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Approximately 80% of breast cancers overexpress the kinase breast tumor kinase (BRK)/protein tyrosine kinase 6, which has various oncogenic roles in breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration. However, BRK inhibitors have yet to be explored as possible therapeutic tools. In this study, we used a parallel compound-centric approach to discover a new class of pharmaceutical agents, exemplified by XMU-MP-2, as potent and selective BRK inhibitors. XMU-MP-2 exhibited target-specific inhibition of BRK kinase activity and disrupted signaling pathways mediated by this activity, thereby reducing proliferation in BRK-positive breast cancer cells. In mouse xenograft models, XMU-MP-2 repressed the growth of tumors driven by oncogenic BRK, including BRK-transformed Ba/F3 cells and BRK-positive breast cancer cells. Notably, XMU-MP-2 cooperated strongly with HER2 inhibitor or ER blockade to block breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept for therapeutic targeting of the BRK kinase in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 77(1); 175–86. ©2016 AACR.

Supplemental Figure S1. The chemical structure of compound 4f. Supplemental Figure S2, related to Figure 2. XMU-MP-2 induces apoptosis in BRK Ba/F3 cells without affecting the survival of the parental Ba/F3 cells. Supplemental Figure S3, related to Figure 3. XMU-MP-2 induces differential apoptosis in different BRK mutants transformed Ba/F3. Supplemental Figure S4, related to Figure 5. BRK knockdown inhibits the proliferation of BRK-positive breast cancer cell line BT-474. Supplemental Figure S5, related to Figure 5. Depletion of EGFR or HER2 didn't sufficiently attenuate the inhibitory activity of XMU-MP-2 in BT-474 cells. Supplemental Figure S6, related to Figure 6. XMU-MP-2 induces apoptosis in BRK and BRK Y447F-driven tumors in vivo. Supplemental Figure S7, related to Figure 6. XMU-MP-2 induces BRK- and BRK Y447F-driven tumor apoptosis. Supplemental Figure S8, related to Figure 6. The gatekeeper mutant T264M overrides the inhibition of XMU-MP-2 in the BRK T264M Ba/F3 xenograft model. Supplemental Figure S9, related to Figure 7. Profiling BRK expression in MCF7 and MCF7-TR cells. Table S1: IC50s of XMU-MP-2 on a panel of 28 Tyrosine Kinases transformed Ba/F3 cells. Table S2: Antiproliferative activity of XMU-MP-2 against a panel of human breast cancer and non-tumorigenic cell lines. Table S3: The list of primer sequences.

Detailed description for General Chemistry, Cell culture, Antibodies, Plasmid constructs, Establishment of oncogenic kinase transformed Ba/F3 cells, Generation of BRK, EGFR, HER2 knockdown cell lines, Anti-proliferation assay and enzymatic kinase assay, Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation , Clonogenic assay for the cell-survival experiment, In vivo tumor models, Histological analysis, TUNEL staining, Cell apoptosis assay, Drug combination studies.

Quantitative analysis of tomato root water uptake and soil water utilization in the root zone under deficit irrigation is an important tool to improve agricultural water utilization efficiency. In this study, three different deficit irrigation levels were set at the flowering and fruit development stage (Stage I) and the fruit-ripening stage (Stage II), respectively. The Hydrus-1D model and field data were used to analyze the effects of deficit irrigation on tomato root growth, soil water uptake and utilization in the root zone. The results showed that deficit irrigation could reduce the total root length density of water-absorbed roots but increase the water-absorbed root length density of the underlying soil (30–60 cm). Moderate and severe water deficits at Stage II increased the water-absorbed root length density of the underlying soil by 0.10–6.26% and 2.12–11.71% compared with a mild water deficit. Considering tomato root growth, the Hydrus-1D model can improve the accuracy of soil moisture simulation. The main water absorption zone of tomato roots was 0–30 cm. Compared with full irrigation, the ratio of water absorption by the underlying root system (30–60 cm) to the total water absorption of the profile (0–60 cm) increased by 2.16–2.82% and 5.34–6.34% due to mild and moderate water deficits at Stage I. At Stage I and Stage II, a water deficit could reduce soil evaporation. T3 had the highest water use efficiency in two years, which was 24.07% (T9) and 20.47% (T8) higher than the lowest value, respectively. The optimal deficit irrigation scheme under this experiment condition is as follows: the soil water content was 70–90% θf (field capacity) at Stage I and was 40–60% θf at Stage II (T3).

