Search

Abstract Controllable engineering of thin lithium (Li) metal is essential for increasing the energy density of solid-state batteries and clarifying the interfacial evolution mechanisms of a lithium metal negative electrode. However, fabricating a thin lithium electrode faces significant challenges due to the fragility and high viscosity of Li metal. Herein, through facile treatment of Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZTO) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, its surface Li2CO3 species is converted into a lithiophilic layer with LiCF3SO3 and LiF components. It enables the thickness control of Li metal negative electrodes, ranging from 0.78 μm to 30 μm. Quasi-solid-state lithium-metal battery with an optimized 7.54 μm-thick lithium metal negative electrode, a commercial LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 positive electrode, and a negative/positive electrode capacity ratio of 1.1 shows a 500 cycles lifespan with a final discharge specific capacity of 99 mAh g−1 at 2.35 mA cm−2 and 25 °C. Through multi-scale characterizations of the thin lithium negative electrode, we clarify the multi-dimensional compositional evolution and failure mechanisms of lithium-deficient and -rich regions (0.78 μm and 7.54 μm), on its surface, inside it, or at the Li/LLZTO interface.

Abstract Changes in diet causing ecological stress pose a significant challenge to animal survival. In response, the gut microbiota, a crucial part of the host’s digestive system, exhibits patterns of change reflective of alterations in the host’s food component. The impact of temporal dietary shifts on gut microbiota has been elucidated through multidimensional modeling of both food component and macronutrient intake. However, the broad distribution of wild generalist and the intricate complexity of their food component hinder our capacity to ascertain the degree to which their gut microbiota assist in adapting to spatial dietary variations. We examined variation in patterns of the gut microbial community according to changes in diet and in a colobine monkey with a regional variable diet, the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Specifically, we analyse the interactions between variation in food component, macronutrient intake and the gut microbial community. We compared monkeys from four populations by quantifying food component and macronutrient intake, and by sequencing 16S rRNA and the microbial macro-genomes from the faecal samples of 44 individuals. We found significant differences in the diets and gut microbial compositions, in nutrient space and macronutrient intake among some populations. Variations in gut microbiota composition across distinct populations mirror the disparities in macronutrient intake, with a notable emphasis on carbohydrate. Geographical differences in the diet among of golden snub-nosed monkey populations will result in macronutrient intake variation, with corresponding differences in macronutrient intake driving regional differences in the compositions and abundances of gut microbiota. Importantly, the gut microbiota associated with core digestive functions does not vary, with the non-core gut microbiota fluctuating in response to variation in macronutrient intake. This characteristic may enable species heavily reliant on gut microbiota for digestion to adapt to diet changes. Our results further the understanding of the roles gut microbiota play in the formation of host dietary niches.

Abstract Background Coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with a high occurrence of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Preliminary evidence suggested that enhanced recovery after surgery can effectively reduce the occurrence of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. However, enhanced recovery after surgery with systematic integration of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (ERAS-CaRe) into for Coronary artery bypass grafting has not been evaluated so far. We thus design the ERAS-CaRe randomized-controlled trial to evaluate possible superiority of embedding cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in ERAS over ERAS alone as well as to investigate effects of differential timing of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation within enhanced recovery after surgery (pre-, post-, perio-operative) on post-operative cardiopulmonary complications following Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods ERAS-CaRe is a pragmatic, randomized-controlled, parallel four-arm, clinical trial. Three hundred sixty patients scheduled for Coronary artery bypass grafting in two Chinese hospitals will be grouped randomly into (i) Standard enhanced recovery after surgery or (ii) pre-operative ERAS-CaRe or (iii) post-operative ERAS-CaRe or (iv) perio-operative ERAS-CaRe. Primary outcome is the occurrence of cardiopulmonary complications at 10 days after Coronary artery bypass grafting. Secondary outcomes include the occurrence of other individual complications including cardiac, pulmonary, stroke, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal event, ICU delirium rate, reintubation rate, early drainage tube removal rate, unplanned revascularization rate, all-cause mortality, ICU readmission rate, plasma concentration of myocardial infarction-related key biomarkers etc. Discussion The trial is designed to evaluate the hypothesis that a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation based enhanced recovery after surgery program reduces the occurrence of cardiopulmonary complications following Coronary artery bypass grafting and to determine optimal timing of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation within enhanced recovery after surgery. The project will contribute to increasing the currently limited knowledge base in the field as well as devising clinical recommendations. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on 25 August 2023 (ChiCTR2300075125; date recorded: 25/8/2023, https://www.chictr.org.cn/ ).

Abstract Purpose Inflammation may play a role in the mechanism of postoperative delirium (POD), a severe complication among older postoperative patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of POD in postoperative patients with hip fracture, especially the inflammation marker– neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Methods This retrospective investigation utilized data from the Seventh Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army. 1,242 Eligible patients with hip fracture (829 females), median age 81 years, mean neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) 5.28, were enrolled. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to identify the optimal cut point of NLR for POD. The relationship between NLR and POD occurrence, NLR and POD duration were analyzed by multivariable analysis. Results ROC curve showed that the optimal cut point of NLR for POD was NLR ≥ 7.6. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR ≥ 7.6 (odds ratio [OR] 2.75, [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51 to 5.02], p = 0.001), stroke (OR 1.05, [95% CI 1.02 to 1.09], p = 0.005), complications, general anesthesia, long length of stay were risk factors of POD, with the largest effect for NLR ≥ 7.6. NLR ≥ 7.6 (β 0.59, [95% CI 0.209 to 0.886], p = 0.038), older age (β 0.054, [95% CI 0.009 to 0.099], p = 0.019), previous stroke (β 0.908, [95% CI 0.085 to 1.731], p = 0.031), and previous heart failure (β 1.679, [95% CI 0.448 to 2.910], p = 0.008) suggested long POD duration. Conclusions This study demonstrates an association between NLR and postoperative delirium in geriatric hip fracture patients, and contribute new evidence to support NLR as a potential marker for prediction of POD and POD duration.

