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Poplar is a major afforestation species which is widely planted worldwide. With the continuous expansion of poplar plant areas, the occurrence of poplar canker disease increased rapidly, causing serious damage to the trees. Currently, the major controlling method for poplar canker is chemical agents, but side effects such as environmental pollution and pathogen resistance are becoming more and more serious. There is an urgent need for developing effective non-polluting means to control the canker disease. By using microbiomes as a research tool, beneficial microorganisms that enhance plant disease resistance can be obtained. These antagonistic bacteria can inhibit the growth of canker pathogens without environmental pollution, and have good biological-control potential. This review mainly explores the role and mechanisms of antagonistic bacteria in the control of poplar canker, including inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria through nutrient and water competition, secreting bacteriostatic substances, improving plant disease resistance to resist pathogen infection, and improving the host's own reactive oxygen species tolerance, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development of efficient and specific bacterial agents, and scientific prevention and control technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults. Here we profiled local neural function in TLE in vivo, building on prior evidence that has identified widespread structural alterations. Using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI), we mapped the whole‐brain intrinsic neural timescales (INT), which reflect temporal hierarchies of neural processing. Parallel analysis of structural and diffusion MRI data examined associations with TLE‐related structural compromise. Finally, we evaluated the clinical utility of INT. Methods: We studied 46 patients with TLE and 44 healthy controls from two independent sites, and mapped INT changes in patients relative to controls across hippocampal, subcortical, and neocortical regions. We examined region‐specific associations to structural alterations and explored the effects of age and epilepsy duration. Supervised machine learning assessed the utility of INT for identifying patients with TLE vs controls and left‐ vs right‐sided seizure onset. Results: Relative to controls, TLE showed marked INT reductions across multiple regions bilaterally, indexing faster changing resting activity, with strongest effects in the ipsilateral medial and lateral temporal regions, and bilateral sensorimotor cortices as well as thalamus and hippocampus. Findings were similar, albeit with reduced effect sizes, when correcting for structural alterations. INT reductions in TLE increased with advancing disease duration, yet findings differed from the aging effects seen in controls. INT‐derived classifiers discriminated patients vs controls (balanced accuracy, 5‐fold: 76% ± 2.65%; cross‐site, 72%–83%) and lateralized the focus in TLE (balanced accuracy, 5‐fold: 96% ± 2.10%; cross‐site, 95%–97%), with high accuracy and cross‐site generalizability. Findings were consistent across both acquisition sites and robust when controlling for motion and several methodological confounds. Significance: Our findings demonstrate atypical macroscale function in TLE in a topography that extends beyond mesiotemporal epicenters. INT measurements can assist in TLE diagnosis, seizure focus lateralization, and monitoring of disease progression, which emphasizes promising clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the stability analysis of discrete‐time neural networks with time‐varying delays by the utilization of quadratic delay information. First, three extended negative‐definiteness lemmas for matrix‐valued quadratic function with different matrices injection are established. Second, a novel delay‐product‐type Lyapunov functional with the asymmetric summation is developed to relax the positive‐definiteness of functional. Then, the proposed negative definite approaches are utilized in combination with some typical summation inequalities to realize the construction of linear matrix inequalities. Based on these improved technologies, two delay‐dependent stability criteria with less conservatism and fewer computational burdens are derived. Finally, several numerical examples are presented to show the validity and superiority of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully sp2-carbon conjugated COF (Py-FTP-COF) was designed and synthesized, exhibiting excellent hydrogen evolution rate of 5.22 mmol g−1 h−1. More importantly, in situ hydrogenation of nitroarenes under visible-light irradiation without any additional hydrogen source was successfully accomplished for the first time over COF-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the anti-inflammatory effect and the potential mechanism of dexmedetomidine in ARDS/ALI. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice and EL-4 cells were used in this research. The ALI model was established by CLP. The level of inflammatory cytokines in the lung and blood, the severity of lung injury, the expression of Foxp3, and the proportion of Tregs were detected before and after dexmedetomidine treatment. The expression of the AMPK/SIRT1 after dexmedetomidine treatment was detected in vivo and in vitro. After blocking the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway or depleting Tregs in vivo, the level of the inflammatory response, tissue injury, and Tregs differentiation were detected again to clarify the effect of dexmedetomidine. Results: Dexmedetomidine significantly reduced systemic inflammation and lung injury in CLP mice. Dexmedetomidine enhanced the Foxp3 expression in the lungs and the frequency of Tregs in the spleen. Dexmedetomidine up-regulated the protein expression of p-AMPK and SIRT1 in lungs and EL-4 cells and facilitated the differentiation of naïve CD4+T cells into Tregs in vitro. Meanwhile, DEX also increased the expression of Helios in Treg cells. Conclusions: DEX could improve ARDS/ALI by facilitating the differentiation of Tregs from naïve CD4+T cells via activating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) extended by a singlet superfield, when the coupling between the singlet sector and the MSSM sector is tiny, the singlet sector can be a quasi dark sector with supersymmetry (SUSY). We investigate the cosmological phenomena in this scenario and obtain the following observations: (i) In the parameter space solving the small cosmological scale anomalies via self-interacting singlino dark matter (SIDM), a first-order phase transition (FOPT) can readily happen but requires rather light dark matter below MeV; (ii) The corresponding parameter space indicated by FOPT and SIDM can be partially covered by detecting the phase-transition gravitational waves (GWs) at the near-future projects, such as LISA, TianQin and Taiji. Therefore, the recently developed GW astronomy could be a novel probe to such a SUSY scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutual confinement of ceramics and metals in laminated composites tends to change the original properties of ceramics and metals. In this study, two kinds of laminated composites, Al2O3/Ti and Al2O3/Ti/Ni, were prepared. Three‐point bending experiments revealed that Al2O3/Ti underwent brittle fracture after elastic deformation. The fracture morphology analysis revealed that the Ti in Al2O3/Ti became brittle due to the formation of columnar crystals. The temperature gradient