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Abstract Background Bostrycin is a novel compound isolated from marine fungi that inhibits proliferation of many cancer cells. However, the inhibitory effect of bostrycin on lung cancers has not been reported. This study is to investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanism of bostrycin on human lung cancer cells in vitro. Methods We used MTT assay, flow cytometry, microarray, real time PCR, and Western blotting to detect the effect of bostrycin on A549 human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells. Results We showed a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in bostrycin-treated lung adenocarcinoma cells. Bostrycin treatment caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. We also found the upregulation of microRNA-638 and microRNA-923 in bostrycin-treated cells. further, we found the downregulation of p110α and p-Akt/PKB proteins and increased activity of p27 protein after bostrycin treatment in A549 cells. Conclusions Our study indicated that bostrycin had a significant inhibitory effect on proliferation of A549 cells. It is possible that upregulation of microRNA-638 and microRNA-923 and downregulaton of the PI3K/AKT pathway proteins played a role in induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in bostrycin-treated cells.

Objective: To determine whether endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) can rapidly distinguish among lung cancer, tuberculosis and sarcodosis, and to explore its sensitivity and specificity. Methods: Clinical data of patients with enlarged mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy who underwent EBUS-TBNA at our hospital between September 1, 2012 and June 30, 2015 for were retrospectively analyzed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predicted value [including 95% confidence interval (CI)] were calculated.. Results: A total of 299 lymph nodes from 201 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA were selected and no serious complications occurred. EBUS-TBNA showed a sensitivity of 87.9% (124/141) (95% CI: 81%–92%), a specificity of 100.0% (124/124) (95% CI: 97%–100%), and a negative predicted value of 41.3% (95% CI: 23%–61%) in the detection of lung cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of mediastinal tuberculosis lymphadenitis were 72.4% (21/29) (95% CI: 53%–87%) and 100.0% (95% CI: 82%–100%); while sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of sarcoidosis were 71.4% (5/7) (95% CI: 29%–96%) and 100.0% (95% CI: 91%–100%). Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of EBUS-TBNA do not significantly differ for a diagnosis of lung cancer versus tuberculosis or sarcodosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is one of the most prevalent pathogens that cause nosocomial infection in critical patients. However, the mechanisms underlying macrophage growth status and functional changes during PA infection are yet unknown. In the present study, NADPH oxidase, gp91 phox (NOX2) mediated macrophage to senescence in a PAO1 colony-dependent manner. gp91 phox might regulate the senescence process through mutual interaction with the NF- κ B pathway. During infection, the overexpression or downregulation of gp91 phox in macrophage could affect the nuclear activity of NF- κ B p65, while the downregulation of NF- κ B p65 led to a suppressed expression of gp91 phox . Reactive oxygen species (ROS) served as the second messenger between both molecules as the ROS inhibitor, N -acetylcysteine (NAC), could partially restore these changes. Consequently, the level of ROS and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF α , elevated during PAO1 infection, and their production altered as a result of the genetic manipulation of gp91 phox and NF- κ B p65, as well as NAC treatment. Also, the senescent phenotypes, SA- β -gal staining and p16 ink4a , changed after genetic manipulation with gp91 phox and NF- κ B p65 and NAC treatment. The capacity of phagocytosis in macrophages was decreased during senescence. In conclusion, PA directs the macrophage towards senescence, and senescent macrophages exhibit a decreased ability of phagocytosis. This process of senescence was regulated by the interactions between NADPH oxidase gp91 phox and NF- κ B p65 via ROS as a second messenger.

Background: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is an easy, sensitive, reproducible, and noninvasive marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Accordingly, FeNO is extensively used to diagnose and manage asthma. Patients with COPD who share some of the features of asthma have a condition called asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS). The feasibility of using FeNO to differentiate ACOS patients from asthma and COPD patients remains unclear., Methods: From February 2013 to May 2016, patients suspected with asthma and COPD through physician's opinion were subjected to FeNO measurement, pulmonary function test (PFT), and bronchial hyperresponsiveness or bronchodilator test. Patients were divided into asthma alone group, COPD alone group, and ACOS group according to a clinical history, PFT values, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness or bronchodilator test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to elucidate the clinical functions of FeNO in diagnosing ACOS. The optimal operating point was also determined., Results: A total of 689 patients were enrolled in this study: 500 had asthma, 132 had COPD, and 57 had ACOS. The FeNO value in patients with ACOS was 27 (21.5) parts per billion (ppb; median [interquartile range]), which was significantly higher than that in the COPD group (18 [11] ppb). The area under the ROC curve was estimated to be 0.783 for FeNO. Results also revealed an optimal cutoff value of >22.5 ppb FeNO for differentiating ACOS from COPD patients (sensitivity 70%, specificity 75%)., Conclusion: FeNO measurement is an easy, noninvasive, and sensitive method for differentiating ACOS from COPD. This technique is a new perspective for the management of COPD patients.