Abstract The polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) can describe the changes between the Stokes vectors of incident and reflected light. The existing model can only describe the spatial distribution of the target’s polarization characteristics at a single wavelength, so further research is needed for the description of the target’s polarized spectral characteristics. In this paper, a modified three-component polarized spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pSBRDF) is proposed, which combines Fresnel equation in the specular reflection component with Cauchy’s empirical dispersion equation, by introducing the wavelength variable and dispersion constants that do not change with wavelength. The degree of the linear polarization (DoLP) of two types of coated fabric samples was measured at three incident angles and 400 to 760 nm wavelength. The error of the model in describing the spectral and the spatial distribution of DoLP are controlled within 0.00743 and 0.0757 respectively, which proves the accuracy of the model. This research provides the model basis for analysis of the target’s polarization characteristics and the theoretical basis for the application of polarization detection.

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision is a standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. Mismatch repair-deficient locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) was highly sensitive to PD-1 blockade. However, most rectal cancers are microsatellite stable (MSS) or mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) subtypes for which PD-1 blockade is ineffective. Radiation can trigger the activation of CD8 + T cells, further enhancing the responses of MSS/pMMR rectal cancer to PD-1 blockade. Radioimmunotherapy offers a promising therapeutic modality for rectal cancer. Progenitor T exhausted cells are abundant in tumour-draining lymph nodes and play an important role in immunotherapy. Conventional irradiation fields include the mesorectum and regional lymph nodes, which might cause considerable damage to T lymphocytes and radiation-induced fibrosis, ultimately leading to a poor response to immunotherapy and rectal fibrosis. This study investigated whether node-sparing modified short-course irradiation combined with chemotherapy and PD-1 blockade could be effective in patients with MSS/ pMMR LARC. Methods This was a open-label, single-arm, multicentre, prospective phase II trial. 32 LARC patients with MSS/pMMR will receive node-sparing modified short-course radiotherapy (the irradiated planned target volume only included the primary tumour bed but not the tumour-draining lymph nodes, 25 Gy/5f, 5 Gy/f) followed by CAPOX and tislelizumab. CAPOX and tislelizumab will be started two days after the completion of radiotherapy: oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 intravenous infusion, day 1; capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 oral administration, days 1–14; and tislelizumab 200 mg, intravenous infusion, day 1. There will be four 21-day cycles. TME will be performed at weeks 14–15. We will collect blood, tumour, and lymphoid specimens; perform flow cytometry and in situ multiplexed immunofluorescence detection; and analyse the changes in various lymphocyte subsets. The primary endpoint is the rate of pathological complete response. The organ preservation rate, tumour regression grade, local recurrence rate, disease-free survival, overall survival, adverse effects, and quality of life will also be analysed. Discussion In our research, node-sparing modified radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy probably increased the responsiveness of immunotherapy for MSS/pMMR rectal cancer patients, reduced the occurrence of postoperative rectal fibrosis, and improved survival and quality of life. This is the first clinical trial to utilize a node-sparing radiation strategy combined with chemotherapy and PD-1 blockade in the neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer, which may result in a breakthrough in the treatment of MSS/pMMR rectal cancer. Trial registration This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov . Trial registration number: NCT05972655. Date of registration: 31 July 2023.

Abstract This study investigates a novel tracking control with prescribed performance for an uncertain nonlinear 2‐DOF helicopter subject to actuator failure. The control design aims to address partial actuator faults, and to mitigate their effects, an adaptive auxiliary variable is introduced. Additionally, a neural network is employed to accurately approximate the system uncertainties. The prescribed performance is formulated as time‐varying constraints, and the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) technique is applied to achieve the constrained control. Finally, the stability analysis of the closed‐loop system is provided, and the validity of the proposed control scheme is illustrated through a simulation study on the 2‐DOF helicopter system.

Abstract Owing to the controllable growth and large-area synthesis for high-density integration, interest in employing atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for synaptic transistors is increasing. In particular, substitutional doping of 2D materials allows flexible modulation of material physical properties, facilitating precise control in defect engineering for eventual synaptic plasticity. In this study, to increase the switch ratio of synaptic transistors, we selectively performed experiments on WS2 and introduced niobium (Nb) atoms to serve as the channel material. The Nb atoms were substitutionally doped at the W sites, forming a uniform distribution across the entire flakes. The synaptic transistor devices exhibited an improved switch ratio of 103, 100 times larger than that of devices prepared with undoped WS2. The Nb atoms in WS2 play crucial roles in trapping and detrapping electrons. The modulation of channel conductivity achieved through the gate effectively simulates synaptic potentiation, inhibition, and repetitive learning processes. The Nb-WS2 synaptic transistor achieves 92.30% recognition accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit dataset after 125 training iterations. This study’s contribution extends to a pragmatic and accessible atomic doping methodology, elucidating the strategies underlying doping techniques for channel materials in synaptic transistors.

Abstract Currently, even the most effective anti-cancer therapies are often limited by the development of drug resistance and tumor relapse, which is a major challenge facing current cancer research. A deep understanding of the molecular and biochemical bases of drug efficacy that can help predict the clinical drug resistance, coupled with the evolution of systematic genomic and proteomic technologies, have facilitated studies identifying and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we focus on several important issues on cancer drug resistance and provide a framework for understanding the common ways by which cancers develop resistance to therapeutic agents. With the increasing arsenal of novel anticancer agents and techniques, there are now unprecedented opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance. The proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, immunotherapy, nanomedicine, and real-time monitoring of drug response all provide effective approaches for combating drug resistance. In addition to the advancement of therapeutic technologies, the revolution of treatment concept is also of great importance. We can take advantage of the interplay between drug sensitive and resistant subclones for combating cancer. However, there remains a long way to go in the protracted war against cancer drug resistance.

