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Objectives: Recent mpox outbreaks highlight diverse transmission modes, with sexual behavior prominent in China's IIb strain. Nevertheless, despite HPV being a common sexually transmitted pathogen, there is a paucity of research into its coexistence and genotype distribution within this patients population. Methods: We conducted a study at the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen from May to September 2023. We collected information on mpox patients, including their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Anal swabs were collected for HPV genotyping. Results: Among 73 MSM mpox cases, HIV positivity was 56.2 % (41/73) and HPV positivity 80.4 % (41/51). Multiple HPV infections were prevalent (56.9 %, 29/51), especially among HIV-positive (93 %, 27/29). HPV16 (29.3 %, 12/41) was the most common high-risk genotype, followed by HPV59 (26.8 %, 10/41), HPV42 (19.5 %, 8/41), HPV6 (14.6 %, 6/41), and HPV54 (14.6 %, 6/41). HPV infection was significantly associated with HIV infection (p = 0.001). Additionally, HIV infection (p = 0.001) and PCR-detected positive sites for mpox (p = 0.047) were associated with high-risk HPV infection. Conclusions: In this study, most of the mpox patients were found to be infected with HPV, mostly with high-risk types and multiple infections. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that mpox-infected individuals intensify HPV-related screening, prevention, and treatment measures.