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Background Previous studies have demonstrated that age, smoking, Tamai's level of amputation, causes of injury and ischemia time were associated with the success rate of digit replantation. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether mental status including anxiety and depression is associated with the rate of digit replant failure. Methods This study included 134 digits from 102 patients who received digital replantation after complete amputation from 1 September 2013 to 1 September 2015. The Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to assess the pre-injury level of anxiety and depression for each patient. All participants were followed up for at least 1 month. Failure was defined as necrosis of replanted finger which required revision amputation or flap cover of the skeleton. Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased level of pre-injury anxiety was an independent risk factor correlated with success rate (odds ratios [OR] = 7.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.93–30.30) in this series. The relative risk of anxiety group was 4.48 (95% CI: 1.38–14.49) compared to normal group. Digits with double arterial anastomosis in anxiety patients showed a higher survival rate while the number of veins repaired showed no significant effect on survival rate. Conclusions Increased level of pre-injury anxiety was an independent risk factors for digit replantation failure. Double arterial anastomosis increased the success rate of replanted digits in anxiety patients.

Nitrogen deposition and soil salinization–alkalization have become major environmental problems throughout the world. Leymus chinensis is the dominant, and considered the most valuable, species for grassland restoration in the Northeast of China. However, little information exists concerning the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the adaptation of seedlings to the interactive effects of nitrogen and salt–alkali stress, especially from the perspective of osmotic adjustment and ion balance. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse and Leymus chinensis seedlings were cultivated with NaCl/NaHCO3 under two nitrogen treatments (different concentrations of NH4+/NO3−). Root colonization, seedling growth, ion content, and solute accumulation were measured. The results showed that the colonization rate and the dry weights of the seedlings were both decreased with the increasing salt–alkali concentration, and were much lower under alkali stress. Both of the nitrogen treatments decreased the colonization rate and dry weights compared with those of the AM seedlings, especially under the N2 (more NH4+–N content) treatment. The Na+ content increased but the K+ content decreased under salt–alkali stress, and more markedly under alkali stress. AMF colonization decreased the Na+ content and increased the K+ content to some extent. In addition, the nitrogen treatments had a negative effect on the two ions in the AM seedlings. Under salt stress, the seedlings accumulated abundant Cl− to maintain osmotic and ionic balance, but alkali stress inhibited the absorption of anions and the seedlings accumulated organic acids in order to resist the imbalance of both osmosis and ions, whether under the AM or nitrogen treatments. In addition, proline accumulation is thought to be a typical adaptive feature in both AM and non-AM plants under nitrogen and salt–alkali stress. Our results suggest that the salt–alkali tolerance of Leymus chinensis seedlings is enhanced by association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the seedlings can adapt to the nitrogen and salt–alkali conditions by adjusting their osmotic adjustment and ion balance. Excessive nitrogen partly decreased the salt–alkali tolerance of the Leymus chinensis seedlings.

