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Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) has been one of the bacteria affecting the large-scale swine industry. Lack of an effective vaccine has limited control of the disease, which has an effect on prevalence. In order to improve the cross-protection of vaccines, development on subunit vaccines has become a hot spot. In this study, we firstly cloned the lpxC and gmhA genes from G. parasuis serotype 13 isolates, and expressed and purified their proteins. The results showed that LpxC and GmhA can stimulate mice to produce IgG antibodies. Through testing the cytokine levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), it is found that recombinant GmhA, the mixed LpxC and GmhA can stimulate the body to produce Th1 and Th2 immune responses, while recombinant LpxC and inactivated bacteria can only produce Th2 immune responses. On the protection rate for mice, recombinant LpxC, GmhA and the mixture of LpxC and GmhA can provide 50%, 50% and 60% protection for lethal dose of G. parasuis infection, respectively. The partial protection achieved by the recombinant LpxC and GmhA supports their potential as novel vaccine candidate antigens against G. parasuis.

Melamine, a chemical compound, was used widely in the manufacture of amino resins and plastics. Cyanuric acid related structurally to melamine was used as a water stabilizer in swimming pools. The combination of melamine and cyanuric acid was thought to be responsible for renal impairment in mammals. In the present work, we investigated the reproductive toxicity of melamine in the absence and presence of cyanuric acid in male mice. Pathological damages in different degrees were observed in the testis of male mice treated with different doses of both melamine alone and combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the TUNEL assay, the mice treated with high dose of melamine (50 mg/kg/day) had a significant increase in apoptotic index of spermatogenic cells (p