perpendicular to the direction of laminations during preparation was responsible for the formation of columnar crystals. The force–displacement curves of the Al2O3/Ti/Ni combine the properties of elastic deformation of ceramics and plastic deformation of metals. The reason why the Al2O3/Ti/Ni did not fracture completely in the bending experiments is that Ni maintained the toughness, and there is a good interfacial bond among Al2O3, Ti, and Ni. The indentation crack analysis revealed that cracks have long transverse propagation and short longitudinal propagation in both laminated composites. Finite element analysis revealed that this was due to compressive stress in the Al2O3 layer and tensile stress in the metal layer. This compressive stress consumes the crack energy in the longitudinal direction and stops the crack in the metal layer. The brittle to ductile gradient transition among Al2O3, Ti, and Ni, combined with the guidance of crack propagation direction by the interfacial layer, enhances the ability of Al2O3/Ti/Ni to resist damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular materials with ultralow density (e.g., < 5 mg cm−3) are attractive candidates for acoustic applications due to their lightweight and other unique properties. However, it has remained a challenge to fabricate such materials. Here, we synthesized a series of graphene-based cellular monoliths (GMs) with densities from 4.01 to 0.82 mg cm−3 using a facile and cost-effective freeze-casting procedure. The sound absorption behaviors of the ultralight GMs were explored, and the results demonstrate that the GMs with a density over 2.24 mg cm−3 could effectively dissipate the incident sound wave energy with the sound absorption coefficient > 0.8 in a broad frequency of ranges. Together with their high mechanical stability, fire retardancy and thermal insulation capability, GMs may find applications in the domestic, industrial and defence areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new scenario of leptogenesis, which is triggered by a first-order phase transition (FOPT). The right-handed neutrinos (RHNs) are massless in the old vacuum, while they acquire a mass in the new vacuum bubbles, and the mass gap is huge compared with the FOPT temperature. The ultra-relativistic bubble walls sweep the RHNs into the bubbles, where the RHNs experience fast decay and generate the lepton asymmetry, which is further converted to the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU). Since the RHNs are out of equilibrium inside the bubble, the generated BAU does not suffer from the thermal bath washout. We first discuss the general feature of such a FOPT leptogenesis mechanism, and then realize it in an extended B − L model. The gravitational waves from U(1)B−L breaking could be detected at the future interferometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the growing crisis of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the global medical system is facing the predicament of an acute shortage of medical‐grade oxygen (O2, ≥ 99.5% purity). Herein, an oxygen generation device is manufactured that relies on electrochemical technology. The performance of the electrochemical oxygen generator (EOG) is remarkably improved to a practically applicable level, achieving long‐term (>200 h), stable, and quick production (>1.5 L min−1) of high purity O2 (99.9%) at high energy efficiency (496 L kW−1 h−1), via simultaneous optimization for intrinsic electrochemical reaction mechanisms, electrocatalysts, and external cell structure. The EOG also presents powerful competitiveness in user experience, which finds expression in high portability (4.7 kg), nearly instant O2 production (<1 s), and a quiet working condition (<39 dB). The EOG shows great potential to substitute commercial pressure swing adsorption O2 generation devices, which may significantly impact the traditional oxygen production industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the influence of time-varying delay and nonlinear activation functions with sector restrictions on the stability of discrete-time neural networks. Compared to previous works that mainly focuses on the influence of delay information, this paper devotes to activation nonlinear functions information to help compensate the analysis technique based on Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF). A class of delay-dependent Lurie–Postnikov type integral terms involving sector constraints of nonlinear activation function is proposed to complement the LKF construction. The less conservative criteria for the stability analysis of discrete-time delayed networks is given by using improved LKF. Numerical examples show that conservatism can be reduced by the delay-dependent integral terms involving nonlinear activation functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common pharmaco-resistant epilepsy in adults. While primarily associated with mesiotemporal pathology, recent evidence suggests that brain alterations in TLE extend beyond the paralimbic epicenter and impact macroscale function and cognitive functions, particularly memory. Using connectome-wide manifold learning and generative models of effective connectivity, we examined functional topography and directional signal flow patterns between large-scale neural circuits in TLE at rest. Studying a multisite cohort of 95 patients with TLE and 95 healthy controls, we observed atypical functional topographies in the former group, characterized by reduced differentiation between sensory and transmodal association cortices, with most marked effects in bilateral temporo-limbic and ventromedial prefrontal cortices. These findings were consistent across all study sites, present in left and right lateralized patients, and validated in a subgroup of patients with histopathological validation of mesiotemporal sclerosis and post-surgical seizure freedom. Moreover, they were replicated in an independent cohort of 30 TLE patients and 40 healthy controls. Further analyses demonstrated that reduced differentiation related to decreased functional signal flow into and out of temporolimbic cortical systems and other brain networks. Parallel analyses of structural and diffusion-weighted MRI data revealed that topographic alterations were independent of TLE-related cortical thinning but partially mediated by white matter microstructural changes that radiated away from paralimbic circuits. Finally, we found a strong association between the degree of functional alterations and behavioral markers of memory dysfunction. Our work illustrates the complex landscape of macroscale functional imbalances in TLE, which can serve as intermediate markers bridging microstructural changes and cognitive impairment. • We examined intrinsic functional networks in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and healthy controls. • We observed atypical topographic organization and signal flow in TLE, with peak effects in temporo-limbic regions. • Findings were consistent across study sites and patient subgroups, and were replicated in an independent cohort of patients and controls. • Functional alterations were independent of TLE-related cortical thinning, but were partially mediated by white matter microstructural changes. • Functional alterations correlated with behavioral markers of memory dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is vulnerable to sepsis, and sepsis-induced liver injury is closely associated with poor survival of sepsis patients. Studies have found that the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the major cause of oxidative stress, which is the main pathogenic factor for the progression of septic liver injury. The mitochondria are a major source of ROS. Mito-TEMPO is a mitochondria-specific superoxide scavenger. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Mito-TEMPO on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced sepsis mice. We found that Mito-TEMPO pretreatment inhibited inflammation, attenuated LPS-induced liver injury, and enhanced the antioxidative capability in septic mice, as evidenced by the decreased MDA content and the increased SOD activity. In addition, Mito-TEMPO restored mitochondrial size and improved mitochondrial function. Finally, we found that the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins in the liver of LPS-treated mice were lower after pretreatment with Mito-TEMPO. The mechanisms could be related to Mito-TEMPO enhanced antioxidative capability and improved mitochondrial function, which reflects the ability to neutralize ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser ablation is a common process for most hard materials with a variety of advantages, such as high efficiency, low vibration, and low environmental impact. As such, an increasing number of researchers take advantage of this technique in carrying out the dressing process on grinding wheels containing super-hard abrasives. However, as there is a complex interaction between the laser beam and matrix, it is hard to remove materials from the grinding wheel in a controllable way. To fill this gap, the laser ablation depth and width change with various laser powers, feed rates, and duty cycles are investigated and analyzed in this study. An analytical model regarding the laser ablation process on non-metallic, inhomogeneous materials is performed. The limitations and applicability of the model are also analyzed. Based on the evaluation results and experimental data, corresponding predictive empirical models are established and experimentally validated. This study shows that both the ablation depth and width are increased with duty cycle and laser power but decreased with increased feed rate. Interestingly, the ablation results are not largely affected by feed rate when compared to duty cycle and laser power. The ablation depth has a narrow variability under a given laser power and has a relatively wide variability for a given feed rate. The ablation depth and width are affected more by changes in the duty cycle under higher laser power. At higher laser powers, the ablation depth has a wider range of variation with the duty cycle, while the ablation width varies little. Overall, the ablation law is predicted by the empirical model, which can assist in ablation parameter selection. Finally, an experimental application is used to validate the models, and RMSE 0.2867, Bias 0.0296, and Std.Res. 0.2588 are achieved, indicating the applicability of the prediction model. The presented work is anticipated to be not only meaningful in providing the ablation law for laser parameter selection for industrial production, but also helpful in providing an academic resource for the research field of non-metallic multi-material laser ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-plane vibration problem of functionally graded (FG) sandwich circular arch made up of two layers of power law FGM face sheet and one layer of homogeneous core is investigated. A framework for the vibration analysis of FG sandwich circular arches is presented, and the quasi-3D theories for the arch structures compatible with this framework are established for the first time. The quasi-3D theories take into account the changes of displacement through the thickness of the arch, and satisfy the stress-free boundary conditions naturally. The Lagrange equation is employed to derive the equation of motion, and various boundary conditions are implemented by applying simple algebraic polynomials as admissible functions to discrete the displacement fields of the FG sandwich arches. The comparison study of various high-order shear deformation theories and quasi-3D deformation theories for the FG sandwich circular arches is carried out via different numerical examples. The influences of material distributions and geometric parameters on the vibration characteristics of the FG sandwich circular arches are also presented and discussed for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies emphasize the importance of 5‐HT2C receptor (5‐HT2CR) signaling in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The 5‐HT2CR is the only G‐protein‐coupled receptor known to undergo post‐transcriptional adenosine to inosine (A‐to‐I) editing by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). 5‐HT2CR has emerged as an important role in the modulation of pancreatic β cell functions. This study investigated mechanisms behind the effects of palmitic acid (PA) on insulin secretion in different overexpressed 5‐HT2CR edited isoforms in pancreatic MIN6 β cells. Results showed that the expressions of 5HT2CR and ADAR2 were upregulated in the pancreatic islets of mice fed with high‐fat diet (HFD) compared to control mice. PA treatment significantly induced the expressions of 5‐HT2CR and ADAR2 in pancreatic MIN6 β cells. PA treatment significantly induced the editing of 5‐HT2CR in pancreatic MIN6 β cells. There was no significant difference in cell viability between naïve cells and three overexpressed 5‐HT2CR edited isoforms in pancreatic MIN6 β cells. Overexpressed 5‐HT2CR edited isoforms showed reduced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) compared with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed cells. Moreover, 5‐HT2CR edited isoforms displayed reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium release and store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE) activation, probably through inhibition of stromal interaction molecule 1 trafficking under PA treatment. Altogether, our results show that PA‐mediated editing of 5‐HT2CR modulates GSIS through alteration of ER calcium release and SOCE activation in pancreatic MIN6 β cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual selective attention allows us to filter relevant inputs from irrelevant inputs during visual processing. In contrast to rich research exploring how the brain facilitates task‐relevant inputs, less is known about how the brain suppresses irrelevant inputs. In this study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the causal role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a crucial brain area for attentional control, in distractor suppression. Specifically, 10‐Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied to the right DLPFC and Vertex at the stimuli onset (stimuli‐onset TMS) or 500 ms prior to the stimuli onset (prestimuli TMS). In a variant of the Posner cueing task, participants were instructed to identify the shape of a white target while ignoring a white or colored distractor whose location was either cued in advance or uncued. As anticipated, either the location cue or the colored distractor led to faster responses. Notably, the location cueing effect was eliminated by stimuli‐onset TMS to the right DLPFC, but not by prestimuli TMS. Further analyses showed that stimuli‐onset TMS quickened responses to uncued trials, and this TMS effect was derived from the inhibition at the distractor in both visual fields. In addition, TMS over the right DLPFC had no specific effect on the colored distractor compared to the white one. Considered collectively, these findings indicate that