Background Metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in which the abnormalities in brown adipose tissue (BAT) play important roles. However, the cellular composition and function of BAT as well as its pathological significance in diabetes remain incompletely understood. Our objective is to delineate the single-cell landscape of BAT-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and their characteristic alterations in T2DM rats. Methods T2DM was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin and high-fat diet feeding. Single-cell mRNA sequencing was then performed on BAT samples and compared to normal rats to characterize changes in T2DM rats. Subsequently, the importance of key cell subsets in T2DM was elucidated using various functional studies. Results Almost all cell types in the BAT-derived SVF of T2DM rats exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses, increased angiogenesis, and disordered glucose and lipid metabolism. The multidirectional differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells was also reduced. Moreover, macrophages played a pivotal role in intercellular crosstalk of BAT-derived SVF. A novel Rarres2+macrophage subset promoted the differentiation and metabolic function of brown adipocytes via adipose-immune crosstalk. Conclusion BAT SVF exhibited strong heterogeneity in cellular composition and function and contributed to T2DM as a significant inflammation source, in which a novel macrophage subset was identified that can promote brown adipocyte function.

Abstract In the phase 3 Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial (NCT04470427), post-dose two Ancestral Spike-specific binding (bAb) and neutralizing (nAb) antibodies were shown to be correlates of risk (CoR) and of protection against Ancestral-lineage COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 naive participants. In the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron era, Omicron subvariants with varying degrees of immune escape now dominate, seropositivity rates are high, and booster doses are administered, raising questions on whether and how these developments affect the bAb and nAb correlates. To address these questions, we assess post-boost BA.1 Spike-specific bAbs and nAbs as CoRs and as correlates of booster efficacy in COVE. For naive individuals, bAbs and nAbs inversely correlate with Omicron COVID-19: hazard ratios (HR) per 10-fold marker increase (95% confidence interval) are 0.16 (0.03, 0.79) and 0.31 (0.10, 0.96), respectively. In non-naive individuals the analogous results are similar: 0.15 (0.04, 0.63) and 0.28 (0.07, 1.08). For naive individuals, three vs two-dose booster efficacy correlates with predicted nAb titer at exposure, with estimates -8% (-126%, 48%), 50% (25%, 67%), and 74% (49%, 87%), at 56, 251, and 891 Arbitrary Units/ml. These results support the continued use of antibody as a surrogate endpoint.

In this study, the microstructure evolution and aging behavior of surface-nanocrystallized WE43 Mg alloy induced by ultrasonic shot peening at a cryogenic temperature were examined. The results reveal that the original coarse grains with an average grain size of 46.7 μm were refined to nanocrystalline grains with 31.5 nm in the nanocrystalline region, demonstrating a marked grain refinement effect. After aging treatment, the nanocrystalline region experienced two aging stages. During Stage Ⅰ, there was a rapid increase in hardness, and in Stage Ⅱ, it reached a maximum of 154.2 HV, representing a 105.6% improvement over the solution-treated alloy. Further microstructural characterization indicates that solute segregation initially occurred along the grain boundaries, leading to a rapid increase in hardness during Stage Ⅰ. Subsequently, two types of precipitates were observed both at the grain boundaries and within the grains during Stage Ⅱ, with the combined effects of solute segregation and precipitation contributing to a further increase in hardness.

Abstract In practical engineering applications, factors like dust adhesion and environmental changes can cause photovoltaic arrays to exhibit multiple peaks in output power. An optimization algorithm with global optimization capability is needed to track its maximum power. In this regard, this paper proposes an improved marine predator algorithm (IMPA) to extract the maximum power point of photovoltaic system under complex solar irradiation conditions. To overcome the issues in the traditional marine predator algorithm (MPA), the opposition-based learning(OBL) strategy is introduced in IMPA, and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is integrated into the iteration stage to enhance the search ability of the algorithm. Furthermore, the low-order converter in the traditional MPPT control system is replaced by the Zeta converter, which increases the operating voltage range. Ultimately, simulation results demonstrate that the MPPT based on IMPA has higher tracking efficiency and shorter response time.The experimental results also indicate the practical feasibility of this method, as well as its high level of stability and robustness.

Abstract Primary vaccination with mRNA-1273 (100-µg) was safe and efficacious at preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the previously reported, blinded Part A of the phase 3 Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE; NCT04470427) trial in adults (≥18 years) across 99 U.S. sites. The open-label (Parts B and C) primary objectives were evaluation of long-term safety and effectiveness of primary vaccination plus a 50-µg booster dose; immunogenicity was a secondary objective. Of 29,035 open-label participants, 19,609 received boosters (mRNA-1273 [n = 9647]; placebo-mRNA-1273 [n = 9952]; placebo [n = 10] groups). Booster safety was consistent with that reported for primary vaccination. Incidences of COVID-19 and severe COVID-19 were higher during the Omicron BA.1 than Delta variant waves and boosting versus non-boosting was associated with a significant, 47.0% (95% CI : 39.0-53.9%) reduction of Omicron BA.1 incidence (24.6 [23.4 − 25.8] vs 46.4 [40.6 − 52.7]/1000 person-months). In an exploratory Cox regression model adjusted for time-varying covariates, a longer median interval between primary vaccination and boosting (mRNA-1273 [13 months] vs placebo-mRNA-1273 [8 months]) was associated with significantly lower, COVID-19 risk (24.0% [16.0% − 32.0%]) during Omicron BA.1 predominance. Boosting elicited greater immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 than primary vaccination, irrespective of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Primary vaccination and boosting with mRNA-1273 demonstrated acceptable safety, effectiveness and immunogenicity against COVID-19, including emergent variants.