The contradiction between water supply and demand has become increasingly prominent due to the large agricultural water consumption and low irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in the extremely arid area of Xinjiang, which needs to be solved by efficient irrigation. In this study, the effects of different irrigation levels (the lower and upper limits of irrigation (LULI) were 50–80%, 60–90%, and 70–100% of the field capacity (FC), respectively) under two irrigation methods (root zone irrigation (RZI) and furrow irrigation (FI)) on the photosynthetic physiology and yield of grape were analyzed to explore suitable irrigation schemes in extremely arid areas. The results show that the diurnal variation curve of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of grape leaves in the extreme arid region was not sensitive to the response of irrigation methods. However, RZI could improve the apparent quantum efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate by 60.00% and 31.25%, respectively, reduce the light compensation point by 17.91%, and alleviate the photosynthetic lunch break phenomenon. Under FI, the physiological indexes of leaves increased with the increase in the LULI, while the Pn and SPAD values were the largest under RZI when the LULI was 60–90% of FC. The daily average Pn value of T2 in 2021 and 2022 ranged from 12.93 to 17.77 μmol·m−2·s−1. Compared with FI, RZI significantly improved the leaf water potential, Pn, and SPAD values by increasing the soil water content (SWC) of the 40–80 cm soil layer by 5.04–8.80%, which increased the yield by 6.86–18.67%. The results show that the yield and water use efficiency reached the peak when the LULI was 60–90% of FC under RZI, which could provide theoretical support for efficient irrigation of vineyards in extremely arid areas.

In the design process for a two-pipe vehicles transportation system, some simple mathematical models are required to quickly calculate the main characteristics of the system. For this purpose, an easy-to-handle mathematical model for the concentric annular gap flow is proposed, and the velocity expression for the concentric annular gap flow is solved using cylindrical coordinates. According to the force characteristics of the two-pipe vehicles, a mathematical model of the two-pipe vehicle motion is established, and the motion and force balance equations of the two-pipe vehicles are deduced. The experimental results are in good agreement with the model results. The factors affecting the two-pipe vehicles movement speed are analyzed, and the standard regression coefficient method in multiple regression analysis is used to determine the influence degree of each factor on the movement speed of the two-pipe vehicles. The research presented in this paper not only enriches the annular gap flow theory, but also provides a theoretical reference for the development of the two-pipe vehicles transportation technology and provides technical support for the realization of relevant industrial applications.

Stomata are essential for regulating the exchange of water and energy between plants and the atmosphere. In the context of climate warming, especially in extremely arid regions, the knowledge of stomatal conductance variation patterns is fundamental to the study of crop evapotranspiration, productivity and drought resistance characteristics. The accurate simulation of stomatal conductance in this region is an important prerequisite for the optimal regulation of the crop growth environment. In this study, a two-year field experiment was carried out in vineyards in an extremely arid region. The Jarvis model and BWB model were used to evaluate the daily changes in stomatal conductance. The results showed that stomatal conductance was significantly correlated with environmental factors (temperature difference between leaf and air (ΔT), photosynthetically active radiation and air temperature). The Jarvis and BWB models performed well. However, the response function of the environment factor in the Jarvis model can affect the model performance. The ΔT effectively improved the model, and the modified Jarvis model outperformed the modified BWB model. The R2 and model slope b of the modified Jarvis model increased by 45.18–70.37% and 2.51–3.12%, respectively. RMSE and MAE decreased by 38.98–43.12% and 42.69–44.35%, respectively. Overall, the Jarvis3–ΔT model had a good effect on the simulation of the daily change of stomatal conductance during the critical period of grape growth, and the Jarvis3–ΔT model was the best stomatal conductance model in this study. The results of the study are of great significance for further improving the sustainable use of water resources in grapevines in extremely arid regions.

