the validation set, although it did not improve the performance of the radiomics model for predicting treatment response statically (P>0.05). Good agreement and discrimination were observed in the nomogram predictions. Both peritumor and intratumor radiomics features performed similarly in predicting a good response to NAC in patients with LARC. The clinic-radiomics model showed the best performance in predicting treatment response.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia) is cultivated worldwide for its high-quality wood and nuts, but its origin has remained mysterious because in phylogenies it occupies an unresolved position between American black walnuts and Asian butternuts. Equally unclear is the origin of the only American butternut, J. cinerea. We resequenced the whole genome of 80 individuals from 19 of the 22 species of Juglans and assembled the genome of its relatives Pterocarya stenoptera and Platycarya strobilacea. Using phylogenetic-network analysis of single-copy nuclear genes, genome-wide site pattern probabilities, and Approximate Bayesian Computation, we discovered that J. regia (and its landrace J. sigillata) arose as a hybrid between the American and the Asian lineages and that J. cinerea resulted from massive introgression from an immigrating Asian butternut into the genome of an American black walnut. Approximate Bayesian Computation modeling placed the hybrid origin in the late Pliocene, ∼3.45 My, with both parental lineages since having gone extinct in Europe.

In china, there is a great variety of sheep production systems, from the most traditional grazing types, mixed (grazing/stabling) to the most technologically advanced facility sheep. Body size parameters can reflect its growth development, production performance and genetic characteristics. So, monitoring body size is very important. In view of the problems or limitations of the present manual measurement, using the tools of measuring stick, tape measure, etc., the sheep having to stand on a flat place with correct posture, a non-contact method for measuring body dimensions of small-tailed Han sheep based on machine vision has been proposed and discussed. This approach is based on a position limit apparatus, computer-assisted visual capture, an automatic foreground extraction algorithm and a measuring point detection algorithm. The measured body sizes include withers height, back height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, abdominal width and rump width. This approach has been examined in a specific farm for a case study. The errors of more than 90% measurements for sheep body size are within 3%. The results indicate that the method based on visual image analysis is effective, and it is especially suitable for the sheep feeding in an intensive and large-scale way.

Electronic transport properties in an Al cluster are investigated theoretically in this paper. We propose a possible illustration of Coulomb blockade based on variable electrostatic potential (ESP). Density functional theory (DFT) was used to achieve the global minimum structure and wave function for analyzing the ESP and density of states (DOS) of Al68 in different charged states. Al68 is able to contain multiple electrons. According to the calculation of systematic energy and surface ESP, respectively, the surface of Al68 presents a 0–6.33 eV ESP barrier after electron injection, which is 0 eV at first. The probability density of flow of electrons was calculated under one-dimensional model with double barriers. Expected results were obtained, containing a nonlinear relationship between J and V and flow density steps. Moreover, an assumption is proposed associated with nonlinear conductance phenomenon of zero-dimensional nanomaterials. Significantly, Al films with different thicknesses were prepared by the low vacuum physical vapor deposition (LVPVD) method, exhibiting novel fluorescent behaviors. In addition, the I–V curve of a 25-nm Al film exhibited two steps at 7 and 27 V, respectively, which meant that the step effect was caused by Coulomb blockade, in accordance with the theoretical calculation.

The safe and stable operation of power transformer plays an important role in the safety and stability of power system. Predicting the changing trend of transformer based on historical monitoring data has an important guiding role for power maintenance and operation. In this paper, a hybrid LSTM model is proposed to predict the time series of transformer oil chromatography. Encoder–decoder is introduced and the parameters are optimized by particle swarm optimization. The hybrid LSTM is superior to the traditional LSTM and ARIMA methods in time series prediction of transformer oil chromatography.

In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of mid-term power load forecasting, a mid-term power load forecasting method of long short time memory network (LSTM), which combines weather factors, is proposed. Firstly, the influence of meteorological factors affecting the power load on the mid-time power load is analyzed. Secondly, the meteorological factors are used as the input factor of the LSTM model to predict the power load. Finally, compared with the Random forest, ARIMA, GBDT, the LSTM algorithm which is not fused with meteorological factors, through the analysis of the experimental data, the LSTM fusion of meteorological factors has a better prediction effect on the mid-term load forecasting.

