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Numerical methods for computing Steklov eigenvalues have attracted the attention of academia for their important physical background and wide applications. In this article we discuss the multigrid discretization scheme based on the shifted inverse iteration for the Steklov eigenvalue problem in inverse scattering, and give the error estimation of the proposed scheme. In addition, on the basis of the a posteriori error indicator, we design an adaptive multigrid algorithm. Finally, we present numerical examples to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Background and Aims Methods Results Interpretation Little is known about the ability of serological biomarkers to monitor clinical outcomes in patients with Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). The objective of this study was to determine the associations of liver function, easily available and convenient biomarkers, with the clinical course and outcome of severe GBS in patients.A prospective data collection was conducted in a cohort of 343 GBS patients from multi‐centers between September 2019 and December 2023. Serum samples were obtained at four‐time points for mechanical ventilation (MV) patients and two‐time points for non‐MV patients. The primary endpoint was the need for MV during hospitalization, while secondary outcomes included the ability to walk independently and the mortality at 26‐week follow‐up.(i) A total of 208 patients were eligible, of whom 50 required MV with a median (interquartile range) ventilation duration of 15 (8–27) days. (ii) Hypohepatia, as evidenced by reduced total protein (OR 0.913 [95% CI 0.862–0.967]) and albumin (0.775 [0.679–0.884]) 1 week after treatment, along with raised liver enzymes (2.732 [1.007–7.413]), was associated with the risk of MV after adjusting for confounders. (iii) After 26‐week follow‐up, patients with hypohepatia were less likely to regain independent walking and exhibited higher mortality in survival analysis (all log‐rank p < .05). (iv) In a cross‐sectional study spanning up to 4 years of follow‐up, patients with prolonged MV (≥15 days) experienced a longer time to regain independent ambulation than those with shorter MV (167 [46–316] vs. 69 [24–106], p = .036). However, no relationships between liver function and prolonged MV were revealed.Dynamically monitoring hepatic metabolism and promptly adjusting, it can aid the improvement of GBS in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nearly half of patients with diabetes experience diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), resulting in a mere 53% survival rate within 3 years. Aberrations in coagulation function have been implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications, prompting the need for a thorough investigation into its role as a contributing factor in the development and progression of DPN. Methods: Data were gathered from 1211 type 2 diabetes patients admitted to five centers from September 2018 to October 2022 in China. DPN was evaluated by symptoms and electromyography. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was appraised and the NCV sum score was calculated for the median, ulnar, and peroneal motor or sensory nerves. Results: Patients with DPN exhibited alterations in coagulation function. (i) Specifically, they exhibited prolonged thrombin time (p = 0.012), elevated fibrinogen (p < 0.001), and shortened activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT; p = 0.026) when compared to the control group. (ii) After accounting for potential confounders in linear regression, fibrinogen, and D‐dimer were negatively related to the motor NCV, motor amplitude values, and mean velocity and amplitude. Also, fibrinogen was associated with higher Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI) scores (β 0.140; p = 0.001). This result of fibrinogen can be validated in the validation cohort with 317 diabetic patients. (iii) Fibrinogen was independently associated with the risk of DPN (OR 1.172; p = 0.035). In the total age group, DPN occurred at a slower rate until the predicted fibrinogen level reached around 3.75 g/L, after which the risk sharply escalated. Conclusions: Coagulation function is warranted to be concerned in patients with type 2 diabetes to predict and prevent the occurrence of DPN in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric circulation changes, their driving mechanisms, and interactions are important topics in global change research. Local changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the midlatitude westerlies will inevitably affect the climate and ecology of the arid zone of northwestern China. Hence, it is important to study these regional changes. While previous studies in this area are all single-point climate reconstruction studies, there is a lack of research on the interaction