Soil alkalinity is a major environmental problem influencing plant growth and productivity in northeastern China. Castor plant (Ricinus communis) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, and has good salt tolerance. The early seedling stage is extremely vulnerable to abiotic stresses, but little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the cotyledons and roots of castor seedlings under alkali stress. In this study, biomass, photosynthesis, root vitality, inorganic ions, organic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic approaches were also applied to identify differentially abundant proteins in alkali-treated seedlings. The results showed that alkali stress strongly inhibited seedling growth, especially of the roots. Na+ content increased with increasing alkalinity, and the roots had much higher Na+ and lower K+ than cotyledons. The proline and soluble sugars were both increased in cotyledons, but kept unchanged in the roots under alkali stress. Moreover, proteomic analysis revealed a total of 15 and 25 alkali-responsive proteins in the cotyledons and roots, respectively. For cotyledons, most of the identified proteins were involved in photosynthesis, stress and defense (＞10 %), while those for roots were mainly involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, genetic information, stress and defense (＞10 %). These results suggest that cotyledons and roots respond differently to alkali stress. Cotyledons retain efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport and accumulation of osmolytes, while the roots enhance transfer efficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, adjust fatty acid biosynthesis, and promote phosphatidic acid biosynthesis under alkali stress. Additionally, the co-increased abundance of chaperonins indicated that both cotyledons and roots maintained folding of proteins into their proper 3D structures in response to alkali stress. These findings provide new insights into different physiological mechanisms in cotyledon and root responses to alkali stress during the early seedling stage in castor.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting crop growth and productivity. Ricinus communis has good salt tolerance and is also an important oilseed crop throughout the world. Early seedling stage (such as cotyledon expansion stage) is the most vulnerable period for plant under stresses. However, little information exist concerning the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Ricinus communis seedlings and the role play by cotyledons and true leaf under salt stress. In the present study, biomass, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, inorganic ions and organic solutes contents were measured, and two dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic technology was employed to identify the differentially abundant proteins in the salt-treated Ricinus communis cotyledons and true leaves. The results showed that salt stress reduced growth and photosynthesis in the seedlings. With increasing salinity, the Na+ content increased and K+ content decreased in both cotyledons and leaves, but the true leaves had lower Na+ and higher K+ contents. Soluble sugars and proline are the primary organic solutes to cope with osmotic stress. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed 30 and 42 differentially accumulated protein spots in castor cotyledon and true leaf under salt stress, respectively. Most of the identified proteins were involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, photosynthesis, genetic information process, reactive oxygen species metabolism, amino acid metabolism and cell structure. The physiological and proteomic results highlighted that cotyledons accumulated a large number of Na+ and provided more energy to help true leaves cope with salt stress. The true leaves saved carbon structures to synthesize osmotic substances, and the enhancement of chlorophyll synthesis and electron transfer in true leaves could also maintain photosynthesis under salt stress. These findings provide new insights into different physiological mechanisms in cotyledon and true leaf of Ricinus communis response to salt stress during early seedling stage.

Early seedling growth is the most sensitive and critical periods for most plant establishment in saline environments. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is an important oilseed crop species worldwide and has good salt tolerance. However, the specific functions of cotyledons during early seedling establishment of this species under salt stress are still not clearly understood. Here, the biomass, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf ultrastructure, inorganic ion and organic solute contents of Ricinus communis seedlings whose cotyledons were partially or completely removed were measured in both salt and non-salt treatments. The results indicated that cotyledon removal decreased both the growth and photosynthesis of the seedlings under salt stress. The ultrastructure of the chloroplasts was greatly altered and distorted in the leaves of plants whose cotyledons were removed. With increasing salinity, cotyledon removal dramatically increased the Na+ content and simultaneously reduced the K+ content in the castor bean leaves. In addition, cotyledon removal also increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and soluble sugars in the leaves of plants under salt stress. These results suggest that cotyledons can alleviate the reduction in photosynthetic capability caused by stomatal closure in the leaves of castor bean plants and can maintain the structural integrity of chloroplasts under salt stress. Moreover, cotyledons can also counteract Na+ toxicity and alleviate osmotic stress caused by salt stress. Together, these findings provide an improved understanding of cotyledon function in young castor bean seedlings under salt stress.