Objective: This study investigated the rapid onset of bronchodilation effect and compared lung function changes following budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort Turbuhaler®) inhalation in Chinese patients with moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma., Methods: In this open-label, parallel-group clinical study, patients eligible for study were divided into COPD group (n=62, mean age 68.16±8.75 years) and asthma group (n=30, mean age 45.80±12.35 years). Lung function tests (include FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and IC) were performed at baseline (t=0 min time point, value before inhalation of budesonide/formoterol), and then eligible patients received two inhalations of budesonide/formoterol (160/4.5 μg). Lung function tests were reassessed at t=3, 10 and 30 min time point. The primary end-point was lung function change 3 min after drug inhalation, and the secondary end-points were comparison of the gas flow rate (ΔFEV1) and volume responses (ΔFVC, ΔIC) between COPD and asthma patients after inhalation of budesonide/formoterol., Results: Compared with the baseline, all patients significantly improved their lung function (included FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and IC) at 3 min (P<0.05). Greater bronchodilation efficacy was found in the asthma group compared with the COPD group (P<0.05). In the asthmatic patients, the curves of FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, IC, showed improvement with an ascending trend at all time points from 3 to 30 min. Whereas in the COPD patients, only the curves of FEV1, FVC, IC showed similar pattern. We found that ΔFVC was significantly higher than ΔFEV1 in both groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference between ΔIC and ΔFEV1 (P>0.05). Compared with COPD group, asthma group had higher level of ΔFEV1 and ΔIC (P<0.05), but no significant difference for ΔFVC can be found., Conclusions: Budesonide/formoterol has a fast onset of bronchodilation effect in patients with moderate-severe COPD and asthma. Greater efficacy was found in the asthma group compared with the COPD group. The gas flow rate and volume responses in patients with COPD differ from those with asthma after inhalation of Budesonide/formoterol.

Objective: To assess the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the quality of life and economic burden in Chinese urban areas., Methods: COPD patients (n = 723) were interviewed face-to-face in outpatient departments in 6 large cities in China. The questionnaire included social and demographic information, current health status, quality of life (SGRQ), and medical expenditure on outpatient visit, hospitalization, medicine purchasing in medicine stores in the last 12 months, and other expenditures related with COPD were also collected. All the data were analyzed using descriptive method., Results: Of the 723 COPD patients interviewed, 73% were male and the average age was 67 years old. The average symptom score of SGRQ was 49 +/- 24, activity score 57 +/- 23, impact score 46 +/- 23 and total score 50 +/- 21, which were all higher than scores of the healthy populations. The average direct medical cost (including outpatient cost, inpatient cost, and medicine purchasing cost) was 11 744 RMB yuan annually. The direct non-medical cost (including transportation fee, nutrition fee, and nursing fee) was 1570 RMB yuan. 36% of the patients in work had an average of 17 working days lost in the last 12 months because of COPD, while 17% of their relatives had an average of 14 working days lost for caring the patients., Conclusions: COPD has a serious impact on the quality of life of Chinese urban patients and places a heavy economic burden on their family and the society. Management of COPD should be improved for patients at stable conditions, so as to reduce the incidence and exacerbation of COPD.

Objective: To study the curative effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist on cough variant asthma (CVA)., Methods: Sixty-four CVA patients received treatment with bricany and montelukas and 68 control patients had bricany treatment for 4 weeks. The recurrence rate was observed in the two groups during the follow-up for 6 months., Results: The remission time of two groups were 2.5-/+3.6 and 5.3-/+3.8 days in acute phase, respectively, showing a significant difference between them (P<0.05). The recurrence rate of the two groups within 6 months were 20.09% and 40.87%, respectively, showing also significantly differences (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Leukotriene receptor antagonist and bricany can effectively control CVA and significantly lower the short-term recurrence rate of CVA.

