Search

Key message Leaf width was correlated with plant-level transpiration efficiency and associated with 19 QTL in sorghum, suggesting it could be a surrogate for transpiration efficiency in large breeding program. Abstract Enhancing plant transpiration efficiency (TE) by reducing transpiration without compromising photosynthesis and yield is a desirable selection target in crop improvement programs. While narrow individual leaf width has been correlated with greater intrinsic water use efficiency in C4 species, the extent to which this translates to greater plant TE has not been investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the correlation of leaf width with TE at the whole-plant scale and investigate the genetic control of leaf width in sorghum. Two lysimetry experiments using 16 genotypes varying for stomatal conductance and three field trials using a large sorghum diversity panel (n = 701 lines) were conducted. Negative associations of leaf width with plant TE were found in the lysimetry experiments, suggesting narrow leaves may result in reduced plant transpiration without trade-offs in biomass accumulation. A wide range in width of the largest leaf was found in the sorghum diversity panel with consistent ranking among sorghum races, suggesting that environmental adaptation may have a role in modifying leaf width. Nineteen QTL were identified by genome-wide association studies on leaf width adjusted for flowering time. The QTL identified showed high levels of correspondence with those in maize and rice, suggesting similarities in the genetic control of leaf width across cereals. Three a priori candidate genes for leaf width, previously found to regulate dorsoventrality, were identified based on a 1-cM threshold. This study provides useful physiological and genetic insights for potential manipulation of leaf width to improve plant adaptation to diverse environments.

Developing sorghum genotypes adapted to different light environments requires understanding of a plant’s ability to capture light, determined through leaf angle specifically. This study dissected the genetic basis of leaf angle in 3 year field trials at two sites, using a sorghum diversity panel (729 accessions). A wide range of variation in leaf angle with medium heritability was observed. Leaf angle explained 36% variation in canopy light extinction coefficient, highlighting the extent to which variation in leaf angle influences light interception at the whole-canopy level. This study also found that the sorghum races of Guinea and Durra consistently having the largest and smallest leaf angle, respectively, highlighting the potential role of leaf angle in adaptation to distinct environments. The genome-wide association study detected 33 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with leaf angle. Strong synteny was observed with previously detected leaf angle QTLs in maize (70%) and rice (40%) within 10 cM, among which the overlap was significantly enriched according to χ2 tests, suggesting a highly consistent genetic control in grasses. A priori leaf angle candidate genes identified in maize and rice were found to be enriched within a 1-cM window around the sorghum leaf angle QTLs. Additionally, protein domain analysis identified the WD40 protein domain as being enriched within a 1-cM window around the QTLs. These outcomes show that there is sufficient heritability and natural variation in the angle of upper leaves in sorghum which may be exploited to change light interception and optimize crop canopies for different contexts.

Objective: To analyze differential protein expression in the hypothalamus of insomnia rats treated by abdominal massage using proteomic assays.Methods: The insomnia model was established by single intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in rats. Then, the rats were divided into four groups, including the blank (B), insomnia model A (MA), insomnia model B (MB) and abdominal massage-treated insomnia (T) groups, with six rats in each group. Behavior experiments were carried out, and differential proteins in the hypothalamus of rats were identified and assessed for biological properties.Results: Based on weight, locomotor activity, righting reflex and Morris water maze (MWM) data, there were statistically significant differences after modeling, indicating the success of model establishment.Comparing the three groups of differential proteins, P97887 (presenilin-1) and A0A0G2JSP8 (creatine kinase) had elevated amounts after modeling and decreased levels after massage. Meanwhile, P19969 (gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5) and Q99P99 (histone deacetylase 4) were significantly decreased after modeling and significantly increased after massage treatment. Of the 4 tested proteins, 3 (presenilin-1, creatine kinase, and GABA alpha-5) showed trends consistent with mass spectrometry.Conclusion: Abdominal massage can treat insomnia by modulating P97887, A0A0G2JSP8, P19969, Q99P99 and other proteins are expressed during the treatment of insomnia.