Ricinus communis is an important energy crop and is considered as one of the most potential plants for salt-alkali soil improvement in Northeast China. Early seedling stage (such as the cotyledon expansion stage) is always a vulnerable stage but plays a vital role in plant establishment, especially under stress conditions. However, little information exists concerning the function of cotyledon and the relationship between cotyledon and true leaf in the adaptation to salt stress and alkali stress of this species. Here, Ricinus communis seedlings were treated with varying (40, 80 and 120 mM) salinity (NaCl) and alkalinity (NaHCO3), growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence of cotyledons and true leaves were measured. The results showed that the biomass, photosynthetic parameters, and the qp value of both cotyledons and true leaves decreased with increasing salt-alkali stress, and the decrease in biomass, gs and Tr, of true leaves were much greater than that of cotyledons. Salt-alkali stress only reduced photosynthetic pigments and ΦPSII in cotyledons, but did not affect those in true leaves. Additionally, the Fv/Fm and NPQ between cotyledons and true leaves showed different trends in salinity and alkalinity. The results suggested that alkali stress could cause much more damage to the castor bean seedlings, and different physiological responses and adaptive strategies are found in cotyledons and true leaves under salt-alkali stress. This study will help us develop a better understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of cotyledon and true leaf during early seedling stage of castor bean plant, and also provide new insights into the function of cotyledon in Ricinus communis under salt-alkali stress conditions.

Nitrogen deposition and soil salinization-alkalization have become major environmental problems throughout the world.

Aralia elata buds contain many nutrients and have a pleasant taste with a unique flavour. Previous studies mainly focused on triterpene saponins in the root bark of this species, but little information existed concerning other chemical components, especially in the buds. To better understand the nutritional value of A. elata , we compared total flavonoids, total saponins, phenolic compounds and mineral element contents in the buds of A. elata collected from eight different geographical regions (S1: Benxi; S2: Linjiang; S3: Pingwu; S4: Enshi; S5: Changbaishan; S6: Shangzhi; S7: Xiaoxinganling and S8: Harbin) in China. The results showed that the basic composition in the buds presented a wide variation, with ash (8.76–10.35%), crude fibre (5.38–11.07%), polysaccharides (33.85–46.79 mg g −1 ), total flavonoid content (TFC, 4.06–48.63 mg g −1 ) and total saponins (13.62–27.85 mg g −1 ). UPLC combined with the LC-MS/MS method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis, and 11 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the eight samples. The total phenolic content in Enshi (S4) was significantly higher than others, and quercetin was the predominant phenolic compound in this sample. We used ICP-OES to identify and quantify nine mineral elements in the buds. The Fe and Cu contents in S5 were much higher than that of others. We obtained maximum Mg, Mn, Co and Ni contents in S4, and found rich Zn content in S7. Moreover, the maximum estimated quantities of Ca and Sr were found in S8. This study indicated that the chemical composition in the buds of A. elata was obviously affected by geographical origin. Our results provided an essential theoretical basis of quality evaluation of A. elata buds in the food production field.

This paper discusses a system based on Augmented Reality for Home Exhibition, which supports real-time tracking without Identification Markers, the system uses FAST corner detection and local window matching algorithm to establish the initial 3D maps. It then uses OpenGL ES Graphics Rendering Tools to make the virtual furniture models which established by MAYA on the mobile phone based on the real-time camera pose.

This paper reports a 10 W solid state green laser TEM00 mode output operation, pumped by 3 x 40 W LD arrays. The theoretical analysis of the cavity stability and operation mode selection are presented. To make the system more compact, a Brewster plate is specially designed to function both as a polariser as well as a green output coupler. In the experiment, we obtain maximum 10 W green laser TEM00 output at 10 kHz by establishing a concave-flat stable resonator. Angle mismatch in the frequency doubling is corrected by optimising the crystal temperature to maximise the laser output. The system is completely enclosed in a customised chassis, enabling further integration of scanner head for application testings as well as inhibiting environmental factors that will affect the performance of the laser.

SBA (Simulation based acquisition) is a new method to apply modeling and simulation technologies collaboratively into the whole acquisition process of weapon systems. In this paper, SOA (Service-oriented Architecture) is adopted to establish a Service-Oriented SBA supporting environment for effectively sharing and integrating different, heterogeneous acquisition resources as services. The SBA supporting environment is mainly for astronautics/aeronautics product acquisition process. Architecture of Service-Oriented SBA supporting environment is proposed and a prototype system is established to support collaborative acquisition process. The focus is put on the realization of a SBA collaborative environment, which is the core part of the SBA supporting environment. Implementation and integration of four kinds of key services and related technologies in the SBA collaborative environment are introduced separately. The services are the collaborative management service, the meta-synthesis workshop service, the collaborative modeling/simulation platform service and the collaborative PDM service.