Abstract Adenoid hypertrophy can lead to adenoidal mouth breathing, which can result in “adenoid face” and, in severe cases, can even lead to respiratory tract obstruction. The Fujioka ratio method, which calculates the ratio of adenoid (A) to nasopharyngeal (N) space in an adenoidal-cephalogram (A/N), is a well-recognized and effective technique for detecting adenoid hypertrophy. However, this process is time-consuming and relies on personal experience, so a fully automated and standardized method needs to be designed. Most of the current deep learning-based methods for automatic diagnosis of adenoids are CNN-based methods, which are more sensitive to features similar to adenoids in lateral views and can affect the final localization results. In this study, we designed a local attention-based method for automatic diagnosis of adenoids, which takes AdeBlock as the basic module, fuses the spatial and channel information of adenoids through two-branch local attention computation, and combines the downsampling method without losing spatial information. Our method achieved mean squared error (MSE) 0.0023, mean radial error (MRE) 1.91, and SD (standard deviation) 7.64 on the three hospital datasets, outperforming other comparative methods.

The vast amount of data generated by large-scale open online course platforms provide a solid foundation for the analysis of learning behavior in the field of education. This study utilizes the historical and final learning behavior data of over 300 000 learners from 17 courses offered on the edX platform by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the 2012–2013 academic year. We have developed a spike neural network to predict learning outcomes, and analyzed the correlation between learning behavior and outcomes, aiming to identify key learning behaviors that significantly impact these outcomes. Our goal is to monitor learning progress, provide targeted references for evaluating and improving learning effectiveness, and implement intervention measures promptly. Experimental results demonstrate that the prediction model based on online learning behavior using spiking neural network achieves an impressive accuracy of 99.80%. The learning behaviors that predominantly affect learning effectiveness are found to be students’ academic performance and level of participation.

ABSTRACT Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a large-vessel disease with high mortality, characterized by complex pathogenic mechanisms. Current therapeutic approaches remain insufficient to halt its progression. Fungi are important members of the gut microbiota. However, their characteristic alterations and roles in AAA remain unclear. This study investigated the role of gut fungal communities in the development of AAA through metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from 31 healthy individuals and 33 AAA patients. We observed significant dysbiosis in the gut mycobiomes of AAA patients compared to healthy individuals, characterized by an increase in pathogenic fungi like Candida species and a decrease in beneficial yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The changes in fungal populations correlated strongly with clinical indicators of AAA, highlighting their potential for diagnosing and predicting AAA progression. Furthermore, our animal experiments demonstrated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae significantly ameliorated pathological alterations in AAA mice, suggesting a protective role for specific yeast strains against AAA development. These findings underscore the significant impact of gut mycobiomes on AAA and suggest that modulating these fungal communities could offer a novel therapeutic approach. Our research advances the understanding of the influence of gut microbiome on vascular diseases and suggests potential non-surgical approaches for managing AAA. By elucidating the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of gut fungi in AAA, this study provided important clues for future clinical strategies and therapeutic developments in the field of vascular medicine.IMPORTANCEOur research highlights the crucial role of gut fungi in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. By analyzing fecal samples from AAA patients and healthy controls, we discovered significant dysbiosis in gut fungal communities, characterized by an increase in harmful Candida species and a decrease in beneficial yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This dysbiosis was correlated with the severity of AAA. Importantly, in animal experiments, supplementing with Saccharomyces cerevisiae significantly slowed AAA progression. These findings suggest that modulating gut fungi may offer a novel, non-surgical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of AAA, potentially reducing the need for invasive procedures.

Background: Ambient air pollution has become a challenging global health issue since industrialization, especially affecting respiratory diseases. However, the causal link between air pollution and allergic respiratory diseases (ARDs) remains unclear due to confounding factors in conventional epidemiological studies across different populations. Thus, we aimed to clarify the causal associations between air pollution and ARDs in European and East Asian populations using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: MR utilizes genetic variants and provides a satisfactory level of causal evidence. Genetic data for exposures (PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10, PMcoarse, NO2 and NOx) and outcomes (allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and obesity related asthma) were obtained from genome-wide association studies. Instrumental variables were strictly filtered based on core assumptions. Two-sample MR and sensitivity analyses were conducted separately for European and East Asian populations. Results: PMcoarse was causally associated with an increased risk of chronic rhinosinusitis (OR = 1.588 [1.002–2.518]; p = 0.049) and obesity related asthma (OR = 1.956 [1.012–3.780]; p = 0.046) in European population, and PM10 was associated with a decreased risk of allergic rhinitis in East Asian population (OR = 0.882 [0.798–0.974]; p = 0.013). No heterogeneity or pleiotropy was detected in any significant causal association. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that ambient air pollution has opposite impacts on the etiology of ARDs in European and East Asian populations, which provides evidence for decisions on public policies and suggests that different responses to environmental factors such as air pollution may contribute to racial heterogeneity of ARDs.

Abstract The translation of discoveries on extracellular vesicle (EV) based cancer biomarkers to personalised precision oncology requires the development of robust, sensitive and specific assays that are amenable to adoption in the clinical laboratory. Whilst a variety of elegant approaches for EV liquid biopsy have been developed, most of them remain as research prototypes due to the requirement of a high level of microfabrication and/or sophisticated instruments. Hence, this study is set to develop a simple DNA aptamer‐enabled and fluorescence polarisation‐based homogenous assay that eliminates the need to separate unbound detection ligands from the bound species for EV detection. High specificity is achieved by immobilising EVs with one set of antibodies and subsequently detecting them with a DNA aptamer targeting a distinct EV biomarker. This two‐pronged strategy ensures the removal of most, if not all, non‐EV substances in the input biofluids, including soluble proteins, protein aggregates or non‐vesicular particles, prior to quantifying biomarker‐positive EVs. A limit of detection of 5.0 × 106 EVs/mL was achieved with a linear quantification range of 5.0 × 108 to 2.0 × 1010 EVs/mL. Facilitated by a multiple parametric analysis strategy, this aptamer‐guided fluorescence polarisation assay was capable of distinguishing EVs from three different types of solid cancer cells based on quantitative differences in the levels of the same sets of biomarkers on EVs. Given the simplicity of the method and its ease of implementation in automated clinical biochemistry analysers, this assay could be exploited for future EV‐based continuous and real‐time monitoring of the emergence of new macro‐ or micro‐metastasis, cancer progression as well as the response to treatment throughout different stages of cancer management in the clinic.

ObjectiveFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a secreted protein that regulates body metabolism. In recent years, many observational studies have found that FGF21 is closely related to bone mineral density and osteoporosis, but the causal relationship between them is still unclear. Therefore, this study used two-sample, mediated Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between FGF21 and osteoporosis and bone mineral density.MethodsWe conducted a two-sample, mediator MR Analysis using genetic data from publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that included genetic variants in the inflammatory cytokine FGF21, and Total body bone mineral density, Heel bone mineral density, Forearm bone mineral density, Femoral neck bone mineral density, osteoporosis. The main analysis method used was inverse variance weighting (IVW) to investigate the causal relationship between exposure and outcome. In addition, weighted median, simple median method, weighted median method and MR-Egger regression were used to supplement the explanation, and sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability of the results.ResultsMR Results showed that FGF21 overexpression reduced bone mineral density: Total body bone mineral density (OR=0.920, 95%CI: 0.876-0.966), P=0.001), Heel bone mineral density (OR=0.971, 95%CI (0.949-0.993); P=0.01), Forearm bone mineral density (OR=0.882, 95%CI(0.799-0.973); P=0.012), Femoral neck bone mineral density (OR=0.952, 95%CI(0.908-0.998), P=0.039); In addition, it also increased the risk of osteoporosis (OR=1.003, 95%CI (1.001-1.005), P=0.004). Sensitivity analysis supported the reliability of these results. The effect of FGF21 overexpression on osteoporosis may be mediated by type 2 diabetes mellitus and basal metabolic rate, with mediating effects of 14.96% and 12.21%, respectively.ConclusionsOur study suggests that the overexpression of FGF21 may lead to a decrease in bone mineral density and increase the risk of osteoporosis, and the effect of FGF21 on osteoporosis may be mediated through type 2 diabetes and basal metabolic rate. This study can provide a reference for analyzing the potential mechanism of osteoporosis and is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Abstract Identification of somatic mutations (SMs) is essential for characterizing cancer genomes. While DNA-seq is the prevalent method for identifying SMs, RNA-seq provides an alternative strategy to discover tumor mutations in the transcribed genome. Here, we have developed a machine learning based pipeline to discover SMs based on RNA-seq data (designated as RNA-SMs). Subsequently, we have conducted a pan-cancer analysis to systematically identify RNA-SMs from over 8,000 tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In this way, we have identified over 105,000 novel SMs that had not been reported in previous TCGA studies. These novel SMs have significant clinical implications in designing targeted therapy for improved patient outcomes. Further, we have combined the SMs identified by both RNA-seq and DNA-seq analyses to depict an updated mutational landscape across 32 cancer types. This new online SM atlas, OncoDB ( https://oncodb.org ), offers a more complete view of gene mutations that underline the development and progression of various cancers.

Abstract Background Congenital dislocation of the knee is characterised by excessive knee extension or dislocation and anterior subluxation of the proximal tibia, and this disease can occur independently or coexist with different systemic syndromes. Nevertheless, significant controversy surrounds treating this disease when combined with hip dislocation. This paper presents a case of a 4-month-old patient diagnosed with bilateral hip dislocation combined with this disease. The study discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment methods and reviews relevant literature. Case presentation We reported a case of a 4-month-old female infant with congenital dislocation of the right knee joint, which presented as flexion deformity since birth. Due to limitations in local medical conditions, she did not receive proper and effective diagnosis and treatment. Although the flexion deformity of her right knee joint partially improved without treatment, it did not fully recover to normal. When she was 4 months old, she came to our hospital for consultation, and we found that she also had congenital dislocation of both hip joints and atrial septal defect. We performed staged treatment for her, with the first stage involving surgical intervention and plaster orthosis for her congenital dislocation of the right knee joint, and the second stage involving closed reduction and plaster fixation orthosis for her congenital hip joint dislocation. Currently, the overall treatment outcome is satisfactory, and she is still under follow-up observation. Conclusions Early initiation of treatment is generally advised, as nonsurgical methods prove satisfactory for mild cases. However, surgical intervention should be considered in cases with severe stiffness, unresponsive outcomes to conservative treatment, persistent deformities, or diagnoses and treatments occurring beyond the first month after birth.

Abstract Strong field ionization injects a transient vacancy in the atom which is entangled to the outgoing photoelectron. When the electron is finally detached, the ion is populated at different excited states with part of coherence information lost. The preserved coherence of matter after interacting with intense short pulses has important consequences on the subsequent nonequilibrium evolution and energy relaxation. Here we employ attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to measure the time-delay of resonant transitions of krypton vacancy during their creation. We have observed that the absorptions by the two spin-orbit split states are modulated at different paces when varying the time-delay between the near-infrared pumping pulse and the attosecond probing pulse. It is shown that the coupling of the ions with the remaining field leads to a suppression of ionic coherence. Comparison between theory and experiments uncovers that coherent Raman coupling induces time-delay between the resonant absorptions, which provides insight into laser-ion interactions enriching attosecond chronoscopy.