Objective: To explore the effects of systemic glucocorticoid treatment on tuberculous pleural effusion., Methods: Ninety Wistar rats were intrapleurally injected with 0.03 mg of standard human Mycobacterium tuberculosis to establish models of tuberculous pleural effusions and then were randomly divided into 2 equal groups both without anti-tuberculosis treatment: glucocorticoids group (GG) undergoing intramuscular injection of 0.3 mg triamcinolone acetonide in the right thigh 24 h after intrapleural injection, and control group (CG) received nothing as control. 8, 24, 32, and 48 hours, and 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 days after intramuscular injection 5 rats from each group were killed. The thorax was opened, the amount of pleural effusion (PE) was recorded, and the pleural cavity, histopathology of pleura and lung parenchyma were examined. The white blood cell (WBC) count and differential leukocyte count, and levels of total protein (TP), glucose (GLU), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the PE were determined. Bioassays were used to detect the PE levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)., Results: The PE volumes of GG 8 - 48 h after the intramuscular injection were significantly lower than those of CG (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and PE completely disappeared on day 3. The WBC in PE 24 - 48 h after and the percentages of neutrophils 8 - 48 h after the intramuscular injection of GG were all significant lower than those of CG (all P < 0.01). The TP levels 32 and 48 h after the intramuscular injection of GG were both significantly higher than those of CG (both P < 0.01). The LDH level of GG within 24 h after the intramuscular injection was significantly lower than that of CG (P < 0.01). Both the sICAM-1 and TGF-beta1 levels of GG were higher 8 h after the intramuscular injection, but lower 48 h after the intramuscular injection than those of CG (both P < 0.01). The IFN-gamma levels 8 - 48 h after the intramuscular injection of GG were all higher than those of CC (all P < 0.01). The IFN-gamma/TGF-beta1 ratios at different time points of GG were all higher than those of CG, and there were significant differences in those 8 - 48 h after the intramuscular injection between these 2 groups (all P < 0.01). Pathologically, the mean thickness of pleura in GG was significantly less than that in CG. Congestion and edema in subpleural and pulmonary interstitium were less in GG than in CG., Conclusion: Early use of glucocorticoids helps reduce the inflammatory response in pleural cavity in tuberculous pleurisy accelerate the absorption of pleural effusion and decrease the thickness of pleura.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy and therapeutic duration of oral corticosteroids in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (AECOPD)., Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study was designed. One hundred and thirty hospitalized patients with AECOPD were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 44) received 30 mg/d of prednisone for 7 days and then placebo for another 7 days; group 2 (n = 43) received 30 mg/d of prednisone for 10 days, then tapered to 15 mg/d for 4 days; group 3 (n = 43) received placebo for 14 days. The lung functions, arterial blood gas, length of stay, symptom scores, failure rate of treatment, side-effect of corticosteroids and the rate of relapse were evaluated before and after treatments. The results were analyzed by statistical package for social science (SPSS version 11.0). Measurement data were expressed by (-x) +/- s, and t test was used for the comparison of the data before and after treatments. Chi-square test was used for the comparison of count data. Analysis of variance was applied to test for differences between the three groups. Multiple comparison was analyzed by SNK test. Fisher exact test was used for the comparison of the failure rate of treatment, the rate of relapse and safety evaluation., Results: Compared with the placebo group [group 3, (0.74 +/- 0.32)L], the FEV(1) in [group 1 (0.87 +/- 0.23) L and in group 2 (0.93 +/- 0.30) L] were significantly increased (F = 4.53, P < 0.05). The PaO(2) in group 1 (79 +/- 9) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) and in group 2 (80 +/- 10) mm Hg were also increased significantly [group 3 was (73 +/- 12) mm Hg] (F = 3.98, P < 0.05). The length of stay (LOS) in group 1 (12.5 +/- 3.5) d and in group 2 (12.4 +/- 4.1) d were shortened [group 3 was (13.5 +/- 3.6) d] (F = 3.82, P < 0.05). However, no difference of FEV(1), PaO(2) and LOS was found between 7-day and 14-day durations of corticosteroids therapy. There were no differences in symptom scores, failure rate of treatment, side-effect of corticosteroids and the rate of relapse among the 3 groups., Conclusions: Oral prednisone results in improvement of FEV(1), PaO(2) and LOS in hospitalized patients with AECOPD. A 7-day or 14-day duration of oral prednisone is of the same clinical efficacy. From these results, we recommend that 30 mg/d of prednisone for a 7-day duration is appropriate for the treatment of AECOPD.