The traditional power transformer fault judgment is through the oil chromatography online monitoring data set a threshold to determine whether the transformer is faulty, so there is a problem of the correct rate of fault alarm. This paper adopts the data analysis method, based on the Fuzhou transformer oil chromatography and its repair order data, selects effective characterization of influence the characteristics of transformer running state as evaluation indexes. A double-hidden layer BP neural network models were constructed and applied into transformer fault alarm, and evaluation accuracy is higher than the common fault alarm model.

Purpose We aimed to explore whether intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-related parameters of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) demonstrate differences that could be used to differentiate and improve diagnostic efficiency. Methods A total of 27 patients, including 22 with HCC and 5 with FNH, underwent liver 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging for routine sequences. They were concurrently examined by IVIM diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) scanning with 11 different b values (0-800 s/mm2). IVIM-derived parameters, such as pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), perfusion fraction (f), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCtotal), were quantified automatically by post-processing software and compared between HCC and FNH groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was then created to predict their diagnostic value. Results D* was weak in terms of reproducibility among the other parameters. ADCtotal, D, and D* were significantly lower in the HCC group than in the FNH group, while f did not show a significant difference. ADCtotal and D had the largest area under the curve values (AUC; 0.915 and 0.897, respectively) and similarly high efficacy to differentiate the two conditions. Conclusion IVIM provides a new modality to differentiate the HCC and FNH. ADCtotal and D demonstrated outstanding and comparable diagnosing utility.

In aluminum extrusion, hot billets are compressed to flow through a die for creating an arbitrary shape. This paper discusses the main research fields of aluminum extrusion, and gives a brief review of the modeling and control for aluminum extrusion. Numerous models have been developed to achieve isothermal extrusion, which can be divided into four types: FEM based model, analytical model, experiment-derived model and real-time model. Control of aluminum extrusion process is critical to improving the quality and quantity of the extrudate. The main goal of the control is to keep the exit temperature of extrudate constant, the so-called “isothermal extrusion”. Only real-time model-based control is feasible to achieve “real” isothermal extrusion.

With the increasing demand for traffic information services as well as the extensive deployment of traffic video surveillance, there is a critical need for realizing automatic identification of congestion state with traffic video. To this end, this study proposes a traffic congestion evaluation model with adaptive learning ability. The qualitative process of the proposed model has been previously analyzed. In this method, the video image feature sets are extracted initially, followed by the state classification model training and learning via support vector machine. Subsequently, genetic algorithm is used to realize the online adaptive optimization. The field experimental results indicate that this method has high recognition accuracy, fast processing speed, and strong adaptive ability, and it can provide an appropriate solution for solving the problem of all—day traffic congestion states recognition based on the traffic video information.

In this paper, electromagnetic dynamic characteristics of suspension system of middle-low speed maglev train are analyzed with finite element analysis (FEA) method based on the high-performance computing platform (HPC). The couple structure between F-type track and suspension magnet is meshed by pretension element. The dynamic characteristics of suspension system are simulated in three-dimensional model with 4 degrees of freedom motions condition. Both the numerical simulations and the actual force tests of suspension system are carried out with the same input. The result shows that the calculation accuracy of finite element analysis is high.

As a major error of CO2 retrieval, atmospheric scattering effect hampers the application of satellite products. Effect of aerosol and combined effect of aerosol and ground surface are important source of atmospheric scattering, so it needs comprehensive consideration of scattering effect from aerosol and ground surface. Based on the continuum, strong and weak absorption part of three spectrum bands O2-A, CO2 1.6 μm and 2.06 μm, information of aerosol and albedo was analyzed, and improved full physics retrieval method was proposed, which can retrieve aerosol and albedo simultaneously to correct the scattering effect. Simulation study on CO2 error caused by aerosol and ground surface albedo CO2 error by correction method was carried out. CO2 error caused by aerosol optical depth and ground surface albedo can reach up to 8%, and CO2 error caused by different types of aerosol can reach up to 10%, while these two types of error can be controlled within 1% and 2% separately by this correction method, which shows that the method can correct the scattering effect effectively. Through evaluation of the results, the potential of this method for high precision satellite data retrieval is obvious, meanwhile, some problems which need to be noticed in real application were also pointed out.