areas and driving mechanisms of the two major circulations. Dendroclimatology can provide high-resolution, long-term, and reliable multi-point proxies for the study of interannual and interdecadal climate change. We chose to observe these changes in the Alxa Plateau using dendrochronological methods. We assembled ring-width records of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) in the mountain regions surrounding the Alxa Plateau: the Helan Mountains, Changling Mountain, and Dongda Mountain. The results show that radial growth was indeed affected by changes in the monsoon and westerlies. The heterogeneity of precipitation and climatic wet–dry changes in different regions is primarily influenced by the interactions between atmospheric circulation systems, each with its own dominant controlling factors. In the case of the Helan Mountains, both of these major atmospheric circulation systems play a significant role in shaping climate changes. Changling Mountain in the southern part of the Alxa Plateau is mainly influenced by the EASM. Dongda Mountain is mainly influenced by the westerlies. Understanding these local conditions will help us predict climate changes in northwestern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) constitutes a debilitating complication associated with diabetes. Although, the past decade has seen rapid developments in understanding the complex etiology of DPN, there are no approved therapies that can halt the development of DPN, or target the damaged nerve. Therefore, clarifying the pathogenesis of DPN and finding effective treatment are the crucial issues for the clinical management of DPN. Aims: This review is aiming to summary the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of DPN, especially the mechanism and application of inflammatory response. Methods: We systematically summarized the latest studies on the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of diabetic neuropathy in PubMed. Results: In this seminal review, the underappreciated role of immune activation in the progression of DPN is scrutinized. Novel insights into the inflammatory regulatory mechanisms of DPN have been unearthed, illuminating potential therapeutic strategies of notable clinical significance. Additionally, a nuanced examination of DPN's complex etiology, including aberrations in glycemic control and insulin signaling pathways, is presented. Crucially, an emphasis has been placed on translating these novel understandings into tangible clinical interventions to ameliorate patient outcomes. Conclusions: This review is distinguished by synthesizing cutting‐edge mechanisms linking inflammation to DPN and identifying innovative, inflammation‐targeted therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New particle formation contributes significantly to the number concentration of ultrafine particles (UFPs, d ≤ 100 nm) and has a great impact on human health and global climate. Iodine oxoacids (HIO x , including iodic acid, HIO 3 , and iodous acid, HIO 2) have been observed in pristine regions and proved to dominate new particle formation (NPF) at some sites. However, the knowledge of HIO x in polluted urban areas is rather limited. Here, we conducted a long-term measurements of gaseous iodine oxoacids and sulfuric acid in Beijing from January 2019 to October 2021 and also in Nanjing from March 2019 to February 2020 and investigated the contribution of HIO x to UFP number concentration in both urban environments. HIO 3 is highest in summer, up to 2.85 × 10 6 and 2.78 × 10 6 cm -3 in Beijing and Nanjing, respectively, and is lowest in winter by 96 % and 75 %, respectively. HIO 3 exhibits more prominent variation than H 2 SO 4 in both urban sites. HIO 3 concentration shows a clear diurnal pattern at both sites with a daily maximum at around noontime, similar to the atmospheric temperature, solar radiation, and ozone (O 3) levels. HIO 2 concentration has the same diurnal and seasonal trend as HIO 3 but is overall about an order of magnitude lower than HIO 3 concentration. Back trajectory analysis suggests that the sources for inland iodine species could be a mix of marine and terrestrial origins, with both having peak iodine emission in warm seasons. While the contribution of HIO 2 to particle growth is marginal in Beijing and Nanjing, our results demonstrate that HIO 3 enhances the particle survival probability of sub-3 nm particles by about 40 % (median) and occasionally by more than 100 % in NPF events, suggesting HIO x are significant contributor to UFPs in polluted urban areas. As the growth contribution from HIO 3 and H 2 SO 4 is similar on a per-molecule basis, we propose that the sum of HIO 3 and H 2 SO 4 could be used to estimate sub-3 nm particle growth of inorganic acid origin in polluted atmospheres with a significant amount of HIO x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]