Objective: To study changes in the levels of systematic and airway local oxidative stress in patients in different stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), and explore the association between oxidative stress and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) level in the peripheral blood leukocytes., Methods: The levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in induced sputum and plasma, as well as GR levels in peripheral blood leukocytes and plasma levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), were examined in 33 patients with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD, group A), 27 with stable COPD (group B), and 28 healthy volunteers (including 15 smokers as group C, and 15 nonsmokers as group D)., Results: MDA level in induced sputum and plasma decreased, whereas the levels of GSH, SOD and GSH-PX increased significantly in the order of groups A, B, C, and D (P<0.05). The activity of SOD in induced sputum and plasma were significantly lower in group C than in group D. No significant difference was noted in the other oxidative stress indices between groups C and D (P>0.05). The plasma levels of cortisol and ACTH showed no significant difference between the 4 groups, while the GR level in peripheral blood leukocytes increased significantly in the order of groups A, B, C and D (1565-/+719, 2069-/+488, 2739-/+926, and 4793 -/+1415 U, respectively, P<0.05). After controlling for the factor of smoking status, the plasma and sputum SOD activity were both positively correlated to GR, with the partial correlation coefficient of 0.512 and 0.564, respectively (P<0.001)., Conclusion: Patients in different stages of COPD, especially those with AECOPD, may sustain systematic and local oxidation and anti-oxidation imbalance. Decreased SOD activity may contribute to GR level decrement in peripheral blood leukocytes in these patients.

Objective: To study the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) in pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) and the influence of hypertonic medium thereupon., Methods: Rat PMCs were isolated, cultured, and divided into 2 groups: hypertonic group, cultured in hypertonic media with NaCl of different concentrations for 24 h and control group, cultured in D-MEM/F-12 medium. The 100 mmol/L NaCI group was examined at the time points 6, 12, 18, and 24 h respectively. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression of AQP-1., Results: The A values of AQP-1 protein expression were 24.0 +/- 1.8, 27.8 +/- 2.4, 31.7 +/- 2.5, 89.7 +/- 6.2, and 107.7 +/- 9.3 respectively in the PMCs treated with hypertonic media with NaCl of the concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mmol/L, all significantly higher than that in the control group (10.8 +/- 1.5, all P < 0.01). The A values of AQP-1 protein expression were 42.1 +/- 2.6, 78.9 +/- 3.6, 109.6 +/- 7.6, and 123.4 +/- 8.7 in the PMCs treated with hypertonic media with NaCl of the concentration of 100 mmol/L after 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h, all significantly higher than that in the control group (12.9 +/- 1.9, P < 0. 01). The a values of AQP-1 mRNA expression were 62.6 +/- 6.4, 75.3 +/- 5.5, 122.3 +/- 11.4, 196.2 +/- 18.1, and 223.0 +/- 19.3 respectively in the PMCs treated with hypertonic media with NaCl of the concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mmol/L, all significantly higher than that in the control group (23.5 +/- 2.7, all P < 0.01). The A values of AQP-1 protein expression were 83.6 +/- 6.1, 159.3 +/- 6.9, 266.2 +/- 24.1, and 196.2 +/- 15.7 in the PMCs treated with hypertonic media with NaCl of the concentration of 100 mmol/L after 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h, all significantly higher than that in the control group (26.5 +/- 2.8, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Hypertonic medium increases the expression of AQP-1 mRNA and protein. AQP-1 participates in the pleural fluid formation.

Objective: To investigate the influence of RNA interference (RNAi) on the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) gene and to investigate the feasibility of gene therapy for pleural effusion., Methods: Two recombinant plasmids with shRNAs targeting the AQP1 gene, AQP1-1-pGenesil and AQP1-2-pGenesil-1 were constructed. Pleural mesothelial cells were obtained from rats, cultured, and randomly divided into 5 groups: blank control group, Lipofectamine 2000 control group, HK negative control group, AQP1-1-pGenesil-1 transfected group, and AQP1-2-pGenesil-1 transfected group. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of AQP1., Results: The mRNA expression levels of aquaporin-1 of the AQP1-1-pGenesil-1 and AQP1-2-pGenesil-1 transfected groups were inhibited by 83.5% and 90.9% respectively, and the protein expression levels of the AQP1-1-pGenesil-1 and AQP1-2-pGenesil-1 transfected groups were inhibited by 41.2% and 67.6% respectively., Conclusion: RNAi can successfully inhibit the expression of AQP1 and has the feature of sequence correlation of shRNA in the cultured rat pleural mesothelial cells. It may be used as a potential new approach for gene therapy of pleural effusion.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the bacterial infections of respiratory tract in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD)., Methods: 130 patients with AECOPD in outpatient department, emergency room or in wards were studied prospectively. Patients were divided into different groups according to both Anthonisen's classification and their lung function status. Sputum were cultured together with bacteria positive rate and types of AECOPD as well as the damage degree of lung function were analyzed., Results: Of 130 sputum samples, 50 showed positive through culture (38.5%) and 60 strains of pathogens were isolated. Predominant pathogens isolated would include Haemophilus parainfluenzae (20/60), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5/60) and Haemophilus influenzae (10/60). Positive rate of bacterial culture in type 1 AECOPD was 55.0%, higher than those of type 2 (38.3%) and type 3 (18.5%)(P = 0.01) and was increasing with the decrease of lung function of patients with AECOPD (P < 0.02)., Conclusion: Positive rate of bacterial culture in patients of type 1 AECOPD was the highest one. Haemophilus parainfluenzae was one of the most important pathogens in AECOPD. There seemed a correlation between positive result of bacterial culture and the severity of COPD.