The study of the annular slit flow field is important for energy consumption, transport efficiency, and the force on the capsule for hydraulic capsule transportation. A combination of physical experiments and theoretical analysis was used to study the annular flow field around a capsule that was set in motion at different positions of a horizontal bend pipe. We study the flow velocity distribution of the gap flow field at different bend positions of the capsule by changing the position of the capsule at the bend. We found that the distribution of the flow field remained similar for different starting positions of the capsule, but the flow velocity increased suddenly and dramatically at the inflow section of the ring gap. We recorded different velocity distributions of the annular gap on the concave and convex sides of the pipe; on the convex side, the streamline of the gap was smooth, and the change in velocity was relatively small. The flow velocity of the slit flow varied more notably on the concave side of the pipe, and there was a greater fluctuation in the flow velocity distribution. Because the effects of the capsule and the pipe on water flow were not the same, we found large fluctuations in gap flow velocity at different measuring points on the concave side. Gap flow velocity was most influenced by axial flow velocity. We found that the axial flow velocity was about one order of magnitude greater than the radial flow velocity or circumferential flow velocity. In this paper, we analyze the changes in the ring gap flow field of the capsule at different bending positions and analyze the reasons for the flow field changes and the flow velocity distribution law. This is of great significance to the study of the transport efficiency and energy consumption of the capsule. The results of this paper complement the study of capsule initiation at different positions in the bend and provide a reference point in terms of transport efficiency, energy consumption, and capsule stress. The results of this study promote the development of hydraulic capsule transportation.

Double-hit lymphoma is one of the most aggressive and refractory lymphoma subtypes with recurrent genetic abnormalities of MYC and BCL-2 or BCL6 rearrangement, leading to a poor prognosis in the present clinical practice. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies for eliminating double-hit lymphomas are urgently needed. Here, we reported that HZX-02-059, a novel PIKfyve and tubulin dual-target inhibitor, showed a highly cytotoxic activity against double-hit lymphoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo through a noncanonical caspase-independent cell death, methuosis. Mechanistically, the cytotoxicity triggered by HZX-02-059 was contributed to the PIKfyve/TFEB axis-induced cell death of methuosis, as well as the inhibition of tubulin and mTOR/Myc axis-induced cell cycle arrest. In summary, the present findings suggest that HZX-02-059 represents a good starting point for developing targeted therapeutics against double-hit lymphomas.

Dermatophytes are an important part of superficial fungal infections, and accurate diagnosis is paramount for successful treatment. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a powerful tool to identify clinical pathogens; its advantages are cost-effectiveness, rapid detection, and high accuracy. However, as the accurate identification of clinical dermatophytes via MALDI-TOF MS has still not been fully evaluated, we performed a meta-analysis for systematic evaluation it. Fifteen eligible studies were involved and showed high accuracy with an identification ratio of 0.96 (95%CI = 0.92─1.01) and 0.91 (95%CI = 0.86─0.96) at the genus and species levels, respectively. The results showed higher accuracy ratio of Vitek MS (91%) than MALDI Biotyper (85%). Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton interdigitale (0.99, 95%CI = 0.97─1.02), T. mentagrophytes var interdigitale (1.00, 95%CI = 0.98─1.02), and Microsporum canis (0.97, 95%CI = 0.89─1.04) showed high accuracy in detected clinical dermatophytes. Moreover, a library with self-built database set up by laboratories showed higher accuracy than commercial database, and 15-day cultivation for dermatophytes showed highest accuracy considering culture time. High heterogeneity was observed and decreased only with the subgroup analysis of species. The subgroup analysis of mass spectrometry, library database, and culture time also exhibited high heterogeneity. In summary, our results showed that MALDI-TOF MS could be used for highly accurate detection of clinically pathogenic dermatophytes, which could be an alternative diagnostic method in addition to morphological and molecular methods. Lay abstract This meta-analysis comprehensively investigated the qualitative accuracy of clinical dermatophytes through MALDI-TOF MS. Owing to the high accuracy observed at both genus and species levels, this approach could be an alternative diagnostic method in addition to morphological and molecular methods.

