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Background: Some patients with sepsis are found with accompanying mild hypothermia (ACMH); however, the effects of ACMH on the patients with sepsis are poorly understood.Objective: To compare the impacts of ACMH and artificial mild hypothermia (ATMH) on mortality, systemic inflammatory reactions, and organ functions in mice with sepsis.Methods: Septic mouse models were induced and divided into ACMH, un-hypothermia, keep normothermia, and ATMH groups, according to the anal temperature and the thermic intervention strategy. The mortality rate, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin (IL)-4 and liver and renal functions of the mice in each group were recorded. Liver, lung, and renal tissues of the mice were stained and examined under optic microscope.Results: The mortality rate in the ACMH group was the lowest among all the sepsis groups. Increased serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-4 and impairments of the liver and renal functions were found in the septic mice. The serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were significantly lower and the liver and renal functions of ACMH group were not impaired significantly as compared with other sepsis groups. Pathological examinations of the lung, liver, and renal tissues showed that the ACMH group were with the lowest pathological score among all the sepsis groups.Conclusion: Accompanying mild hypothermia and ATMH could both reduce mortalities in mice with sepsis, and ACMH could reduce mortality even lower, and more alleviate systemic inflammatory responses and the damages in lung, kidney, and other organs were lighter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influence of mild hypothermia on the number of CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in mice with sepsis.Methods: BALB/c mice were administered LPS to establish a mouse model of sepsis. Then, these mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: the mild hypothermia plus LPS group, the normothermia plus LPS group, and the LPS group. The normal control group was injected the same amount of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The ratio of CD11b+ Gr-1+ MDSCs in the mouse spleen and bone marrow was determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after LPS injection and after injected 0.9% sodium chloride solution.Results: Compared with the control group, the number of MDSCs in the spleen in the sepsis group increased gradually, and the difference was significant at 12 hours after injection (P<.01). Moreover, the number of MDSCs was the lowest in the mild hypothermia group, and there was a significant difference than the other 2 groups at 48 hours (P<.01). The number of MDSCs in the bone marrow increased gradually, and the difference between the sepsis and control groups was significant at 24 hours (P<.01). The number of MDSCs in the mild hypothermia group was the lowest, and there was a statistically significant difference than the other 2 groups (P<.05).Conclusion: Mild hypothermia inhibited the production and accumulation of MDSCs induced by LPS administration in septic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication of sepsis that may seriously affect the prognosis and quality of life of patients with sepsis. Microglial activation is vital to the neuroinflammation and the pathology of SAE. In the present study, in vitro cultured BV-2 microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were employed as a model of microglia activation. The altered profiles of long noncoding (lnc)RNAs, circular (circ)RNAs and mRNAs in BV-2 cells after 4 h of LPS exposure were arrayed by using the Agilent competing endogenous (ce)RNA Microarray Chip. Using fold change >2 and P<0.05 as the cutoff criteria, 1,135 mRNAs and 2,488 lncRNAs were determined to be upregulated and 630 mRNAs and 744 lncRNAs to be downregulated. The number of differentially expressed circRNAs was lower, with 140 upregulated and 123 downregulated. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of DE mRNAs suggested that inflammatory responses, as well as lipid metabolism, were involved in microglial activation. Furthermore, analyses of ceRNA networks of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA or circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interrelations were performed. The present study revealed a multitude of novel candidate mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs involved in microglial activation, which may improve the current knowledge on neuroinflammation and provide potential therapeutic targets for SAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the impact of mild hypothermia on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and downstream inflammatory cytokines in BV-2 microglias., Methods: BV-2 cells cultured in vitro were divided into 33 Degrees Celsius-PBS, 33 Degrees Celsius-LPS, 37 Degrees Celsius-PBS and 37 Degrees Celsius-LPS groups. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB in BV-2 cells, Western blotting was performed to detect the protein expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB in BV-2 cells, and ELISA to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the culture medium., Results: After LPS stimulated BV-2 cells, TLR4 pathway protein exhibited the trend of increasing firstly and decreasing afterwards, while the expression of NF-κB protein in the pathway downstream continued to increase, and the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly promoted. Mild hypothermia could significantly inhibit the transcription and expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB as well as the release of inflammatory cytokines., Conclusion: The mild hypothermia could inhibit the LPS/TLR4 pathway in BV-2 cells, and depress the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β.