High precision retrieval of atmospheric CH4 is influenced by a variety of factors. The uncertainties of ground properties and atmospheric conditions are important factors, such as surface reflectance, temperature profile, humidity profile and pressure profile. Surface reflectance is affected by many factors so that it is difficult to get the precise value. The uncertainty of surface reflectance will cause large error to retrieval result. The uncertainties of temperature profile, humidity profile and pressure profile are also important sources of retrieval error and they will cause unavoidable systematic error. This error is hard to eliminate only using CH4 band. In this paper, ratio spectrometry method and CO2 band correction method are proposed to reduce the error caused by these factors. Ratio spectrometry method can decrease the effect of surface reflectance in CH4 retrieval by converting absolute radiance spectrometry into ratio spectrometry. CO2 band correction method converts column amounts of CH4 into column averaged mixing ratio by using CO2 1.61 μm band and it can correct the systematic error caused by temperature profile, humidity profile and pressure profile. The combination of these two correction methods will decrease the effect caused by surface reflectance, temperature profile, humidity profile and pressure profile at the same time and reduce the retrieval error. GOSAT data were used to retrieve atmospheric CH4 to test and validate the two correction methods. The results showed that CH4 column averaged mixing ratio retrieved after correction was close to GOSAT Level2 product and the retrieval precision was up to -0.24%. The studies suggest that the error of CH4 retrieval caused by the uncertainties of ground properties and atmospheric conditions can be significantly reduced and the retrieval precision can be highly improved by using ratio spectrometry method and CO2 hand correction method.

A parametric fault model of electro-hydraulic servo system based on hybrid system and multiple linear regression model was put forward. First of all, the operating condition of electro-hydraulic servo system was abstracted to discrete states, then using multiple linear regression algorithm, the model parameter were identified based on the statistical analysis of sample data. Finally, an electro-hydraulic servo system fault model was constructed combining the fault parameter. Compared to the previous fault model based on experimental modeling method, this model was constructed based on pressure, flow rate sensor data fusion, two parameters are correlated in the base layer, which can effectively improve the diagnostic decision robustness. The parametric fault monitoring and diagnosis experimental showed the effectiveness in fault monitoring.

Aims Much recent theory has focused on the role of neutral processes in assembling communities, but the basic assumption that all species are demographically identical has found little empirical support. Here, we show that the framework of the current neutral theory can easily be generalized to incorporate species differences so long as fitness equivalence among individuals is maintained through trade-offs between birth and death. Methods Our theory development is based on a careful reformulation of the Moran model of metacommunity dynamics in terms of a non-linear one-step stochastic process,which is describedbyamaster equation. Important Findings We demonstrate how fitness equalization through demographic trade-offs can generate significant macroecological diversity patterns,leadingtoaverydifferentinterpretation oftherelationbetween Fisher’s a and Hubbell’s fundamental biodiversity number. Our model shows that equal fitness (not equal demographics) significantly promotes species diversity through strong selective sieving of community membership against high-mortality species, resulting in a positive association between species abundance and per capita death rate. An important implication of demographic trade-off is that it can partly explain the excessively high speciation rates predicted by the neutral theory of the stronger symmetry. Fitness equalization through demographic trade-offs generalizes neutral theory by considering heterospecific demographic difference, thus representing a significant step toward integrating the neutral and niche paradigms of biodiversity.

For the nonliear and uncertainty parameters of the running driving component of Resonant cement-road breaking vehicle (RCRBV), the mathematic model of the speed Control is established, a adaptive backstepping control method based upon the dynamic recurrent fuzzy neural networks (DRFNN) is presented. The adaptive backstepping controlling arithmetic is designed firstly in transportational status without regard to the uncertain parameters. The convergence based on Lyapunov theory for the closed loop system is also analysised. secondly, the uncertain parameters of the Electro-hydraulic propotional system which affect the running speed controlling performances are defined as items to be estimated by DRFNN in breaking status to meet the high precision and stability requires, the parameter adjustment law is given based upon DRFNN. Finally, the results of the simulation show that the scheme is robust with respect to plant parameter variations and load disturbances.