The step-type energy dissipator is widely used to construct small- and medium-sized reservoirs with its high energy dissipation rate. In order to further improve its air entrainment characteristics and energy dissipation, and reduce the influence of cavitation, in this paper, we added a trapezoidal energy dissipation baffle block at the convex corner of the traditional step to form a trapezoidal energy dissipation baffle block-step combination energy dissipator. We used a combination of hydraulic model experiments and numerical simulation to study the hydraulic characteristics. The results showed that the trapezoidal energy dissipation baffle block-step combination energy dissipator initial entrainment point, with the increase in flow rate, gradually moved backward. A step horizontal surface pressure change in the cavity recirculation area showed a prominent “V” shape; in front of the trapezoidal energy dissipation baffle block, there was a rising trend, and in the energy dissipation baffle block gap, there was a declining trend. The step vertical surface pressure showed a decreasing trend, and negative pressure appeared near the convex angle. The cross-section velocity distribution presented a trend of being small at the bottom and large at the surface, with a large velocity gradient in the longitudinal section of the energy dissipation baffle block and a small velocity gradient in the longitudinal section of the nonenergy dissipation baffle block. The energy dissipation rate reached more than 70% within the test range, and the energy dissipation rate gradually decreased with the increase in the flow rate. The combined energy dissipator is conducive to reducing the cavitation hazard and improving the energy dissipation effect, providing a reference for engineering design and existing step energy dissipators to remove risks and reinforcement.

To reveal the water and heat transfer characteristics of the orchard soil under water storage pit irrigation and to regulate the distribution of soil water and heat for improving apple quality and increasing yield, a 3D soil water and heat transfer model of orchards under water storage pit irrigation was established. The model not only considered the influences of root water uptake, precipitation, evaporation, and irrigation, but also simulated the infiltration process of the variable water head in the pit according to the principle of mass conservation and introduced the pit coefficient to simulate the difference in radiation in the pit to describe the influence of the pit on the model. Verify and analyze the simulation results. Results showed that the variation trend of simulated soil moisture and heat was consistent with that of measured data. The mean absolute percentage error, root mean square error, and mean absolute deviation were 3.23%, 0.9460, and 0.6984 for soil temperature and 10.05%, 0.0269, and 0.0214 for water content after irrigation, respectively. The simulation results have high accuracy and show that the soil moisture content centers on the pit with an ellipsoid distribution and tends to be uniform over time. The soil temperature was higher in the 4–5 cm area near the soil surface and the wall of pit, and it remarkably changed with time. The intraday variation of soil temperature was mainly affected by atmospheric temperature, but a certain lag was observed compared with the change of atmospheric temperature. With the increase of the irrigation amount, the distribution range of soil moisture content and water high value area increased, while the average and maximum soil temperature decreased. With the increase of irrigation water temperature to 18–24 h after irrigation, the soil temperature in the ellipsoidal area around the pit remarkably increased. The model established in this paper can be used to simulate the hydrothermal status of the soil in the field under water storage pit irrigation. The results prove that the water storage pit irrigation can effectively improve the hydrothermal status of the middle-deep soil and promote the root system of fruit trees to absorb water.

The piped hydraulic transportation of tube-contained raw material is a new low-carbon and environmental protection technique for transporting materials. The velocity characteristics of the spiral flow in the pipe with different numbers of guide bars installed on the surface of the piped vehicle body during piped hydraulic transportation of tube-contained raw material were studied by the theoretical analysis and model test. In the test, the numbers of guide bars placed on the surface of the piped vehicle body was respectively 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the studied sections were the section of the piped vehicle body and its rear section, and the flow discharge was 40 m3/h. The results showed that as the number of guide bars increased, the axial velocity of the section of the piped vehicle body increased gradually, while the axial velocity of the rear section of the piped vehicle reduced first and then increased. The section circumferential and radial flow velocity of the piped vehicle body and its rear section both increased first and then reduced. When the number of guide bars installed on the surface of the piped vehicle body was 4, the section circumferential flow velocity of the piped vehicle body and its rear section reached the maximum value, and their distributions were relatively uniform. The results offer theoretical basis so that we can optimize the structure of the piped vehicle and further popularize the piped hydraulic transportation technique of tube-contained raw material.

Ways of understanding and quantifying the effectiveness of new irrigation methods are required in order to more precisely evaluate them, including the effect of root growth on water storage pit irr...