Objective: The intrapleural injection of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or doxycycline produces excellent pleurodesis in rabbit models. However, the intrapleural injection of these agents induces large pleural effusion which is possibly related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This study investigated whether anti-VEGF antibody has any effect on the fluid production or the pleurodesis induced by TGF-beta or doxycycline in rabbits., Methods: Two groups of New Zealand white rabbits (7 each) were given TGF-beta 5.0 microg intrapleurally. The TGF-beta treatment group received anti-VEGF antibody 10 mg/kg intravenously 24 h before TGF-beta injection and the TGF-beta control group received no antibody. Another two groups of New Zealand white rabbits (7 each) were given doxycycline 10 mg/kg intrapleurally after chest tube placement. The doxycycline treatment group received 10 mg/kg anti-VEGF antibody intravenously 24 h before doxycycline injection and the doxycycline control group received no Anti-VEGF antibody. The rabbits were sacrificed at 2 weeks and the pleurodesis score was graded macroscopically on a 1-8 scale. The degree of angiogenesis in pleural tissues was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for factor VIII which was assessed by computer-assisted digital analysis., Results: The administration of anti-VEGF antibodies had no effect on pleural fluid volume or the characteristics of the fluid. The mean pleurodesis score of TGF-beta control group (7.7 +/- 0.8) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the antibody pre-treatment TGF-beta group (4.4 +/- 2.4). The mean pleurodesis score of the doxycycline control group (6.0 +/- 1.7) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the antibody pre-treatment doxycycline group (2.0 +/- 0.9). The administration of the anti-VEGF antibody also reduced the angiogenesis. The percentage of pleural tissue demonstrating angiogenesis in the TGF-beta control group (4.9 +/- 0.4)% was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the antibody treatment TGF-beta group (2.9 +/- 0.7)%. The percentage of pleural angiogenesis in the doxycycline control group (6.9 +/- 2.2)% was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the antibody pre-treatment doxycycline group (2.2 +/- 0.9)%., Conclusions: Anti-VEGF antibody significantly inhibits the pleurodesis induced by doxycycline or TGF-beta. This observation suggests that VEGF and angiogenesis play a pivotal role in the production of pleurodesis.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Teicoplanin (TEC) in the treatment of Chinese patients with moderate and severe Gram positive (G(+)) coccus infections., Methods: A prospective, multicenter, non-comparator control, open-label drug clinical trial of phase IV was conducted., Results: Totally 156 cases with established and highly suspected G(+) coccus infections are enrolled. Mean age was 53.6 +/- 20.9 (9-93). The infections included: lower respiratory tract infections (66.0%), sepsis (9.0%), catheters-associated infections (5.1%), endocarditis (1.9%), leucopenia with fever (14.1%), bone-joint infections (1.3%), skin-soft tissue infections (7.7%), and other infections (10.9%). Eighty seven point eight percent of the patients suffered from severe underlying diseases, 28.2% (44/156) had immunocompromised conditions. 69.2% had received antibiotics previously (57.4% with cephalosporins and 28.7% with carbapenem, respectively). One hundred and thirty strains of G(+) cocci were isolated from 123 patients (78.8%). Among them methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 90.7% (49/54) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) 88.2% (30/34). The TEC susceptibility test for 105 strains showed that all of the Staphylococci and Enterococci were susceptible. In 121 strains tested for vancomycin, all of the Staphylococci but only 78.3% (18/23) of the Enterococci were susceptible. There were 18 strains of Gram negative bacilli and 1 strain of Candida A. isolated concomitantly with G(+) cocci from 17 cases. The total clinical effectiveness was 82.1% by ITT (156 cases) analysis and 85.2% by PP (135 cases) analysis, respectively. Bacteriologic eradication rate was 87.7%. Thirty three patients with negative culture result were empirically treated with TEC and had 96.8% of clinical effectiveness. The efficacy of TEC to different infections was similar. The total adverse effects, such as decrease in blood cells and transient abnormal liver functions, accounted only for 1.28%., Conclusions: Teicoplanin was a very effective antibiotic for G(+) coccus infections and safe for patients. In highly suspected infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococci or Enterococci, TEC may be a choice for initial empirical treatment.