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Neutrophil hyperexpression is recognized as a key prognostic factor for inflammation and is closely related to the emergence of a wide range of cardiovascular disorders. In recent years, S100 calcium binding protein A8/A9 (S100A8/A9) derived from neutrophils has attracted increasing attention as an important warning protein for cardiovascular disease. This article evaluates the utility of S100A8/A9 protein as a biomarker and therapeutic target for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, considering its structural features, fundamental biological properties, and its multifaceted influence on cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and heart failure.

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a cytoprotective response in response to cellular stress that is activated in response to mitochondrial stress to maintain intra-protein homeostasis, thereby protecting the cell from a variety of stimuli. The activation of this response has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of UPRmt and discussed its specific molecular mechanism, mainly in mammals, as well as addressing its protective role against cardiovascular diseases, so as to provide direction for further research on UPRmt and therapies targeting cardiovascular diseases in the future.

Ischemic diseases, including coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial obstructive disease, pose significant health threats worldwide. Angiogenic therapy has emerged as a comprehensive approach to combat these diseases. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has attracted increased attention due to its demonstrable therapeutic effects on ischemic diseases. Panax ginseng, a perennial herb from the Panax genus of the Araliaceae family, is widely employed in the clinical treatment of ischemic conditions. Previous research reveals that Panax ginseng exhibits potent pro-angiogenic properties. In this review, we present a timely examination of the pro-angiogenic activities and underlying mechanisms of Panax ginseng, its extracts, and its constituent compounds. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between Panax ginseng and pro-angiogenesis, providing novel insights for clinical practice.

The purpose of this research is to clarify the protective effects of Notoginsenoside R1(R1)-Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on myocardial microcirculatory ischemia–reperfusion injury（I/R injury） in mice, and to investigate whether its myocardial protective effect mechanism is related to FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy. The experimental study found that R1-Rg1 could improve cardiac function, reduce structural damage, restore myocardial barrier function, systolic and diastolic function in mice with myocardial I/R, with significant cardioprotective effects, and its mechanism of action may be related to NR4A1-CK2α-FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy. This article will discuss some of the important findings of this study and explore the implications of these results for clinical practice and the treatment of MIRI.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the chronic gradual degradation of arteries in combination with inflammation. Currently, the main research focus has been on interactions between inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, and immune mechanisms, while some studies have reported natural drugs were exerting a critical role against AS, whereas the usage of natural drugs was always limited by various factors such as poor penetration across biological barriers, low bioavailability, and unclear mechanisms. Herein, we reviewed the potential targets for inflammation against AS, discussed the underlying mechanisms of natural drugs for AS, particularly highlighted the dilemma of current research, and finally, offered perspectives in this field.