As a clean, low-carbon, and green hydraulic transportation technology, wheeled capsule pipeline hydraulic transportation is a transportation mode conducive to the sustainable development of the social economy. Based on the method of a physical model experiment and hydraulic theory, the flow velocity characteristics in the pipeline when the wheeled capsule with a length&ndash, diameter ratio of 2.5 and 2.14, respectively, was transported in the straight pipe section with an inner diameter of 100 mm were studied in this paper. The results show that in the process of transporting materials, the flow velocity distribution of the cross section near the upstream and downstream section of the capsule was basically the same, and the axial velocity was smaller in the middle of the pipe and larger near the inner wall of the pipe. The radial velocity distribution was more thinly spread near the pipe wall and denser near the center of the pipe. The circumferential flow velocity was distributed in the vicinity of the support body of the wheeled capsule. For any annular gap section around the wheeled capsule, the radial velocity of annular gap flow was very small, and the average radial velocity of annular gap flow was about 1/30 of the average axial velocity of annular gap flow and about 0.7 of the average circumferential velocity of annular gap flow. The axial, circumferential, and radial flow velocities on the same radius measuring ring changed with the polar axis in a wave pattern of alternating peaks and troughs. These results can provide the theoretical basis for optimizing structural parameters of the wheeled capsule.

This study aimed to determine the coupled effects of temperature and urea application rate on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to supplement the mechanism of urea hydrolysis and modify the Arrhenius model to improve the prediction accuracy of urea content. Laboratory experiments were conducted for sandy loam soil under different temperatures (T) (288, 293, 298, and 308 K) and urea application rates (F) (247, 309, 371, and 433 mg kg−1). Urea content was determined daily through high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the interaction between temperature and urea application rate had a significant effect on reaction rate (Ku) and half-life (H1/2), whereas no significant effect on activation degree (lgN), activation free energy (ΔG), activation enthalpy (ΔH), and activation entropy (ΔS). The new Ku(T)-2 model with a determination coefficient (R2) = 0.990 was more accurate than the Arrhenius model with R2 = 0.965. The new U(T, F) model with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 3.62% was more accurate than the traditional U(T) model with a MAPE = 6.38%. The effects of T and F were observed mainly during the preparatory stage and the most critical transition stage of the chemical reaction, respectively. The findings ΔH > 0, ΔG > 0, and ΔS

The ridge–furrow mulching system with plastic film (RFMS) has been widely used in semi-arid areas in order to improve soil water and heat conditions, crop yields and water use efficiency. It is of practical significance to study the effect of mulching and ridge types on soil water and heat in order to optimize mulching measures and improve the effectiveness of the ridge and furrow system. To clarify the combined effect of soil water and heat beneath the system and the influence of ridge morphology on it, field experiments were conducted with three treatments, including conventional planting in bare land (CK), a ridge–furrow (wide ridge with 70 cm width and 10 cm height, narrow ridge with 40 cm width and 15 cm height) mulching system with complete plastic film (RFWN) and a ridge–furrow (equal ridge with 55 cm width and 15 cm height) mulching system with complete plastic film (RFE). An insufficient irrigation system was adopted and the two-dimensional numerical software HYDRUS-2D was used to simulate the soil water and heat flow under the experimental conditions. The model was calibrated and verified according to test data for the period of 2018 to 2019, which showed good agreement between the simulated and measured values. The simulation results revealed that the ground temperatures of RFWN and RFE were much higher than that of CK, and the average value of 0–25 cm during the growth period could increase by 2.29–4.61%. Compared with CK, RFWN and RFE reduced soil evaporation (84.71–93.73%) and field evapotranspiration (12.02–21.75%), while they increased root water uptake (25.87–40.98%) and T/ET (48.85–80.15%). Plastic film mulching and ridge morphologies affected the infiltration range and the direction of soil water movement, increased soil moisture when there was no rainfall or irrigation and reduced soil water and heat fluctuations, which was more conducive to crop growth, especially under the RFWN system. The simulation method proposed in this paper is an effective technique for calculating the soil water and heat dynamics under different ridge and furrow sections under the condition of film mulching, and it can be used for the optimal management of soil water and heat in this area.