Abstract Glymphatic transport is vital for the physiological homeostasis of the retina and optic nerve. Pathological alterations of ocular glymphatic fluid transport and enlarged perivascular spaces have been described in glaucomatous mice. It remains to be established how diabetic retinopathy, which impairs vision in about 50% of diabetes patients, impacts ocular glymphatic fluid transport. Here, we examined ocular glymphatic transport in chronic hyperglycemic diabetic mice as well as in healthy mice experiencing a daily transient increase in blood glucose. Mice suffering from severe diabetes for two and four months, induced by streptozotocin, exhibited no alterations in ocular glymphatic fluid transport in the optic nerve compared to age-matched, non-diabetic controls. In contrast, transient increases in blood glucose induced by repeated daily glucose injections in healthy, awake, non-diabetic mice accelerated antero- and retrograde ocular glymphatic transport. Structural analysis showed enlarged perivascular spaces in the optic nerves of glucose-treated mice, which were absent in diabetic mice. Thus, transient repeated hyperglycemic events, but not constant hyperglycemia, ultimately enlarge perivascular spaces in the murine optic nerve. These findings indicate that fluid transport in the mouse eye is vulnerable to fluctuating glycemic levels rather than constant hyperglycemia, suggesting that poor glycemic control drives glymphatic malfunction and perivascular enlargement in the optic nerve.

In order to study the effects of strain (ɛ) and strain rate (ε˙) on the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and solid-state welding behaviors of aluminum alloys, hot compression welding experiments with different strains and strain rates on 6063 aluminum alloys were conducted in this paper. The microstructures of the welding zones and near the welding interfaces were observed and characterized. The results show that continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) is not the only DRX mode during hot deformation process of aluminum alloys. The DRX and interfacial bonding behaviors are influenced by strain rate. The dominant DRX mode is CDRX at a strain rate of 0.1 s−1, while discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) dominates when the strain rate increases to 30 s−1. This is because a lower strain rate is conducive to dynamic recovery (DRV) and subgrain rotation, which then excites CDRX, while a higher strain rate is conducive to grain boundary bulging. The interfacial closure under CDRX action is mainly dependent on engulfing and growing of the DRX grains, while that under DDRX action is mainly dependent on interface grain boundaries (IGBs) migration.

In this paper, CrMnFeCoNiMo high entropy alloy coating was prepared on 304 stainless steel by plasma cladding technology. The effects of different heat treatment processes on the microstructure, hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of high entropy alloy coatings were studied. The XRD and SEM images of the coating show that the phase structure is mainly Ni–Cr–Co–Mo phase. The impurity phase-[CrFe] solid solution and Ni3Fe phase will be formed between 950 °C and 1050 °C. The homogenization effect of the coating composition is more excellent under the heat treatment conditions of 950 °C and more than 1 h holding time. The hardness of the coating is relatively high at 850 °C heat treatment temperature and holding for 1 h, which is 670 HV0.2. When the temperature rises to 950 °C and 1050 °C, the hardness of the coating decreases. The coating has relatively high wear resistance at 950 °C heat treatment temperature and holding for 1 h, and the friction coefficient is about 0.27. Moreover, under this heat treatment condition, the surface composition of the coating is uniform and the corrosion resistance is good. The self-corrosion current is 1.325 × 10−7 A and the self-corrosion potential is −0.202 V.

In this paper, a hollow Al–Li alloy profile was taken as an example, and the optimization design method of Al–Li alloy porthole die was given. Compared with the basic die design, the optimized die reduces the standard deviations of velocity and temperature as well as the maximum equivalent stress, resulting in a significant reduction of the distortion degree of the extruded profile, and the optimized die meets the strength requirements. The microstructures, mechanical properties and strain distributions of the longitudinal welds and matrices of the extruded profile were analyzed. It is found that the longitudinal welds are well welded without macro/micro defects. The fracture of tensile specimens all occurred at the matrices instead of welds, and the mechanical properties in the thick-walled matrices are much lower than those in the thin-walled matrices. The grain size in the thick-wall matrices is much coarser and more ununiform than that in the thin-walled matrices, which is caused by the low strain in the thick-walled matrices. For increasing the strain amount and uniformity of local zone of the extruded profile, an innovative method through adding baffle-blocks in the portholes was proposed.

To reduce heat absorption and accumulation in asphalt pavements for permafrost highways, a thermal resistant stone mastic asphalt mixture (TRSMA) was developed by partially substitute basalt aggregates in the stone mastic asphalt mixture (SMA) with calcined bauxite (CB) aggregates. Image processing and analysis methods were employed to quantify the distribution of CB aggregates in TRSMA. Thermal conductivity test, wheel tracking test, and moisture sensitivity test were conducted to evaluate the influences of CB content (20 %, 40 %, 60 %, and 80 % based on 5–10 mm basalt) on the thermal conductivity, rutting resistance, and moisture sensitivity of TRSMA. Results demonstrated that as the CB content increased, the thermal conductivity of TRSMA decreased. Compared to SMA-13, TRSMA-20, TRSMA-40, TRSMA-60, and TRSMA-80 exhibited reductions in thermal conductivity coefficient by 15.0 %, 38.2 %, 45.7 %, and 50.5 %, while the materials cost increased by 4.2 %, 6.6 %, 9.4 %, and 13.6 %, respectively. Williamson’s model proved to be the most effective in predicting the thermal conductivity of TRSMA. The rutting resistance of TRSMA-40, TRSMA-60, and TRSMA-80 improved with increasing CB content. TRSMA-60 is recommended as the optimal mixture considering heat resistance, rutting resistance, moisture sensitivity, and cost. Field tests revealed a maximum temperature reduction of 6.2 ℃ at the bottom of the TRSMA-60 layer and a delayed time to reach its peak temperature.

Supramolecular hydrogels based on host–guest interactions constitute a class of intriguing soft matter and have attracted great attention due to their unique properties, etc. In this study, we successfully synthesized 4-methylene-7-diethylaminocoumarin methacrylate (DEACMMA) monomer and carried out reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using methylated β-cyclodextrin via a host-guest encapsulation mechanism. This process led to the formation of ternary copolymer hydrogel supramolecular photoresponsive hydrogels through polymerization induced supramolecular gelation (PISG). The encapsulation of coumarin monomers by methylated cyclodextrins was confirmed using 2D ROESY NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. We have carefully analyzed the microstructure of these supramolecular hydrogels by rheological profiles and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stimulated by UV light, the copolymers transition from non-luminescence to a bright fluorescent blue color, which is reminiscent of the self-transforming colors observed in jellyfish. The development of photostimuli-responsive hydrogels based on methylated β-cyclodextrin-coated coumarin esters opens new avenues in the fields of smart materials and clinical medicine.