IntroductionDysmenorrhea is the most common gynaecological symptom reported by women. Ninety percent of women presenting for primary care experience some menstrual pain. Population surveys suggest that, although prevalence rates vary considerably by geographic al location, complaints of dysmenorrhea are widespread in diverse populations. This study will evaluate the results of randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy and safety of acupuncture with or without acupoint application for the treatment of dysmenorrhea.MethodsEight databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Wanfang Database, and Web of Science, will be searched using English and Chinese search strategies. In addition, manual retrieval of research papers, conference papers, ongoing experiments, and internal reports, among others, will supplement electronic retrieval. All eligible studies published on or before December 12, 2021 will be selected. To enhance the effectiveness of the study, only clinical randomized controlled trials related to the use of acupuncture with or without acupoint application for the treatment of dysmenorrhea will be included.AnalysisThe Visual Analog Scale will be the primary outcome measure, whereas the McGill pain questionnaire, SF-36 Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety, and Self-Rating Depression scale will be the secondary outcomes. Side effects and adverse events will be included as safety evaluations. To ensure the quality of the systematic evaluation, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment will be independently performed by two authors, and a third author will resolve any disagreement.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture with or without acupoint application for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Since all included data will be obtained from published articles, it does not require ethical approval and will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.INPLASY registration numberINPLASY202230051.

Mesoporous silica is a drug carrier with strong targeting, large loading capacity, and easy modification of its surface while its toxicity draws increasing attention recently. In this study, we evaluated the impact of SBA-15 nanomaterials on hippocampal neurons. We found that SBA-15 induces oxidative damage to hippocampal neurons HT22, which further activates autophagy. Treatment with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor AZD8055, the phosphorylation level of mTOR and P70S6K reduced and increased levels of p-AMPK meaning that the adenosine-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR/P70S6K pathway is involved in SBA-15 induced autophagy of HT22. These results suggested that mesoporous silica material SBA-15 might affect central nervous cells via oxidative stress activation of the AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K pathway, which provides a theoretical basis for safe administration of such materials in patients.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a great breakthrough in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). However, whether immunotherapy beyond progression (IBP) is effective for aNSCLC has yet to be established. Therefore, a retrospective clinical study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of IBP in patients with aNSCLC under real-world conditions. METHODS: A total of 125 Chinese patients with aNSCLC who experienced progressive disease (PD) after receiving monotherapy or combination therapy (combined with chemotherapy or/and antiangiogenic therapy) with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors between January 2015 and March 2019 were enrolled. Patients who were treated with ICIs for more than 6 weeks after PD were defined as IBP (n=39), while those who received ICI treatment for less than 6 weeks or discontinued it due to PD were defined as non-IBP (n=86). Patient clinical characteristics were evaluated. An optimization-based method was applied to balance the clinical baseline characteristics between the two groups. RESULTS: In total population, the IBP group had longer overall survival (median OS, 26.6 vs. 9.5 months; HR, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.23–0.69; P

e20563 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combined with targeted therapy as a neoadjuvant therapy has been applied to the treatment of squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). However, biomarkers to predict the response are unclear. Methods: 26 SCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy of camrelizumab combined with apatinib were enrolled. Pretreatment samples of these patients were performed with whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, TCR sequencing and IHC of PD-L1 expression. Peripheral blood at different timepoints were collected and analyzed with ctDNA sequencing. Results: At baseline, tumor mutation burden was found to be associated with clinical benefit. For patients with HLA intact, tumor neoantigen burden are significantly increased in the benefited group compared with non-benefited group. Transcriptome analysis revealed that regulatory T cells were significant higher in non-benefited group. In addition, diversity of dominate T-cell receptor repertoire was found to be associated with clinical benefit. Post-treatment, the levels of ctDNA decreased in the benefited group. Conclusions: In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the genomic, tumor microenvironment and serum biomarkers in SCLC patients treated with ICI combined with targeted therapy, and found that TMB, regulatory T cells and change of ctDNA levels were associated with the clinical benefit. In addition, the combination of HLA status and TNB could further distinguish responders.

Background: Targeting immune checkpoints represents an immense breakthrough in cancer therapeutics. The prognostic value of hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated in many malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the prognostic impact of pretreatment Hb count for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced NSCLC patients remains unclear. Methods: A total of 310 late-stage NSCLC patients who received ICI therapies between January 2015 and March 2019 were prospectively enrolled. We used a propensity score-matched cohort analysis for this study. Patients’ clinicopathological characteristics and pretreatment Hb concentration were assessed against the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: A propensity score (PS)-matched cohort analysis was applied to adjust for potential bias and to create two comparable groups according to patients’ clinicopathological characteristics. The patients with normal baseline Hb levels (⩾110 g/L) had significantly longer PFS [median: 10.0 versus 4.0 months, hazard ratio (HR): 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46−0.86; p = 0.001] and OS [median: 17.6 versus 10.5 months, HR (95% CI): 0.56 (0.40−0.79); p Conclusion: Our findings showed that normal pretreatment Hb count served as a favorable prognostic marker in advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, representing an economical biomarker with readily measuring performance among all reported ones.