Urea hydrolysis is a complicated process influenced by multiple factors. Most previous studies only examined the causative factors of the process without ranking these factors’ relative importance quantitatively. In this work, the experimental analysis method, ANOVA method, and backpropagation (BP) neural network method were used to rank the effects of moisture content (W), nitrogen amount (F), and temperature (T) on the urea hydrolysis rate. A group of 22 artificial neural network structures with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer (2 ≤ L ≤ 12), different initial connection weights, and different learning algorithms was trained and validated using the data set. The relative importance of the factors that affect urea hydrolysis was studied on the basis of information on the weight and threshold value. Results showed that the individual factors and the interaction between any two factors exerted an extremely significant effect (p

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pie-10.1177_0954408920935325 for Impacts of blade inlet angle of diffuser on the performance of a submersible pump by Wei Qingshun, Sun Xihuan, Asaad Y Shamseldin and Li Chaoqun in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-pie-10.1177_0954408920935325 for Impacts of blade inlet angle of diffuser on the performance of a submersible pump by Wei Qingshun, Sun Xihuan, Asaad Y Shamseldin and Li Chaoqun in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering

The tube-contained raw material pipeline hydraulic transportation technology is an optimization and improvement of traditional hydraulic capsule pipeline (HCP) transport. It has the advantages of lower resource consumption, environmental protection, and less demand for human resources and has the ability to directly transport solids, liquids, and gases. The cylinder pipe vehicle is the core component of tube-contained raw material pipeline hydraulic transportation; its motion characteristics and energy consumption are affected by wall shear stress. When the cylinder pipe vehicle is stationary, the annular gap flow will affect the wall shear stress. This paper studies the wall shear stress and annular flow field distribution of a stationary cylinder pipe vehicle under different Reynolds numbers. The results show that as the Reynolds number increases, both the wall shear stress and the annular gap flow velocity show a gradually increasing trend. The wall shear stress and the velocity of the annular gap flow show some correlation, but there are differences in the trend of axial and circumferential wall shear stress along the length of the cylinder pipe vehicle. The research in this article will further improve the theoretical system of hydraulic conveyance of barrel-loading pipelines and provide a theoretical basis for the realization of industrial applications as soon as possible.

The use of a flow discharge measuring device in irrigated areas is the key to utilizing water in a planned and scientific manner and to developing water-saving irrigation techniques. In this study, a new type of flow discharge measuring device for a U-channel&mdash, a plate flowmeter&mdash, was designed, and then the hydraulic characteristics of the flow discharge measurement process using the plate flowmeter were simulated and experimentally verified by adopting an RNG (Renormalization Group) k-&epsilon, turbulence model based on Flow-3D software. The results showed that in the process of measuring flow discharge with the plate flowmeter, the transverse flow velocity, the vertical flow velocity, and the relationship between the measured flow discharge and the deflection angle of the angle-measuring plate were basically consistent with the experimental results. The maximum relative errors were 5.3%, 6.2%, and 6.8% respectively, proving that it was feasible to use Flow-3D software to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of the flow discharge measurement process using the plate flowmeter. The vertical flow velocities at the center of the upstream section of the channel increased gradually from the bottom of the channel to the free water surface. The vertical flow velocities at the center of the downstream section of the channel first increased and then decreased from the bottom of the channel to the free water surface, and the maximum vertical flow velocity was located at a position below the free water surface. The maximum range of influence of the plate flowmeter on the flow disturbance in the channel was from 0.75 m upstream to 1.24 m downstream of the plate flowmeter. These results can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the structural parameters of a plate flowmeter.

Hydraulic transportation of the piped carriage is a new energy-saving and environmentally-friendly transportation mode. There are two main states in the conveying process, stationary and moving. In the process of hydraulic transportation of the piped carriage, the study of the stress of the water flow act on the cylinder wall of the piped carriage can help to improve the design of the piped carriage structure and even the selection of piped carriage materials. The distribution of flow velocity around the stationary piped carriage and the stress distribution on the cylinder wall of the stationary piped carriage were investigated by combining numerical simulations with model experiment verification. The commercial finite element software, Comsol Multiphysics, was utilized to solve this problem using the arbitrary Lagrangian&ndash, Eulerian (ALE) method. The results showed that the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. It also showed that the ALE method can well be applied for fluid-structure problems in the process of hydraulic transportation of the piped carriage. The simulation results showed that the low velocity region near the inner wall of the pipe was smaller than that near the outer wall of the piped carriage, and both regions decreased with the increase of the discharge. The maximum stress on the cylinder wall of the piped carriage appeared between the two support feet in the middle and rear sections of the cylinder. The influence of the unit discharge on wall stress increased with the increase of the discharge, that is, k1 &lt, k2 &lt, k3. Moreover, the increase of the discharge had the greatest influence on the circumferential component of the principal stress of the cylinder, followed by the axis component, and the smallest influence on the wall shear stress of the cylinder, i.e., k &macr, &sigma, c &gt, k &macr, a &gt, r &gt, &tau, c .