This paper reported a high-power diode-pumped solid-state laser for material processing applications with a target of more than 60 ns pulse width at 355 nm. As known, long pulse width IR laser (around 70-100 ns) is difficult to get high conversion efficiency to UV since the peak power is more than 2 times lower than 20-30 ns laser. However, the unique long pulse width characteristic makes the laser an ideal tool for flexible PCB drilling with 30-50 μm holes and for cutting portable devices. Up to 52.2% IR to UV conversion efficiency was obtained by our novel intra-cavity harmonic generation cavity design. A 9.3W UV output at 30 kHz was demonstrated with compact intra-cavity sum frequency design. Special conduction cooling-designed LD side-pumped module provided 17.8 W fundamental IR output power with AOM q-switching. The UV output pulse width is 76 ns at 30 kHz and 140 ns at 70 kHz. The type I and type II phase matching LBOs were used for intra-cavity harmonic generations of 355 nm. The output characteristics of the IR and the harmonic generations varying with the pulse repetition rate were also investigated. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical modelling. This system will also be useful for many material processing applications such as PCB cutting and wafer scribing.

This paper presents a generic solution for multimedia communication based on simplified Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over High level architecture/Run-time Infrastructure (HLA/RTI) in distributed simulation environment. It can support bilateral/multilateral multimedia transmission for high volume audio, video, image and text data. The multimedia communication FOM/SOM is designed and a multimedia communication prototype system is constructed. Experiments show that the scheme can meet the requirements for real-time transmission and high communication efficiency. Multimedia communication has already been applied in an HLA-compliant complex distributed simulation system.

A compact highly efficient intracavity optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is demonstrated by placing an OPO cavity in a diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YLF laser. By taking into account the thermal and energy upconversion transfer effects of Nd:YLF, a power scaling model is set up to optimize and design a fundamental mode diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser. The linearly polarized Nd:YLF laser in the 1053-nm line generates 6.5, 9.2, and 11.9 W average power in TEM/sub 00/ mode at the repetition rates of 1, 2, and 4.5 kHz, respectively. A highly efficient OPO signal output is realized by using an optimized cavity design. We obtain OPO average signal powers of more than 1 W over a broadband continuous tuning range from 1650 to 2100 nm at the repetition rate of 1 kHz. The OPO signal pulsewidth is 10 ns at 1 kHz. Signal energies of 2.5, 1.55, and 0.67 mJ per pulse are produced at the repetition rates of 1, 2, and 4.5 kHz, respectively. The maximum OPO signal energy of 2.5 mJ per pulse is obtained at 1900 nm, where the pump energy is 6 mJ per pulse and the pump-to-signal efficiency is 42%. A maximum average signal power of 4.1 W is generated at 3.5 kHz.

The evaluation of pump capability and scaling the output power of Nd:YVO/sub 4/ (vanadate) lasers are presented in this paper. Taking into account thermal fracture limitation and fundamental mode operation, systematic investigations of vanadate crystals have been conducted in an effort to scale the output power of diode-pumped lasers to higher levels. Based on the limitation of pump power, the input versus output power and beam propagation factor of vanadate lasers are optimized with knowledge of the thermal lensing effect and maximum pump power. The theoretical analyzes provide a good prediction for the output power of diode-pumped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ lasers, which is in agreement with the experiment. A practical example of a single-end-pumped vanadate laser is demonstrated with continuous-wave output powers of 9.8 W in the TEM/sub oo/ mode and 12.4 W in multimode.