the DLPFC plays a crucial role in visuospatial distractor suppression and acts upon stimuli presentation. Besides, it seems the DLPFC contributes more to location‐based distractor suppression than to color‐based one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• IL-35 release in clinical ARDS but reduced in non-survivor, suggesting anti-inflammatory potential of IL-35 in clinical ARDS. • Recombinant IL-35 treatment could improve survival in experimental ARDS. • Its protective effect is promoting differentiation of Helios+Foxp3+Tregs to improve uncontrolled inflammation in ARDS. • IL-35 could be a novel cytokine-targeted for the regulation of T cell differentiation in ARDS development. Regulatory T lymphocytes are important targets for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). IL-35 is a newly identified IL-12 cytokine family member that plays an important protective role in a variety of immune system diseases by regulating Treg cell differentiation; however, the role of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of ARDS is still unclear. Here, we found that IL-35 was significantly elevated in adult patients with ARDS compared to controls. Additionally, IL-35 was positively and significantly correlated with IL-6, IL-10 and the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) but negatively correlated with TNF-α, IL-1β and APACHE II score during ARDS. Moreover, the proportion of Treg/CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood of ARDS patients and the expression of NF-κB in PMBCs were significantly higher than in healthy individuals. Recombinant IL-35 improved survival in a murine model of CLP-induced ARDS. Additionally, IL-35 administration decreased the inflammatory response, as reflected by lower levels of cytokines (including IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and less lung damage in CLP-induced ARDS. Furthermore, recombinant IL-35 reduced the apoptosis of lung tissue and the expression of NF-κB signalling in a CLP-induced ARDS model and increased the proportion of Treg cells in spleen and peripheral blood. In vitro experiments revealed that IL-35 can affect the phosphorylation of STAT5 during differentiation of naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes into Foxp3+Helios+ Tregs. Our findings suggest that IL-35 attenuates ARDS by promoting the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Foxp3+Helios+ Tregs, thereby providing a novel tool for anti-ARDS therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the complementarity of the proposed multi-TeV muon colliders and the near-future gravitational wave (GW) detectors to the first order electroweak phase transition (FOEWPT), taking the real scalar extended Standard Model as the representative model. A detailed collider simulation shows the FOEWPT parameter space can be greatly probed via the vector boson fusion production of the singlet, and its subsequent decay to the di-Higgs or di-boson channels. Especially, almost all the parameter space yielding detectable GW signals can be probed by the muon colliders. Therefore, if we could detect stochastic GWs in the future, a muon collider could provide a hopeful crosscheck to identify their origin. On the other hand, there is considerable parameter space that escapes GW detections but is within the reach of the muon colliders. The precision measurements of Higgs couplings could also probe the FOEWPT parameter space efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) mechanism mediated by τ lepton transport is proposed. We extend the Standard Model with a real singlet scalar S to trigger the strong first-order electroweak phase transition (SFOEWPT), and with a set of leptophilic dimension-5 operators to provide sufficient CP violating source. We demonstrate this model is able to generate the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe. This scenario is experimentally testable via either the SFOEWPT gravitational wave signals at the next-generation space-based detectors, or the pp → h* → SS → 4τ process (where h* is an off-shell Higgs) at the hadron colliders. A detailed collider simulation shows that a considerable fraction of parameter space can be probed at the HL-LHC, while almost the whole parameter space allowed by EWBG can be reached by the 27 TeV HE-LHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a model for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the geometrically imperfect sandwich beam with functionally graded material (FGM) facets and auxetic honeycomb core is proposed. The auxetic feature of the honeycomb material is realized by a homogenization method, which gives the expressions of the effective material coefficients in terms of material property and cellular geometric parameters. The nonlinear motion equation of the geometrically imperfect beam is derived based on the Reddy's higher shear deformation theory, von Kármán nonlinear theory, as well as general geometric imperfection function. The thermal effect on the material properties and structural rigidity is also taken into account in this model. The Newmark method and Newton–Raphson iterative method are employed to solve the nonlinear motion equation of the sandwich beam. In numerical examples, the dynamic response of the sandwich beam under two types of load, i.e. moving load and impulse load, are discussed in details. The influences of various factors (such as material parameter, geometric imperfection, and thermal condition) on the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the sandwich beam are elaborately investigated. The numerical results show those factors can play significant roles in the bearing ability, structural stiffness, or nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the sandwich beam in certain conditions. Some key conclusions on the influences are drawn from the numerical results, which can be a useful reference for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Inflammatory disease characterized by clinical destructive respiratory disorder is called acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Studies have shown that luteolin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by increasing regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of luteolin on ALI/ARDS and Treg differentiation.Methods: In this paper, we used cecal ligation puncture (CLP) to generate an ALI mouse model to determine the effects of luteolin on ALI/ARDS. Lung tissues were stained for interleukin- (IL-) 17A and myeloperoxidase (MPO) by immunohistochemical analysis. The levels of Treg-related cytokines in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were detected. The protein levels of NF-κB p65 in lung tissues were measured. Macrophage phenotypes in lung tissues were measured using immunofluorescence. The proportion of Tregs in splenic mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was quantified. Furthermore, in vitro, we evaluated the effects of luteolin on Treg differentiation, and the effects of IL-10 immune regulation on macrophage polarization were examined.Results: Luteolin alleviated lung injury and suppressed uncontrolled inflammation and downregulated IL-17A, MPO, and NF-κB in the lungs of CLP-induced mouse models. At this time, luteolin upregulated the level of IL-10 in serum and BALF and the frequency of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs in PBMCs and splenic mononuclear cells of CLP mice. Luteolin treatment decreased the proportion of M1 macrophages and increased the proportion of M2 macrophages in lungs of CLP-induced mouse models. In vitro, administration of luteolin significantly induced Treg differentiation, and IL-10 promoted the polarization of M2 macrophages but reduced the polarization of M1 macrophages.Conclusions: Luteolin alleviated lung injury and suppressed uncontrolled inflammation by inducing the differentiation of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs and upregulating the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 promoted polarization of M2 macrophages in vitro. Luteolin-induced Treg differentiation from naïve CD4+ T cells may be a potential mechanism for regulating IL-10 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study electroweak baryogenesis in the SO(6)/SO(5) composite Higgs model with the third generation quarks being embedded in the 20′ representation of SO(6). The scalar sector contains one Higgs doublet and one real singlet, and their potential is given by the Coleman-Weinberg potential evaluated from the form factors of the lightest vector and fermion resonances. We show that the resonance masses at O 1 ∼ 10 TeV can generate a potential that triggers the strong first-order electroweak phase transition (SFOEWPT). The CP violating phase arising from the dimension-6 operator in the top sector is sufficient to yield the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe. The SFOEWPT parameter space is detectable at the future space-based detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the plant protection drone wireless power transfer system, the positional deviation of the transmitting coils and the receiving coils will cause the efficiency of wireless power transmission drops. In view of this problem, an anti-offset constant current wireless power transfer technology by adjusting the duty cycle of the secondary side buck circuit is proposed in this paper. By establishing a theoretical model of wireless power transfer system for plant protection drone, the relationship between positional deviation and charging current and charging power charging efficiency is analyzed. The magnetic field between transmitting coil and the receiving coil is simulated and compared using Maxwell. In order to further verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, mathcad is used for simulation analysis. Finally, an experimental platform using the design parameters is built to verify the anti-offset performance. The experimental results show that under different misalignment conditions the charging current can be maintained at 2 A. Compared with the traditional wireless charging system, the system efficiency is improved as much as 3.54%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the reach for resonances of the composite Higgs models at a 10 TeV μ+μ− collider with up to 10 ab−1 luminosity. The strong dynamics sector is modeled by the minimal coset SO(5)/SO(4), where vector resonances are in (3, 1) of SO(4) and fermions are in (2, 2). Various production and decay channels are studied. For the spin-1 resonances, the projections are made based on the radiative return and vector boson fusion production channels. The muon collider can cover most of the kinematically allowed mass range and can measure the coupling gρ to percent level. For the fermionic resonances (i.e. the top partners), pair production easily covers the resonance mass below 5 TeV, while single production extends the reach to 6 TeV for a small ξ = 0.015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the nonlinear aeroelastic properties of graphene platelet-reinforced composite (GPLRC) lattice sandwich plates under general boundary conditions in supersonic airflow is investigated for the first time by considering temperature-dependent properties. Face sheets are reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs) uniformly or linearly distributed in the thickness direction. Similarly, the lattice core trusses are reinforced with GPLs. The Halpin–Tsai model is used to calculate the effective elastic modulus of GPLRCs; Poisson’s ratio, mass density, and thermal expansion coefficient are determined by the rule of mixture. The face sheets and lattice core layer are modeled separately using the Kirchhoff plate and first-order shear deformation theories. The nonlinear strain–displacement relationship is derived by the von Karman large deformation theory. The aerodynamic load on the structure is expressed by the piston theory. The motion equations of are calculated using the Lagrange equation. Fourier series combined with auxiliary functions is used to describe the displacement components of sandwich plates. The Newmark direct integration combined with the Newton–Raphson iteration technique is employed to solve the nonlinear aeroelastic response. Finally, the influences of boundary condition, thermal load, GPL distribution pattern, and weight fraction, on the nonlinear aeroelastic properties of lattice sandwich plates are analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restacking of 2D nanomaterials is often deemed to be detrimental to their applications. In contrast to this common notion, here we demonstrate that tightly packed stacked MoS2 exhibits a higher electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution than the more loosely stacked ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various bioactive polyketides have been found in Aloe barbadensis. However, the polyketide synthases (PKSs), which participate in biosynthesis of polyketides in A. barbadensis remain unknown. In this study, two type III PKSs (AbPKS1 and AbPKS2) were identified from A. barbadensis. AbPKS1 and AbPKS2 were able to utilize malonyl-CoA to yield heptaketides (TW93a and aloesone) and octaketides (SEK4 and SEK4b), respectively. AbPKS1 also exhibited catalytic promiscuity in recognizing CoA thioesters of aromatics to produce unusual polyketides. What Is more, a whole cell biocatalysis system with the capability of producing 26.4 mg/L of SEK4/SEK4b and 2.1 mg/L of aloesone was successfully established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A direct numerical integration method is proposed to obtain the nonlinear frequency of the FGM beam. • LCDA, the proposed deformation assumption, is more suitable for the nonlinear frequency analysis of beams than the GCDA. • The differences of the results, due to different beam theories, are more obvious for frequencies than frequency ratios. • The effects of power-law index, slenderness ratio and maximum deflection on the nonlinear frequency cannot be ignored. This study investigates the nonlinear free vibration of functionally graded material (FGM) beams by different shear deformation theories. The volume fractions of the material constituents and effective material properties are assumed to be changing in the thickness direction according to the power-law form. The von Kármán geometric nonlinearity has been considered in the formulation. The Ritz method and Lagrange equation are adopted to yield the discrete formulations. A direct numerical integration method for the motion equation in matrix form is developed to solve the nonlinear frequencies of FGM beams. Comparing with the global concordant deformation assumption (GCDA), a new deformation assumption named as local concordant deformation assumption (LCDA) is proposed in this study. The LCDA fits with the real deformation of the vibrating beam better, thus more accurate results of the nonlinear frequency can be expected. In numerical results, the comparison study of the GCDA and LCDA is carried out. In addition, the effects of power-law index, slenderness ratio and maximum deflection for different shear deformation theories and boundary conditions on the nonlinear frequency of the beam are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient organocatalytic cyclization strategy was developed to synthesize pharmacologically interesting bicyclic imidazoline derivatives. Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates were applied as C3 electrophiles to react with N,C-dinucleophiles for the first time, yielding the desired products in good to excellent yields with outstanding diastereoselectivities. The optically pure bicyclic imidazolines were expeditiously prepared by utilizing the readily available chiral ketene aminals as building blocks. The products were found to inhibit MDM2–p53 binding and cell proliferation. The most potent compound 5c induced the accumulation of MDM2, p53 and p21 proteins in HCT116 cells and blocked interaction between MDM2 and p53. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partially Li+ exchanged Na-ZSM-25 zeolites (LNZ25) were incorporated into the commercial polymer Matrimid® 5218 to yield a mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) via solvent-casting. ZSM-25 has exclusive admission of CO 2 and complete exclusion of CH 4 and is therefore an ideal candidate for MMMs. The fillers were evenly dispersed in the polymer matrix with good adhesion. The separation performance of the fabricated MMMs with 0–15 wt% filler loadings are determined by both single and binary gas permeability using a constant pressure variable volume apparatus. Single gas permeation tests on the MMM with 5 wt% filler loading show exceptionally high CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity (169 at 5 bar) and a plasticization-resistance-like behaviour, i.e. the selectivity increases as the feed pressure increases. Binary gas measurements indicate the CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of the MMM is constant with an increase of pressure while the selectivity of the pristine Matrimid decreases with increased pressure. The exclusive admission of CO 2 and the rejection of CH 4 of the LNZ25 contributes to enhanced permeability and plasticization-resistance-like performance of the MMM. Image 1 • A mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) consists of zeolite ZSM-25 and Matrimid is fabricated. • The CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of the MMM increases as the feed pressure increases. • The optimized MMM with CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of 169 surpasses the latest upper bound. • The correlation between MMM performance and ZSM-25 properties is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Membrane technology has been recognized as an attractive and environment-friendly technology for carbon capture due to its low expense (capital and operating), ease of operation as well as low energy consumption. Traditionally, the membrane materials are cast into dense membranes with a thickness of 50–150 µm and their gas separation properties are evaluated by the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. However, permeance (gas flux), rather than permeability, is more emphasized recently because the increase of the real gas flux through a membrane without the loss of selectivity has been recognized to be more important in industrial scenarios. The permeance is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness, and thus the thin film membranes with sub-micro scale selective layers as part of a composite membrane has drawn particular interests. In thin film membranes, the membrane fabrication technique as well as the membrane configuration design are more important than the membrane materials. However, the recent progress on membrane fabrication techniques, especially the bottom-up approaches for composite membranes, have not been fully reviewed and compared. This review focuses on the recent progress in fabrication techniques and approaches of the thin film (sub-micron) polymeric membranes for CO 2 capture, the state-of-art performance of those membranes will be summarized, and future direction of thin film composite membrane will be discussed. Highlights • The state-of-art results in thin film membranes for CO 2 separation are summarized. • Various scalable top-down membrane fabrication approaches are compared. • Various bottom-up membrane fabrication approaches are introduced. • Current challenges and perspectives in thin film membranes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Maytansine and its related analogues are a class of highly potent anti-proliferation agents that have failed to be exploited as clinical drugs for human therapy due to unacceptable systemic toxicity. Here, we delineate a novel strategy that combines rational drug conjugation with subsequent nanoparticle assembly to systemically deliver this highly potent and toxic drug. To demonstrate this concept, we covalently coupled the thiolated maytansine derivative, the DM1 agent, to amphiphilic block co-polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG)- block -polylactide (PLA), in varying molecular weights to generate two prodrug constructs (i.e., PEG 2K -PLA 2K -DM1 and PEG 2K -PLA 4K -DM1) via the maleimide-thiol reaction. The resulting two constructs are amenable to self-assembly in aqueous solutions and are systemically injectable for preclinical studies. In vivo evaluations indicate that PEG-PLA-DM1 conjugate-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) display substantially reduced drug toxicity compared to the free drug forms and NPs that physically encapsulate DM1. Furthermore, following systemic administration, these nanodrugs produced superior therapeutic efficacy over free DM1 in a colon tumor xenograft-bearing mouse model. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the conjugation of toxic drugs to assembling copolymers enables the alleviation of cancer drug toxicity and effective delivery of anticancer drugs. Thus, this DM1-formulated platform represents a new generation of nanotherapeutics that are available for further clinical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The vibration response of a functionally graded graphene nanoplatelet reinforced composite (FG-GPLRC) beam under two successive moving masses is investigated in the current study. The weight fraction of graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) is assumed to vary continuously and smoothly in the thickness direction. The modified Halpin–Tsai micromechanics model is used to evaluate the effective Young's modulus of the FG-GPLRC beam. A new high order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is proposed for the structural behavior analysis of FG-GPLRC beams. The proposed theory assumes nonlinear distribution of transverse shear stresses and satisfies the traction-free boundary conditions at the bottom and top surfaces of the beam and hence, a shear correction factor is not required. A generalized closed-form solution methodology of the Navier-type is implemented to ensure the validity and efficiency of the present theory for the free vibration and dynamic response of the beam. The Newmark- β method is adopted to obtain the response of the tube in time domain. Two successive moving masses are considered as the moving load acting on the beam. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of GPL weight fraction, distribution pattern, and distance between the two masses on the vibration responses of the beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigates the dynamic response of an axially functionally graded (AFG) beam with longitudinal–transverse coupling effect. The beam is acted by a moving transverse harmonic load and a moving longitudinal harmonic load simultaneously. Both the classical beam theory (CBT) and the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) are employed and written in a unified form. The system of equations of motion is obtained using Lagrange's equations. The nonlinear formulations of the longitudinal–transverse coupling AFG beams are presented. These formulations are solved using the Newmark method in conjunction with a direct iteration procedure; subsequently, the free and forced dynamic behavior characteristics of the AFG beams are investigated. A comparison of the results obtained using the TBT and CBT is performed. The nonlinear effects caused by different excitation frequencies and amplitudes both in the transverse and longitudinal directions of the moving loads on the dynamic responses of the AFG beam are discussed. Further, different nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the AFG beam caused by different longitudinal–transverse coupling coefficients are revealed. The numerical results indicate that the longitudinal–transverse coupling effect plays an important role in the dynamic behavior of the AFG beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present work focuses on the free and forced vibrations of the functionally graded (FG) porous tubes subjected to the continuously distributed loads, which move along their axial directions with a constant velocity. The modulus of elasticity of porous composite is assumed to be graded in the radial direction of the tube. The open-cell metal foam provides a typical mechanical feature to determine the relationship between coefficients of density and porosity. A refined beam theory in conjunction with the Lagrange method is employed to derive the governing equations of motion. The Newmark- β method is adopted to obtain the response of the tube in the time domain. Two types of graded porosity distributions are taken into account in the present work. A simply-supported FG porous tube is considered as an example to illustrate the effects of the porosity distribution, geometrical parameters, and load length on the vibration behaviors of the FG porous tube. Highlights • A functionally graded porous tube is considered. • A refined shear deformation theory is employed. • Free vibration of the tube is taken into account. • Forced vibration response of the tube subjected to moving distributed is investigated. • Some new results are presented in present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface defect engineering mediated molecules coordination activation for one-pot synthesis of secondary amine over Bi 2 MoO 6 hierarchical microspheres. [Display omitted] • Bi 2 MoO 6 hierarchical microspheres with rich oxygen defects and Mo5+ sites were constructed. • The one-pot synthesis of secondary amine is achieved via surface defect engineering. • The photo-generated carriers are completely utilized for respective redox reaction. • A photocatalytic mechanism is discussed based on molecules coordination activation. Bi 2 MoO 6 hierarchical microspheres (BMO-SP) consisting of monolayer nanosheets with abundant surface oxygen defects and unsaturated Mo sites are constructed for the one-pot synthesis of secondary amine via a photocatalytic coupling reaction of nitrobenzene (NB) and benzyl alcohol (BA). The performance of this photocatalyst is 12 times higher than that of bulk Bi 2 MoO 6 (BMO-bulk). Experiment results and density functional theory calculations reveal that surface oxygen defects induce more unsaturated Mo atoms facilitating the coordination activation of NB and BA molecules through the formation of –N–O···Mo and –C–O···Mo coordination, respectively. The surface oxygen defects also promote the separation of photogenerated carriers. More photogenerated holes transfer to the surface for oxidizing the activated BA while the photogenerated electrons are trapped by oxygen defects for reducing NB. Thus, the photocatalytic performance is markedly improved. This work successfully designs an efficient photocatalyst for the tandem reaction via surface defect engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel composite membrane consisting of an interconnected MOF scaffold coated with cross‐linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been developed. As a result of its unique structure, the membrane shows an exceptional 18‐fold permeability enhancement as compared to pristine PEG membranes, without compromising the selectivity. This performance is unattainable with current mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs). Our optimized membrane has a permeability of 2700 Barrer with a CO2/N2 selectivity of 35, which surpasses the latest Robeson upper bound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel composite membrane consisting of an interconnected MOF scaffold coated with cross‐linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been developed. As a result of its unique structure, the membrane shows an exceptional 18‐fold permeability enhancement as compared to pristine PEG membranes, without compromising the selectivity. This performance is unattainable with current mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs). Our optimized membrane has a permeability of 2700 Barrer with a CO2/N2 selectivity of 35, which surpasses the latest Robeson upper bound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is essential for the production of biomolecules. ER retrieval, i.e., the retrograde transport of compounds from the Golgi to the ER, is one of the pathways that ensures ER homeostasis. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of ER retrieval in plants remain largely unknown. Plant ERD2‐like proteins (ERD2s) were recently suggested to function as ER luminal protein receptors that mediate ER retrieval. Here, we demonstrate that heterotrimeric G protein signaling is involved in ERD2‐mediated ER retrieval. We show that ERD2s interact with the heterotrimeric G protein Gα and Gγ subunits at the Golgi. Silencing of Gα, Gβ, or Gγ increased the retention of ER luminal proteins. Furthermore, overexpression of Gα, Gβ, or Gγ caused ER luminal proteins to escape from the ER, as did the co‐silencing of ERD2a and ERD2b. These results suggest that G proteins interact with ER luminal protein receptors to regulate ER retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucuronidation is an important and popular metabolic reaction in vivo of drugs. The further evaluation of biological activity and toxicity of glucuronides is necessary in the course of the drug research and development. However, the synthesis of glucuronides is limited by the lack of efficient approach. Herein, we have developed a new glucuronide synthesis method using plant uridine diphosphate-dependent glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), UGT88D4, UGT88D7, and EpGT8, enabling the convenient preparation for corresponding O-glucuronide metabolites (1a, 2a, 3a, and 3b) in milligram scale of two neurological active agents, IMM-H004 (1) and FLZ (2). Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic data analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Map-based cloning of maize ms33 gene showed that ZmMs33 encodes a sn-2 glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, the ortholog of rice OsGPAT3, and it is essential for male fertility in maize.Abstract: Genetic male sterility has been widely studied for its biological significance and commercial value in hybrid seed production. Although many male-sterile mutants have been identified in maize (Zea mays L.), it is likely that most genes that cause male sterility are unknown. Here, we report a recessive genetic male-sterile mutant, male sterility33 (ms33), which displays small, pale yellow anthers, and complete male sterility. Using a map-based cloning approach, maize GRMZM2G070304 was identified as the ms33 gene (ZmMs33). ZmMs33 encodes a novel sn-2 glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in maize. A functional complementation experiment showed that GRMZM2G070304 can rescue the male-sterile phenotype of the ms33-6029 mutant. GRMZM2G070304 was further confirmed to be the ms33 gene via targeted knockouts induced by the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. ZmMs33 is preferentially expressed in the immature anther from the quartet to early-vacuolate microspore stages and in root tissues at the fifth leaf growth stage. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ZmMs33 and OsGPAT3 are evolutionarily conserved for anther and pollen development in monocot species. This study reveals that the monocot-specific GPAT3 protein plays an important role in male fertility in maize, and ZmMs33 and mutants in this gene may have value in maize male-sterile line breeding and hybrid seed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient [4+1] cycloaddition of ortho -hydroxyphenylsubstituted para- quinone methides and sulfur ylides was achieved under the catalyst-free condition. With this developed protocol, a series of trans -2,3-dihydrobenzofurans were obtained in excellent yields (up to 99%) with high diastereoselectivities (>20:1 dr). The usefulness of the protocol was also demonstrated by the versatile conversions of the 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans into other functionalized benzofurans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly organocatalyzed asymmetric Michael addition reaction of pyrazoleamides to β -phthalimidonitroethene has been developed with a chiral bifunctional thiourea-tertiary amine as the catalyst. A wide range of γ -nitro β -amino amides were readily obtained in good to excellent yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, 99% ee and >20:1 dr). The large scale experiment and transformation of the product have also been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a novel Pd(0) loaded metal–organic framework (MOF) catalyst, namely Pd@Zn2(azoBDC)2(dabco). The efficient catalytic activity and good recyclability of the heterogeneous catalyst carrier are demonstrated through the probe reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol (NP) to 4-aminophenol (AP) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach to improve the selectivity of mixed matrix membrane (MMM) systems was developed. MOF nanoparticles (NPs) were chemical coated by a PEG based shell and then incorporated into a polymer matrix to yield a MMM. The unique design of the core-shell MOF NPs can enhance both the membrane permeability and selectivity simultaneously. This membrane material exhibits excellent CO 2 /N 2 separation performance that surpasses the latest upper bound through the most direct way. This filler was also applied to the thin-film composite membrane system, showing promising performance and placing it in the optimal zone for post-combustion CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huanglian Jiedu plaster (HJP) is a kind of Chinese patent medicine that contains four medicinal plants. It has been clinically proven to be beneficial for the treatment of tumor-associated radiation dermatitis. However, the underlying mechanism of HJP on radiation dermatitis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of HJP on X-ray-induced radiation dermatitis, and how HJP improves the inflammatory response and skin damage of radiation dermatitis. In this study, We selected a case of esophageal cancer as a clinical demonstration of the efficacy of radiation dermatitis. The patient received a total radiation dose of 7000cGY, and treatment by HJP for 14 days.RD mouse models were established through continuous irradiation with X-ray (800cGY) on the right hind limb of mice for 5 days, and the treatment group mice was applied HJP to the irradiated skin for 15 days from modeling. An inflammatory cellular model was induced through irradiation with X-ray (100cGY) in JB6 cells and a co-culture system of JB6 cell and macrophage was established to examine the effect and mechanism of HJP on the inflammatory interaction of these two cells. The activation of HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway, and the levels of epidermal injury related factors and inflammatory cytokins were subsequently detected. The results showed that HJP can significantly alleviate X-ray-induced skin injury, inhibiting skin inflammation and reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokins (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and epidermal damage related factors (Integrin β1, CXCL9 and Cytokeratin17), as well as significantly down-regulated the protein level of HMGB1 (a key DAMPs factor) in vivo and in vitro. Cell co-culture experiments demonstrated that HMGB1 released from X-ray-induced JB6 cells can promote inflammatory response of macrophage, which then feedback aggravate epithelial cell damage, notably, HJP can significantly improve radiation skin lesion by inhibiting HMGB1-mediated inflammatory interaction between epithelial cells and macrophages. In summary, these findings indicated the role of HJP in the treatment of RD by inhibiting the inflammatory interaction between macrophage and JB6 cells mediated by HMGB1, which may provide a reliable therapeutic method for RD. Furthermore, HMGB1 may be an effective target for HJP to inhibit inflammation and ameliorate skin damage in RD. [Display omitted] • HJP can alleviate X-ray-induced skin injury, inhibit skin inflammatory reaction. • HMGB1 can promote JB6's damages by mediating the inflammatory interaction with BMDM. • HJP can inhibit HMGB1-mediated inflammatory interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of gga-miR-31 in chicken germ cell differentiation and spermatogenesis is of significant importance. The transcriptional properties of gga-miR-31 are crucial in establishing the foundation for the formation of chicken spermatogonia stem cells and spermatogenesis. In this study, a series of recombinant vectors including varying lengths of the gga-miR-31 promoter were predicted and constructed. Through the utilization of the dual luciferase reporting system, the upstream −2180~0 bp region of gga-miR-31 was identified as its promoter region. Furthermore, it was predicted and confirmed that the activity of the gga-miR-31 promoter is increased by retinoic acid (RA). The binding of RA to the gga-miR-31 and Stra8 promoter regions was found to be competitive. Through the deletion of C-jun binding sites and the manipulation of C-jun expression levels, it was determined that C-jun inhibits the activity of the gga-miR-31 promoter. Furthermore, the combined treatment of C-jun and RA demonstrated that the positive regulatory effect of RA on the gga-miR-31 promoter is attenuated in the presence of high levels of C-jun. Overall, this study establishes a foundation for further investigation into the regulatory mechanisms of gga-miR-31 action, and provides a new avenue for inducing chicken embryonic stem cells (ESC) to differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), and sperm formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]