ABSTRACTTo address the issue of low accuracy of directed energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc) and expand its use in producing large-sized components, a novel concept called “in-order stacking of primitives” has been proposed. This concept aims to simplify the additive manufacturing (AM) planning process and improve forming accuracy. Experiments at the weld, layer, and block levels examined relationships between process parameters and primitive dimensions, offset distance, and interlayer lift height. Increasing heat and mass transfer significantly increased primitive width and surface roughness but had little effect on height variation (1.95-2.27 mm). The impact of offset distance on the forming precision for layer-level components varied by the stacking path used, with Zig-Zig level parts showing more deterioration than Zig-Zag level parts. Thermal equilibrium in block components was achieved within a critical height range of 88.2 to 112.0 mm. The stacking path has a substantial impact on the surface temperature and is a crucial factor for ensure accurate workpiece formation. This study establishes a physical relationship between component forming quality and process parameters through mathematical expressions that are supported by experimental results. Future research will focus on optimizing the physical model and refining the mathematical expressions.

In this paper, a novel Gyro Fireworks Algorithm (GFA) is proposed by simulating the behaviors of gyro fireworks during the display process, which adopts a framework of multi-stage and multiple search strategies. At the beginning of the iteration, the gyro fireworks are full of gunpowder; they move via Lévy flight and spiral rotation, and the sprayed sparks are widely distributed and more balanced, which is an effective global exploration method. In the later iteration stages, due to the consumption of gunpowder, the gyro fireworks gradually undergo aggregation and contraction of spiral rotation, which is conducive to the search group to exploit the local area near the global optimal position. The GFA divides the iterative process into four phases, and each phase adopts a different search strategy, in order to enhance the diversity of the search of the population and to balance the exploration capability of the gyro fireworks search group in the global space and the exploitation of the local space. In order to verify the performance of the GFA, it is compared with the latest algorithms, such as the dandelion optimizer, Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm, gray wolf optimizer, slime mold algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, artificial rabbits optimization, in 33 test functions. The experimental results show that the GFA obtains the optimal solution for all algorithms on 76% of the functions, while the second-placed HHO algorithm obtains the optimal solution for all algorithms on only 21% of the functions. Meanwhile, the GFA has an average ranking of 1.8 on the CEC2014 benchmark set and 1.4 on the CEC2019 benchmark set. It verifies that the GFA proposed in this paper has better convergence performance and better robustness than the competing algorithms. Moreover, experiments on challenging engineering optimization problems confirm the superior performance of the GFA over alternative algorithms.

Abstract Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are promising battery electrodes owing to their designable functional groups, tunable pore sizes, and exceptional stability. However, their practical use is limited because of the difficulty in establishing stable ion adsorption/desorption sites. In this study, a melt‐salt‐stripping process utilizing molten trichloro iron (FeCl3) is used to delaminate the layer‐stacked structure of fluorinated covalent triazine framework (FCTF) and generate iron‐based ion storage active sites. This process increases the interlayer spacing and uniformly deposits iron‐containing materials, enhancing electron and ion transport. The resultant melt‐FeCl3‐stripped FCTF (Fe@FCTF) shows excellent performance as a potassium ion battery with a high capacity of 447 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 257 mAh g−1 at 1.6 A g−1 and good cycling stability. Notably, molten‐salt stripping is also effective in improving the CTF's Na+ and Li+ storage properties. A stepwise reaction mechanism of K/Na/Li chelation with C═N functional groups is proposed and verified by in situ X‐ray diffraction testing (XRD), ex‐situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and theoretical calculations, illustrating that pyrazines and iron coordination groups play the main roles in reacting with K+/Na+/Li+ cations. These results conclude that the Fe@FCTF is a suitable anode material for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), and lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs).

High-speed and cryogenic-temperature forming technologies have exhibited great potential for fabricating advanced Al-Li alloy components for aircraft due to their ability to enhance materials’ formability. However, there remains an urgent need to study the high-accuracy constitutive model and complex deformation mechanism of Al-Li alloys deformed at high strain rates and cryogenic temperatures. In this study, the flow stress behavior and microstructure evolution of 2195 Al-Li alloy were investigated over a wide stain rate range (from 2000 s−1 to 5000 s−1) and temperature range (from 298 K to 123 K). The flow stress increases by ∼ 32% at 2000 s−1 and ∼ 37% at 5000 s−1 as the deformation temperature drops from 298 K to 123 K, but only increases by ∼ 4% at 298 K and ∼ 8% at 123 K as the strain rate increases from 2000 s−1 to 5000 s−1. At the high strain rate of 5000 s−1, the T1 phases exhibit bending (at 298 K) and fracturing (at 123 K), with increased lattice distortion and substructure generation around the intersections of T1 phases. A new constitutive model (g-Johnson-Cook model) is developed, which shows a higher accuracy than both the Arrhenius model and Johnson-Cook model in describing the deformation behavior.