In high power diode pumped solid-state lasers, thermal effects in the laser medium are important factors limiting the power scaling and beam quality. Besides total pump power, pump structure, such as pump geometry, cooling scheme, laser crystal shape and dimension all affect the result of thermal effects. The theoretical modelling and calculations may only conclude approximate results with the consideration of parts of factors. This paper introduces a new technique of measuring Nd:YAG rod thermal lensing by digital holography (DH). Both dynamic and steady state can be measured by this method. The digitally recorded hologram can reveal each part of the thermal effects in the crystal, and detailed variations of thermal effects can be mapped out through digital reconstructions of the captured holograms. It can help to study the uniformity of the pump distribution in the gain medium, find "hot" spots which may result in potential crystal crack. Moreover, an integrated thermal lensing can be accurately determined. DH is an informative tool to understand thermal effects and provide a guidance for laser cavity design and simulations.

This paper reports a high power diode pump 5th harmonic generation of Nd: YAG laser system, which could generate up to 300 mW TEM00 mode output with 100 Hz repetition rate at 213 nm. A diode pump module was specially designed for a high efficiency and good beam quality at the fundamental wavelength 1064 nm. An amplifier was set up out of the cavity to boost up the energy level of fundamental wavelength. In order to get high efficiency of the 5th harmonic generation, the cavity of the fundamental wavelength is EOM Q-switched which could generate very high peak power of the fundamental wavelength laser for extra cavity harmonic generations. Finally, 14% conversion efficiency from IR to UV was achieved, which is the highest efficiency in the market to the best of our knowledge right now. 213 nm is a very good substitute wavelength of 193 nm for different UV applications, the system of which is more compact, higher energy, less maintenance and better beam quality than the system of 193 nm.

This paper reports a high power QCW diode pumped Nd:YAG laser module, which could generate up to 4 W output with 100 Hz repetition rate at 1064 nm in TEM00 mode.

In this study we focus on understanding the system imaging mechanisms given rise to the unique characteristic of discretization in digital holography. Imaging analysis with respect to the system geometries is investigated and the corresponding requirements for reliable holographic imaging are specified. In addition, the imaging capacity of a digital holographic system is analyzed in terms of space-bandwidth product. The impacts due to the discrete features of the CCD sensor that are characterized by the amount of sensitive pixels and the pixel dimension are quantified. The analysis demonstrates the favorable properties of an in-line system arrangement in both the effective field of view and imaging resolution.

In this paper we presented a pulse shaping technique on regular solid-state lasers and the application in semiconductor micromachining. With a conventional Q-switched laser, all of the parameters can be adjusted over only limited ranges, especially the pulse width and pulse shape. However, some laser link processes using traditional laser pulses with pulse widths of a few nanoseconds to a few tens of nanoseconds tend to over-crater in thicker overlying passivation layers and thereby cause IC reliability problems. Use of a laser pulse with a special shape and a fast leading edge, such as tailored pulse, is one technique for controlling link processing. The pulse shaping technique is based on light-loop controlled optical modulation to shape conventional Q-switched solid-state lasers. One advantage of the pulse shaping technique is to provide a tailored pulse shape that can be programmed to have more than one amplitude value. Moreover, it has the capability of providing programmable tailored pulse shapes with discrete amplitude and time duration components. In addition, it provides fast rising and fall time of each pulse at fairly high repetition rate at 355nm with good beam quality. The regular-to-shaped efficiency is up to 50%. We conclude with a discussion of current results for laser processing of semiconductor memory link structures using programmable temporal pulse shapes. The processing experiments showed promising results with shaped pulse.

Application of multi-core parallel computing technology in Modeling and Simulation field can promote effective schedule of multi-core computing resources. A scene matching simulation platform was built to evaluate computation efficiency of different algorithm implementation schemes. Users can select different preprocessing and matching algorithms from algorithm library and configure different algorithm parameters. Two kinds of typical multi-core computing technologies, which are OpenMP and TBB, are applied here to realize different algorithms. Simulation experiment results show that computing resources can be used more effectively and simulation efficiency of the evaluation platform can be greatly improved.