Diffusers are energy conversion devices in submersible pump structures, and they play a key role in improving the pump performance and operational stability. However, investigations pertaining to the factors influencing the performance of diffusers, in particular the effect of the coupling of factors on the performance of submersible pumps, are still rare. This study focuses on the effect of coupled parameters, such as the inlet angle, inlet width, axial length and number of blades of diffusers, for improving the performance of submersible pumps. First, the orthogonal test method is used to design the diffuser scheme, and sixteen models involving the coupling of different diffuser parameters are established and simulated. Next, the path analysis method is used to extensively understand the effect mode and influence degree of diffuser parameter coupling on the performance of submersible pumps. The results indicate that the mode of action of the diffuser parameters on the performance of the submersible pump can divided into two aspects: the direct action of the parameter itself and the indirect effect of the parameter coupling induced by other parameters. The orders of significance of the parameters affecting the head and efficiency are α3n > L > b3 > z and L > α3n > b3 > z, respectively. The contribution rates of the inlet angle, inlet width, axial length and number of blades to the pump efficiency are 31.56%, 16.53%, 37.05% and 14.86%, respectively. The numerical results show that the combination of the diffuser parameters—blade inlet angle of 30°, inlet width of 45 mm, axial length of 100 mm and number of blades equal to 8—can help realize the maximum efficiency (83.5%) of a submersible pump with a 18.9 m head. In the production design, the parameters can be quantitatively evaluated in advance by using path analysis. On this basis, the key parameters can be selected according to the order of magnitude of the influence degree. Furthermore, taking into account the production process and manufacturing costs, it is necessary to consider the active role of the non-key parameters in improving the submersible pump performance.

As an important step for formulating a water-saving agricultural strategy, it is essential to make quantitative calculations for orchard soil evaporation and confirm its inner mechanism, so as to reduce ineffective water consumption and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. To reveal the effect of water storage pits under water storage pit irrigation conditions in orchard soil evaporation, micro-lysimeters were used to measure the soil evaporation in two different forms (soil surface evaporation and pit wall evaporation) under diverse irrigation systems using water storage pit irrigation in the apple growth period of 2018. To calculate the orchard soil evaporation of water storage pit irrigation, the pit irrigation coefficient was introduced and a model was constructed. To illustrate the inner mechanism of orchard soil evaporation, the soil surface resistance under water storage pit irrigation conditions was analyzed and calculated quantitatively. The results show that: (1) introducing the pit irrigation coefficient can boost the calculation precision of the orchard soil evaporation under water storage pit irrigation conditions, (2) when applying the soil evaporation of the water storage pit irrigation model for calculation of the orchard soil evaporation, R 2 can reach 0.92, and (3) the mechanisms of the two orchard soil evaporation forms under water storage pit irrigation are very different. When soil surface evaporation and pit wall evaporation were calculated by the soil surface resistance of water storage pit irrigation model, R 2 values were 0.95 and 0.96, respectively.

The seepage properties of natural gravel are one of the problems to be considered in seepage project designs. In this paper, the seepage properties of the natural gravel with particle sizes of 5, 20 and 60 mm were investigated under different laying conditions. The effect of the particle size, laying depth, bulk density and pressurized head on the seepage properties of the natural gravel was analyzed by using the combined methods of theoretical analysis with physical model test. The results showed that the seepage flow in the natural gravel was non-laminar flow in the test conditions described in this paper. Meanwhile, the relationship between particle size, laying depth, bulk density, pressurized heads and seepage property was established. The seepage discharge increased with the increase of the pressurized head and particle size, and decreased with the increasing of laying depth and bulk density. The critical laying depth and bulk density can be obtained when the seepage discharge becomes zero. The empirical formula of the seepage discharge of natural gravel with different particle sizes, laying depths, bulk densities and pressurized heads was obtained with the method of nonlinear regression, which can be expressed as: [Formula: see text]. The empirical formula was experimentally validated. The maximum relative error did not exceed 6.73%, proving that the empirical formula of the seepage discharge of natural gravel was rational. The results can provide an important reference to further studying the seepage properties of macropore media, and form a theoretical basis for applying the natural gravel in the seepage projects.