Insomnia is a common diseases of the elderly, tuina is a widely used treatment. At present, there is a lack of supportive evidence on efficacy and safety of tuina for senile insomnia. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness and safety of tuina therapy in the treatment of senile insomnia.Literature on tuina for senile insomnia in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang, Chinese Scientific and Journal Database, Japanese medical database, Korean Robotics Institute Summer Scholars, and Thai-Journal Citation Index Center will be conducted to search from the creation of these databases. We will search the databases from the beginning to January 2022. The primary outcome was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, and the secondary outcomes included clinical efficacy and safety. RevMan 5.4.1 will be used for the meta-analysis.This study aimed to will prove the effectiveness and safety of tuina therapy for the treatment of insomnia in the elderly.This study provides up-to-date evidence of the effectiveness and safety of tuina for the treatment of senile insomnia.INPLASY2021110063.This systematic review will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of massage therapy for insomnia in the elderly population. As all the included data have been published, systematic reviews do not require ethical approval.

e21152 Background: Chemotherapy in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor or bevacizumab have demonstrated superior efficacy to chemotherapy in the first-line treatment for non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NS-NSCLC). However, there has been no randomized study comparing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy (immune-chemo) with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (bev-chemo). Thus, we performed this network meta-analysis (NMA) to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of immune-chemo and bev-chemo as first-line treatment for NS-NSCLC. Methods: The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, and conference abstracts until Oct 2020. Bayesian NMA with fixed effect consistency model was applied to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and Odds ratio (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Results: 15 RCTs involving 6541 advanced NS-NSCLC patients were eligible for analysis. For OS, immune-chemo (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.64-0.79) and bev-chemo (0.87, 0.79-0.95) significantly prolonged survival compared with chemotherapy. For PFS, immune-chemo (0.58, 0.53-0.62) and bev-chemo (0.66, 0.61-0.71) were significantly superior to chemotherapy. For ORR, immune-chemo (2.42, 1.93-3.08) and bev-chemo (2.27, 1.75-2.92) were associated with better benefits than chemotherapy. However, immune-chemo (1.61, 1.08-2.35) and bev-chemo (1.83, 1.08-2.90) increased grade ≥3 TRATEs compared with chemotherapy. The results of Bayesian NMAs shown that immune-chemo (PFS: 0.88[0.80-0.97]; OS: 0.81[0.72-0.92]) was associated with better outcomes than bev-chemo, while there were no significant differences in ORR and the risk of grade ≥3 TRATEs (Table). Conclusions: Immune-chemo and bev-chemo are superior to chemotherapy in first-line treatment of NS-NSCLC. Immune-chemo could significantly improve clinical outcomes compared with bev-chemo without higher severe TRAEs. [Table: see text]

Background: Insomnia is a common disease associated with different nervous system stress response and endocrine disorders. It has been reported previously that abdominal vibration and ring massage therapy can significantly improve the symptoms of insomnia patients, enhance the activity of neurons. In addition, functional MRI (resting state brain functional magnetic resonance imaging [Rs_fMRI]) of the resting state brain test has proved that the functional connection between hypothalamus and parahippocampal gyrus could be significantly enhanced after abdominal massage treatment. It has been confirmed that there is possible involvement of brain–gut interaction effect in the treatment of insomnia, but there is a lack of research to elucidate the possible mechanisms of brain–gut interaction in the treatment of insomnia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the hypothalamus and intestinal interaction in the treatment of insomnia by abdominal massage. Methods and design: A single blind randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Sixty chronic insomnia volunteers and 30 healthy volunteers will be recruited for this study. Sixty insomnia volunteers will be randomly divided into a drug group and a massage group, and 30 healthy volunteers will be assigned to the healthy group. The manipulation of the treatment group will be mainly carried out through abdominal rubbing and vibration massage, once a day, 30 min/time, 5 days for a course of treatment, and a total of 4 intervention courses will be carried out. Patients in the drug group will be given orally spleen-invigorating bolus, twice a day, 1 pill in the morning and 1 pill in the evening. The course of treatment will be carried for 5 days, and a total of 4 courses of treatment will be administered. The massage group will be compared with the healthy group and the drug group by Pittsburgh Sleep Index scale (PSQI), Hyperarousal scale (HAS), Hamilton Depression scale (HAMD), Fatigue scale-14 (FS-14), and Wechsler Adult Memory scale (WAIS) scales using to observe the sleep quality. Rs-fMRI will be used to observe various BOLD signals in the brain and compare the values of Reho, fALFF, and FC. MRS technology will be used to observe the contents of GABA and 5-HT in the hypothalamus. Additionally, the contents of cortical hormone releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), COR, GABA, NE, PGE2, and 5-HT in the serum will be also detected. The serum of each group will be taken for 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) metabolomics study to analyze the various common metabolites, differential metabolites, potential metabolic biomarkers, and metabolic pathways among the 3 groups. Finally, in combination with the brain functional imaging and brain spectrum, the potential mechanism of abdominal vibration and ring massage will be discussed. Discussion: The results of this study will be used to possibly elaborate the various mechanisms of brain and intestine interaction in the treatment of insomnia by employing abdomen ring rubbing.