Pervasive simulation technology integrates and applies the pervasive computing technology, grid technology, distributed interactive simulation technology and Web technology to provide a simulation supporting platform. The pervasive simulation architecture can be built to encapsulate different simulation resources as services so that they can be shared and reused in WAN. It can support the access of simulation resources through the Web browser of intelligent terminals and facilitates. And the dynamical assembly and fast construction of the complex simulation systems can also be supported. In this paper, the pervasive simulation architecture based on grid and pervasive computing technology was brought forward and the six involved key technologies to construct the architecture were also researched and discussed in detail.

A hybrid method that combines experimental and numerical approaches for determining the material properties of Nd:YVO4 is reported. In the experimental investigations a laser interferometer is proposed for measuring the physical deformation of lasing materials at the end-pump surface. By matching with the measured end bulging, we have implemented a numerical solution with finite-element analyses to determine the Poisson ratio and Young’s modulus of the crystal. The accuracy interval of the evaluated Poisson ratio of 0.33 and Young’s modulus of 133 GPa is discussed numerically. Based on the mechanical properties obtained, the end effect is separated from thermal effects, and it shows that the end effect results in an approximate equal thermal lensing effect compared with the index parts for end-pumped Nd:YVO4 lasers.

We report on recent advances in the development of a 1064 nm pulsed master oscillator fiber power amplifier (MOFPA) with integrated modulators enabling programmable temporal pulse shapes and its employment in a tandem photonic amplifier. The MOFPA amplifier chain is seeded by a laser diode operated in the CW regime, yielding very stable spectral characteristics that are independent of the pulse repetition rate and pulse shape. The use of 3 GHz integrated LiNbO3 electro-optic modulators in conjunction with high speed digital electronics results in an excellent pulse shaping capability, a fine pulse amplitude stability and high repetition rate operation (100 kHz-1MHz) with fast rise times (

We report on a 355 nm tailored pulse tandem amplifier. 1064 nm tailored pulse fiber laser output was amplified in a diode-pumped Nd:vanadate amplifier and then frequency converted to produce 0.6 W at 100 KHz.

We report on recent advances in laser processing of solar cells, flexible printed circuit boards, integrated circuit packages, and semiconductor memory in the nanosecond pulsewidth regime. These process advances are enabled by innovations in lasers and continue to drive requirements for emerging pulsed solid state and fiber lasers. Demand for increased throughput is projected to push the pulse repetition frequency for pulsed solid state sources utilized in many of these applications past 100 KHz. Ongoing device miniaturization continues to enable new applications for visible and ultraviolet pulsed laser processes, particularly for semiconductor devices. This paper summarizes the current status of these select laser processes, the laser sources that power them, and the outlook for future innovations in the field.

X3D is currently the Web3D standard for modeling and rendering 3-Dimention visualization models on the Web. And Grid is the new-rising Internet computing technology to integrate and share different computing resources. In this paper, the simulation visualization environment architecture was built and the simulation visualization supporting service was realized by integrating X3D technology, grid technology and J2EE technology. It can support accessing, sharing and assembling different 3D models (such as airplanes, terrains, special effects, etc.) though Web browser. It also facilitates customizing 3D visualization simulation applications and the fast construction of simulation virtual environment. The simulation visualization environment architecture and the service realization method are introduced in detail.

Different kinds of sensors distributed in space, sky, ground and sea related in ballistic missile warning system are modeled using object-oriented method. Since each kind of sensor has distinct merit and demerit. The detection precision can be greatly enhanced using proper data fusion methods. A battlefield simulation environment is constructed based on HLA/RTI which could provide flexible interface to evaluate diverse sensors (mainly about infrared sensor and phase array radar) and different data fusion algorithms for ballistic missile defense. The data fusion simulation system can also be reused in computer generate force system to perform lager scale campaign simulation.

