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Lubricant filling into a closed fluid domain of a transmission component has always been a challenge, for it is limited by a number of factors, like structural characteristics of a transmission component, load characteristics, and oil temperature of during an operation. This paper proposes a lubricant volume optimization model that takes into account the effect of temperature and heat, with an electronically controlled limited slip differential (ELSD) for an automobile taken as the study object. In the paper, an ELSD simulation model was firstly constructed, based on a CFD numerical simulation method. After model simplification and assumption, the probes were established for fluid speed and temperature parameters during gear rotation. The influence law of lubricant volume in the ELSD on convective heat transfer was then determined by analyzing the working conditions, including different rotational speeds and different oil immersion depths. Finally, the optimization model was constructed, with the numerical values after the steady-state temperature fluctuation and the time required for the fluctuation taken as evaluation indexes. In the study, by taking specific parameters for examples and based on the proposed optimization model, quadratic response surface method was used for equation fitting of multiple results obtained from the simulation, and the lubricant volume of 37.21% of the total volume was found to be optimal, which verified the feasibility of the model. The method provides a new approach for determining the lubricant volume for a transmission component.