Eye statement is one of the most important factors reflecting driver fatigue. A novel eye statement recognition method for driver fatigue detection based on Gabor transformation and Hidden Markov Model is proposed in this paper, in which, the eye detection algorithm is borrowed from Zafer Savas' TrackEye software, and Gabor features, i.e. the eye state features, of the eye are extracted by using Gabor wavelet. After that, by using these features, the classifier is trained by HMM (Hidden Markov Model) to distinguish the eye states including fatigue and alert, then the consecutive five frames are considered to judge whether there exists driver fatigue or not. Simulation results show that the new method has good accuracy and effectiveness.

According to the manufacturing procedure of liquid crystals modules (LCM), several display distortions of LCM, such as S line distortion, G line distortion, line short-circuit and cs-open are introduced. Combined with its internal structure and its working principle, key causes and repair methods of these distortions are focused on. The pass rate of the product is improved. A foundation has been laid on research in automated diagnosing systems which based on image processing and circuit parameter diagnosing technology.

The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that plants released from natural enemies should evolve to become more invasive through a shift in resource allocation from defense to growth. Resource availability in the environment is widely regarded as a major determinant of defense investment and invasiveness, and thus should be incorporated into the conceptual framework of EICA. Analysis of a simple model from the optimal defense literature demonstrates that, in contrast to the EICA hypothesis, enemy release is neither sufficient nor necessary for evolution of reduced resistance among introduced plants when habitat productivity co-varies. In particular, if the invasive range is more nutrient-poor than the native range, there could be selection for more plant defenses even with enemy release.

A novel defected ground structure (DGS) with two semicircular defected areas is investigated for low pass filter (LPF) applications. An equivalent lumped L-C circuit model is presented and its corresponding L-C parameters are also extracted by using parametric relationships. With this structure, the effect of the defected parameters on performance is detailed. Based on the equivalent circuit model, a 3-pole LPF, using 2 DGS units, is optimally designed and implemented. The results from experiments confirm that the designed LPF can provide a very wide stop band, which is approximately 3.7 times of the cutoff frequency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1760–1763, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21750

Objective To characterize the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of Castleman disease of the neck. Methods The imaging findings of 21 patients with Castleman disease of the neck were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 21 patients, 16 underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT scans; 5 underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced MRI scans. Results The unenhanced CT images showed isolated or multiple well-defined homogenous mild hypodensity lesions in fifteen cases, and a heterogeneous nodule with central areas of mild hypodensity in one case. Calcification was not observed in any of the patients. In five patients, MR T1-weighted images revealed well-defined, homogeneous isointense or mild hyperintense lesions to the muscle; T2-weighted images showed these as intermediate hyperintense. Sixteen cases showed intermediate to marked homogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT or MR T1-weighted images. Of the other five cases that underwent double-phase CT scans, four showed mild or intermediate heterogeneous enhancement at the arterial phase, and homogeneous intermediate or marked enhancement at the venous phase; the remaining case showed mild and intermediate ring-enhancement with a central non-enhanced area at the arterial and venous phases, respectively. Conclusion Castleman disease of the neck can be characterized as solitary or multiple well-defined, mild hypodensity or homogeneous intense lesions on plain CT/MR scans, and demonstrates intermediate and marked enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT/MR scans. On double-phase CT scans, Castleman disease often demonstrates mild enhancement at the arterial phase, and gradually uniform enhancement at venous phase. Double-phase enhanced CT or MRI may help to differentiate Castleman disease from other diseases.

The theory of parent–offspring conflict is extended to plants that produce many offspring in one reproductive event. The energetic cost of begging signals and the timing of offspring conflict are explicitly taken into account. We find that if the indirect costs of increased provisioning of selfish offspring are borne by their brood mates, then offspring are selected to solicit in so costly a way that a substantial part of parental investment in a brood goes to solicitation rather than offspring's growth and survival. Consequently, offspring conflict often results in smaller seed size than the parental optimum in the absence of conflict, although each offspring still consumes more resources than the amount its mother is willing to give. While the optimal sex allocation can be shown to be independent of solicitation and sibling conflict, the overall reproductive effort is always lowered by parent–offspring conflict. The timing of offspring conflict during the period of parental investment is demonstrated to be an important factor that influences the outcome of parent–offspring conflict. The more resources are allocated to individual offspring before the occurrence of offspring solicitation, the less offspring should solicit, and hence the closer the offspring size to the parental optimum.