e21587 Background: PD-1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy is a standard of first-line therapy in advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Previous preclinical and clinical studies suggested that the combination of anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 and VEGFR-2 inhibitor apatinib significantly improved anti-tumor effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SHR-1210 in combination with apatinib for advanced LUSC patients as a first-line treatment. Methods: In this phase II study, patients diagnosed with stage IIIB or IV advanced LUSC were enrolled. All patients received SHR-1210 (200mg q2w) and apatinib (250mg po qd) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Treatment efficacy was assessed every 3 cycles (6 weeks). The primary endpoint is progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints are objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and overall survival (OS), which according to RECIST 1.1. Results: At the primary analysis (data cutoff Feb 10, 2020), 26 advanced LUSC patients had enrolled, and 17 patients of which were evaluable. Baseline characteristics were shown that median age was 67 years, male percentage was 92.3% (24/26), and clinical stage IV percentage was for 57.7% (15/26). The median follow-up time was 3.1 months (range 0.4-13.7 months) in all included patients. No complete response (CR) was reported. Partial response (PR) was achieved in 13 (76.5%) and stable disease (SD) in 4 (23.5%). The ORR and DCR in 17 evaluable patients were 76.5% and 100%, respectively. The most common treatment-related adverse events were hypertension (42.3%), rash (38.5%), hand-foot skin reaction (26.9%), and reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (RCCEP) (15.4%). Of 26 patients, 5 experienced a grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events, including one interstitial pneumonia, one hypertension, one thrombocytopenia, one RCCEP, and one aminotransferase elevation. Three patients (3/26) were reported dead, of which one died due to interstitial pneumonia and the others died of tumor progression. Twelve patients (46.2%) ever suspended treatment or adjusted the dosage of apatinib due to interstitial pneumonia, pyelonephritis, rash, thrombocytopenia, or aminotransferase elevation. Conclusions: The combination of SHR-1210 and apatinib for advanced LUSC patients was well tolerated and effective. This treatment may be a promising method for advanced LUSC as a first-line treatment. Fund Project (No: 2017FC-CXYY-3007) & Project (No: 2017MBD-013). Clinical trial information: ChiCTR1800019329.

Introduction China has the largest greenhouse production area in the word, with the rapid development of Ningxia facility agriculture, some greenhouse growers use the pesticides blindly in order to eliminate pests and increase economic efficiency. However, they are lack of the knowledge about how to use the pesticides and the individual protection consciousness of them are not high. We need to evaluate the genitourinary system health of vegetable greenhouse growers and analyse related influencing factors so as to protect these occupational population and improve their health. Methods Adopted the methods of whole group sampling at random studied on vegetable greenhouse growers in three districts and two countries of suburb in Yinchuan, collected the basic information and the pesticide exposure intensity by questionnaire. Used the logistic regression analytic method to each factor, found the influencing factors of the current state of genitourinary system in vegetable greenhouse growers, during April 2015 to May. Results In this study, 207 females and 241 males vegetable greenhouse growers were selected, the valid questionnaire return rate was 97.4%. The genitourinary system prevalence rate reached 75.8% in the female growers. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that increased the frequency of crop-spraying (OR=3.683) and chatting during crop-spraying (OR=2.532) were risk factors, while using abamectin (OR=0.311) was a protective factor. The genitourinary disease prevalence rate was only 14.11% in the male growers. The results showed that the risk factors of male genitourinary system health included age (OR=1.048), pesticides exposure classification (OR=5.11), types of mixed pesticides (OR=3.243), and the proportion of mixed pesticides (OR=0.697). The frequency of eating meat per week (OR=0.697) was the protective factor. Conclusion A higher prevalence rate of genitourinary diseases was found in female vegetable greenhouse growers in Yinchuan. Deficiency the correct pesticides use and the related protective measures are the main influencing factors.