Grid is an integrated environment of resources and computing which is currently the research focus in the information area. Simulation grid, which integrates grid technology and M&S technology, will greatly promote the development of collaborative M&S supporting environment. An elementary simulation grid prototype system was built now and this paper emphasizes the research and realization of the complex system (such as aircraft system) oriented collaborative M&S grid services and their portals. Seven kinds of typical collaborative modeling services and their portals were realized and applied to facilitate the collaborative design process. And different application modes and the corresponding collaborative simulation services were developed and adopted to support the simulation running in the grid environment according to the different real-time requirement of the simulation systems

This paper firstly concisely introduces the research background of simulation grid, then combined with authors' ongoing project on simulation grid, the phased research achievements of simulation grid project are introduced in detail, including completed simulation grid prototype named Cosim-Grid 0.1v, parts of solved key technologies and some typical application demonstration systems of simulation grid. It is shown from the primary practice that the simulation grid developed by authors has the following new features: (1) An architecture of service oriented simulation grid, based on HLA (high level architecture), PLM (product lifecycle management) and grid/Web service, is proposed. It overcomes shortcomings of HLA on dynamical share, autonomy, fault tolerant, capability of collaboration and security mechanism. (2) A simulation grid prototype named Cosim-Grid 0.1v has been developed, which has independent copyright and is suitable for simulation application. It consists of simulation grid portal, simulation application oriented service middleware, grid middleware GOS and the simulation grid resources including various encapsulated simulation model services. (3) It extends simulation application pattern and implements new simulation method based on Internet and grid. Finally, the conclusion and some further works are given.

We describe experimental results with a diode-pumped, intracavity-doubled cw Nd:YLF laser in multilongitudinal mode and TEM00 spatial transverse mode with a critical phase-matched lithium triborate crystal. Taking into account the thermal effects of Nd:YLF, energy-transfer upconversion, and the thermal fracture limit, we set up a power-scaling model to optimize and design a fundamental diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser. A highly efficient second-harmonic laser was achieved, based on the optimized cavity design. A second-harmonic-generation output power of 20.5 W at a wavelength of 527 nm was obtained at an incident pump power of 60 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 34.2%. The TEM00 mode green laser operates at a measured M2 parameter of 1.2. The instability of the green laser power is less than +/- 1% RMS.

Grid can realize the share of computing resource, storage resource, information resource, knowledge resource and expert resource through Internet. Simulation Grid, which integrates grid technology and modeling/simulation technology, will greatly promote the development of SBA (Simulation-Based Acquisition) supporting environment and become an important tool for the modeling and simulation of complex systems. GLOBUS Project is the most representative grid research project and the Simulation Grid Architecture was build on the base of GLOBUS Toolkit so that all kinds of simulation resources can be shared and reused provided as simulation grid services. Implement technique and research status of the Simulation Grid architecture are presented in this paper in detail.

This paper presents an assumed interoperability framework of Complex Distributed Simulation System (CDSS). On the basis of it, interoperability conceptual model of C4I simulation system, distributed weapon platform Modeling and Simulation (M&S) system and Synthetic Natural Environment (SNE) is proposed. Key technologies such as C4I modeling and simulation, SNE modeling to construct CDSS and achieve interoperability are discussed. The interoperability Data Interchange Format (DIF) based on HLA OMT, called CDSS FOM, is given and introduced, which is applied in the Attack-Defense Simulation System.

The control of thermal lensing effect is of importance to scale the output power of diode-pumped solid-state lasers. It is particularly critical for end-pumped systems. In order to reduce the thermal lensing of diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 lasers, we use a composite structured crystal with an undoped end cap of YVO4 attached to the Nd:YVO4 crystal. A numerical model is setup to simulate the temperature, stress, and end bulging of the composite crystal, as well as thermal lensing. The comparisons on thermal behaviors for composite and normal Nd:YVO4 crystals are given in the paper. A diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser with output power of 15.6W under the pump power of 29W and optical-to-optical efficiency of 54% is demonstrated by using the composite crystal.