In a crop monoculture, the most competitive individuals will gain a disproportionate share of the limiting resource in the environment, and are thus favored by natural selection. However, a partitioning of limited assimilates to organs for competition requires a reduced partition to grain production. Reflecting on this problem, Donald proposed that natural selection through competition would generally result in `over-growth' of some resource-foraging organs, which may be termed `growth redundancy'. According to Donald, an important way to increase the yield potential in annual seed crops would be to develop a `communal' ideotype that minimizes growth redundancy. Selection through competition within a crop seems to be an ideal topic for analysis using game theory, because the optimal strategy for each plant depends on what the other plants do. As a consequence, there are conflicts of interest between the individuals in a crop population and the optimizing process is actually a noncooperative game in which each individual is a player which optimizes its strategy, given other player's strategies. A game theoretical model of this kind is presented in this paper, and corroborates the Donald's view. It is shown that the optimal resource partition maximizing a crop's yield is never evolutionarily stable, implying a high incidence of growth redundancy in modern crop plants. Growth redundancy represents a particular version of the famous `tragedy of the commons'.

In this article, several square open-loop resonators with transmission lines are proposed to design the optimized bandpass filters. A compact microstrip filter using an open-loop resonator was designed, fabricated and measured. At the center frequency f0 = 1.80 GHz, a 3-dB bandwidth of 5% can be varied from 1.76 to 1.85 GHz. The filter shows a maximum insertion loss in passband of 0.1 dB. A transmission zero is realized at about 3.1 GHz, and the attenuation at this frequency exceeds 70 dB. When compared with the conventional filters using coupled square open-loop resonators, the proposed filter has a size reduction of 30%. Good agreement between measurements and simulations are obtained. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2755–2757, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22837

This paper extends our previous work on modelling, within a single framework, the allocation of resources to reproduction vs. survival and the male vs. female components of reproduction in perennial plants. We derive the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) results under pollen limitation for both hermaphroditic and dioecious plant populations held stable through density-dependent juvenile recruitment. Pollen limitation affects female reproductive allocation in our model because there is post-flowering provisioning of offspring. We find that pollen limitation is unimportant to the ESS reproductive allocation and sex allocation so long as there are enough seeds to fill the empty sites left by the death of adults. To the extent that the relationships between gamete output and resource investment are linear for both sexes or sex functions, the separate treatment of reproductive and sex allocation in modern life-history and sex-allocation theories is adequate. In such cases, the ESS sex allocation is exactly what is found in traditional sex allocation theory, and the ESS reproductive allocation of hermaphrodites or females in a dioecious species maximizes the amount of resources allocated to reproduction during an average lifespan, an analogue of the usual maximization principle in life-history theory modified to include the possibility of pollen limitation and extended seed maturation. The ESS reproductive allocation of males in a dioecious species maximizes lifetime pollen production, independent of pollen limitation and the female's resource allocation. Copyright 1997 Academic Press Limited

Self-management and self-healing capabilities are the keys to Wireless Mesh Networks(WMNs). In this paper, a cloud computing based management system for WMNs is proposed, its goals are to optimize the network control for long-distance and large-scale WMNs. The system's objective is carried out on our test bed, the management cloud gathers data from various nodes in WMNs, and creates dynamic situation diagrams which can be used to assess the performance of the whole networks and perform fault predictions, then WMNs can achieve self-management and self-healing.