BackgroundSelf-rated health (SRH) has been shown to be a stronger comprehensive predictor of health status than the clinical record. Although an association between specific pesticide exposures and health conditions has been reported in different populations, data on the relationship between pesticides exposure intensity (PEI) and SRH in greenhouse farmers is scarce. The aim of the current study was to evaluate this association among vegetable greenhouse farmers in Yinchuan City, western China.MethodsThree consecutive cross-sectional studies were conducted in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. Face-to-face interviews by trained investigators, using questionnaires, were performed. PEI was calculated by a validated method and then categorized into high, middle and low groups. SRH was measured via a single ten-point scale question and then divided into excellent (score >5) and poor SRH (score ≤5). A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association. Meanwhile, the dose-response and interaction effects were estimated.ResultsA steady association between high PEI and poor SRH (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05-2.28 in the full model) was identified. Although high PEI was significantly associated with poor SRH in males and the Han ethnicity group, no significant association was found with poor SRH in females or those of Hui ethnicity. Interaction effects of education level and frequency of breakfast with PEI were determined (Pinteraction = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively); synergistic enhanced effects for poor SRH were observed.ConclusionThese findings indicate that high PEI might be associated with poor SRH among vegetable greenhouse farmers. A lower education level and never eating breakfast contributed to an increased likelihood of poor SRH in those with high PEI. The local government should be making great efforts to promote healthy behaviors and improve protection awareness.

An important limitation to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the Texas High Plains is water shortage. A 2-yr study was conducted at two locations in Lubbock, TX, in 2007 and 2008 to determine the optimal irrigation and plant density for cotton production in the Texas High Plains based on yield and fiber quality. A field experiment was conducted by using a split plot design, with irrigation (0, 2.54 and 5.08 mm d–¹) as the main plot, and plant density (75,300; 150,600; and 226,000 plants ha–¹) as the subplot. Two central rows of each plot were machine harvested to determine lint yield. Fiber quality was tested by both High Volume Instrument (HVI) and Advanced Fiber Information Systems (AFIS). The results showed environmental conditions heavily impact lint yield and fiber quality. Irrigation played a significant role in yield and fiber quality. Under appropriate weather conditions at Quaker 2008, 5.08 mm d–¹ irrigation rate increased seed cotton yield by 36.4 and 214.3%, compared with 2.54 and 0 mm d–¹, respectively. Irrigation of 5.08 mm d–¹ increased fiber length by number, uniformity, and short fiber content. The fineness and maturity ratio and subsequently micronaire decreased. Plant density seemed to play a smaller role in determining yield and fiber quality. Based on profitability, higher yield did not necessarily translate to higher net returns. We concluded that weather pattern and irrigation heavily impact yield and fiber quality in the Texas High Plains.

Background PD-1 antibody plus chemotherapy is a standard first-line therapy in patients with advanced lung squamous carcinoma. Previous study suggested that the combination of anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 and VEGFR 2 inhibitor apatinib significantly improved antitumor effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SHR-1210 in combination with apatinib for advanced lung squamous carcinoma patients as a first-line treatment. Methods Stage IIIB or IV advanced lung squamous carcinoma patients were enrolled in this open-label, single-center, single-arm phase II study. Patients received SHR-1210 (200mg q2w) and apatinib (250mg po qd) until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Treatment efficacy was assessed every 3 cycles (6 weeks). The primary end point is progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points are objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and overall survival (OS), which according to RECIST 1.1. Results At data cut-off (July 8, 2019), 12 advanced lung squamous carcinoma patients were enrolled in the study, of which 7 patients were evaluable. Median age was 67 years, male accounts for 91.7% (11/12), clinical stage IV for 83.3% (10/12). All included patients at a median follow-up of 2.3 months (range 0.4-6.5 months). No patient achieved complete response (CR). Partial response (PR) was achieved by 6 (85.7%) patients and stable disease (SD) exhibited by 1 (14.3%) patient. The ORR and DCR were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. Grade II adverse events were observed in 4 (33.3%) patients with interstitial pneumonia (1 patient), hand-foot skin reaction (2 patients) or rash (1 patient). One patient (1/12) died after 6 months treatment due to interstitial pneumonia and one patient was assessed by PD after 5.5 months treatment. Four patients ever suspended treatment due to interstitial pneumonia, pyelonephritis, rash or pneumothorax. Conclusions The combination of SHR-1210 and apatinib for advanced lung squamous carcinoma patients may be a promising method as a first-line treatment. Clinical trial identification ChiCTR1800019329 (Chinese Clinical Tiral Registry). Date of Registration: 2018-11-06. Legal entity responsible for the study Jinliang, Wang. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.