Retrieving atmospheric CO2 concentration from space-based infrared measurements is an ill-posed problem, and the uncertainty of ground properties is an important impacting factor. For the requirement of high precision retrieval of atmospheric CO2, the effects of surface reflectance must be corrected. Thus a surface reflectance correction method is proposed. In this correction method, the selection of non-CO2 absorption (off-line) channel is an important part, so several different types of off-line channels were compared and analyzed. We finally found that averaging all data of multi-channels as off-line channel is the best way, in which the retrieval precision is highest and dispersion is lowest, because the advantage is that averaging many data can reduce random error. The effects of surface reflectance on CO2 retrieval decreased significantly after correction using ratio spectrometry combined with the selected off-line channel, and CO2 retrieval precision improved greatly.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is a key greenhouse gas. Global monitoring of carbon dioxide would be helpful to improving the understanding of climate change. Ground-based observations usually have higher resolution and signal-to-noise ratio and more known parameters than satellite-based observations, which make it easier to achieve a better retrieval precision Ground-based retrieval method could be extended to satellite scenarios, and it could also provide validation for satellite data. The main procedure of the retrieval method was established, and this procedure was validated by simulated retrieval. It was proved that the method could get reasonable results under certain system errors. The retrieval of ground-based FTS spectra showed that this method has a potential to obtain atmospheric carbon dioxide column information.

Limited dispersal of individuals (or gametes if they are the dispersive units) imposes constraints on mating patterns in most natural populations. This aspect of neighbourhood interaction, however, has not received the attention that it fully deserves in the field of competition and coexistence. Hamilton's local mate competition theory (1967) predicts that as a species in a spatially structured habitat tends to become rare, a female-biased sex ratio would result. Such an effect of spatial structure means that a species at low density may gain an advantage in per capita population growth, facilitating coexistence of similar competitors. Thus, while other mechanisms of competitive coexistence that exist require some degree of difference between species, this “local mate competition” hypothesis of coexistence can permit identical species to stably coexist, invalidating the competitive exclusion principle.

The paper analyzes the fault principle of the SS7E locomotive converter, and classifies the fault sorts of it. The paper describes a method of adopting wavelet analysis to extract energy eigenvector from the output voltage wave of the converter, and proposes a fault diagnosis method of the converter by using energy eigenvector and neural-network technology. The hardware frame and software design of the fault diagnosis system are discussed and the application scheme to diagnose the specific fault position of converter online by increasing a few monitoring points is proposed. The validity of the method is proved by computer simulation.

This TCP is primarily designed for wired networks and became very efficient and robust with years of enhancements. However, experiments and research showed that TCP's congestion control algorithm performs very poorly over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) with severe unfairness among flows. Because the deployment of a sensor network causes unpredictable patterns of connectivity and varied node density, resulting in uneven bandwidth provisioning on the forwarding paths. This paper studies TCP's fairness issues in WSNs, and designs an Extended congestion control algorithm based on the characteristics of the WSNs. The protocol is designed as extension to DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol) with a new congestion control component. We also implemented this congestion control algorithm in NS2. Simulation results show improvements on fairness achieved by using Extend congestion control algorithm.

Transmission control protocol (TCP) is a reliable, end-to-end transport protocol, which is widely used for data services and is very efficient for wired networks. However, experiments and research showed that TCP's congestion control algorithm performs very poorly over wireless sensor networks with degraded throughputs. This paper studies TCP's throughput issues in wireless sensor networks, and designs an improved congestion control algorithm based on the characteristics of the wireless sensor networks. The protocol is designed as extension to DCCP (datagram congestion control protocol) with a new congestion control component. We also implemented this congestion control algorithm in NS2.Simulation results show improvements on throughput achieved by using Extended congestion control algorithm.

With the rapid development of Internet applications and the fast increasing number of users, the traditional network protocol layered only by the basic communication functions can create barriers rather than stimulants to its further development. This paper analyzes the problems and challenges of the classic Internet communication protocol, explicit the important features that NGI (Next Generation Internet) of vitality architecture possess under the current networks environment, proposed trustworthy network model. So it establishes the fundament of theory for further research and development the NGI in the future.

Recently we proposed intelligent information retrieval prototype system based on assigning context of documents. Our idea is that this system has better retrieval effectiveness than the traditional key-word systems. In this intelligent agent paradigm system, each document is assigned context based on the type of information. This paper offers a new methodology for assigning context of documents in a collection. This novel intelligent information retrieval system showed promising results.