BackgroundThe Da Vinci Surgical System (DVSS) has the advantages of minimal invasion, rapid recovery, safety, and reliability. Although the DVSS has been widely used in various abdominal surgeries, descriptions of its use in robot-assisted retroperitoneal tumor resection (RRTR) are limited to case reports; large-sample systematic studies are lacking. The present study was performed to analyze the data of RRTR in our center, summarize our experience, and provide a reference for other retroperitoneal tumor centers.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 105 patients who underwent RRTR at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2015 to December 2022. Logistic univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors affecting RRTR. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to find the cut-off value, which was then included in the logistic multivariate analysis for verification.ResultsAmong the 105 patients, 87 successfully underwent RRTR (DVSS group) and 18 underwent conversion to open surgery (conversion group). There was no significant difference in sex, age, body mass index, history of abdominal surgery, or tumor location between the two groups (P > 0.05). The maximum tumor diameter [odds ratio (OR), 1.041; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.015-1.067; P = 0.002] and pathological property (OR, 8.646; 95% CI, 2.370-31.544; P = 0.001) were independent risk factors for conversion to open surgery. Further analysis confirmed that the success rate of RRTR was higher for tumors with a maximum diameter of ≤64 mm and benign tumors. Based on our experience and statistical results, we believe that retroperitoneal tumors that meet the following criteria have a higher success rate of DVSS resection: maximum tumor diameter of ≤64 mm, benign tumors, the tumor has relatively clear boundary, no obvious invasion of surrounding tissues and organs, and no need for combined organ resection.ConclusionsRRTR is safe and effective in the treatment of RPT, and the clinical prognosis is similar to that of open surgery. The success rate of RRTR in patients with appropriate surgical indications for this procedure is higher.

AimsStudies on the association between serum lead levels and parathyroid function in adolescents are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we elucidated the possible association between blood lead levels (BLLs) and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in adolescents aged 12–19 years in the United States.MethodsIn this study, information from the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was utilized. The study included 3919 participants from survey cycles between 2003–2004 and 2005–2006. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between BLLs and PTH. Furthermore, smooth curve fitting was utilized to analyze the dose–response relationship between BLLs and PTH.ResultsMultivariable linear regression analysis revealed that every 1 μg/dL increase in BLLs was associated with 0.67 pg/mL increase in PTH (β = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.16–1.18, p < 0.01). However, sex-stratified subgroup analysis revealed that this positive association was only observed in males (β = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.50–1.83 p < 0.01). Smooth curve fitting revealed a positive correlation between BLLs and PTH.ConclusionsIn adolescents in the United States, BLLs are positively correlated with PTH, particularly in males.

Background: Persistent pancreaticobiliary reflux (PBR) is associated with a high risk of biliary malignancy. This study aimed to evaluate the proportion of PBR in biliary tract diseases and mechanisms by which PBR promoted cholangiocarcinoma progression. Methods: Overall 227 consecutive patients with primary biliary tract disease participated in this study. The amylase levels in the collected bile were analyzed. The mechanisms underlying the effect of high-amylase bile on bile duct epithelial and cholangiocarcinoma cells progression were analyzed. The source of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its effects on the biological functions of cholangiocarcinoma cells were investigated. Results: The bile amylase levels in 148 of 227 patients were higher than the upper serum amylase limit of 135 IU/L. PBR was significantly correlated with sex, pyrexia, and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in the patient cohort. High-amylase bile-induced DNA damage and genetic differences in the transcript levels of the gallbladder mucosa and facilitated the proliferation and migration of bile duct cancer cells (HUCCT1 and QBC939 cells). The concentration of many cytokines increased in high-amylase bile. IL-8 is secreted primarily by macrophages via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and partially by bile duct epithelial cells. IL-8 promotes the progression of HUCCT1 and QBC939 cells by regulating the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated proteins and activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/nuclear factor kappa-B pathway. Conclusions: PBR is one of the primary causes of biliary disease. IL-8 secreted by macrophages or bile duct epithelial cells stimulated by high-amylase bile promotes cholangiocarcinoma progression.

The significant increase in the number of vehicles, traffic speed, and load has significantly reduced the lifespan of pavements and increased maintenance costs. Therefore, the incorporation of polymers into bituminous binders is imperative to enhance pavement quality and performance. Nowadays, polymer-modified asphalt binders (PMBs) play a crucial role in pavement engineering. This polymer absorbs asphalt molecules to form a network connecting the entire binder, giving it better viscoelasticity than the base asphalt. Although polymers do enhance the properties of asphalt to some extent, there are still certain limitations hindering the future development of polymer-modified asphalt, such as high costs, low resistance to aging, and poor storage stability. Additionally, there is limited literature available that reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various polymer modifiers. The aim of this paper is to conduct a systematic review that evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of different polymer types in modifying asphalt materials. This comprehensive synthesis study thoroughly examines the historical evolution of polymer modified binders (PMBs) for asphalt pavement, including selection criteria for polymers used in asphalt modification, current state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the internal structure and morphology of PMBs, evaluation methodologies for PMB properties, binder specifications specific to PMBs, recommendations based on findings, and future research. This review will not only merit research from an academic perspective, but also provide guidance for pavement engineering.

The milk proteins from samples of 13 different animals were identified utilizing 4D-Label-Free proteomics technology, leading to the identification of a substantial number of proteins. Among the various samples, Chinese people (CHP) milk proteins exhibited the highest count, with 1149 distinct proteins. Simultaneously, we identified common proteins present in these animal milk. It's notable presence in goat milk contributes to enhancing infant infection resistance, showcasing the beneficial role of lactoperoxidase. Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) and tetraspanin in human milk are significantly higher than those in other animals, which determine the prominent antiviral effect of human milk and the important processes related to cell transduction. Furthermore, human milk, camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk proved to be rich sources of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins. The insights obtained from this study can serve as a foundational framework for exploring the role of different animal milk proteins in disease treatment and the composition of infant formula.

Waste pollution poses a significant threat to the survival of wildlife. In particular, microplastic pollution has received widespread attention. However, data on the exposure of threatened wildlife in nature conservation to microplastics, a very valuable basic data for animal conservation, are still limited. This study was conducted in the Qinling Mts., a key biodiversity hotspot and an essential genetic resource repository in China. Over the span from 2021 to 2023, a total of 22 fecal samples were collected from three species with different feeding habits over four months in two nature reserves in the Qinling Mts.: takin (Budorcas taxicolor), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), and golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). The potential reasons influencing the content of microplastics were studied on the basis of the distance of the fecal samples from the nearest residential area. Laser Direct Infrared Spectroscopy identified 34 types of microplastics, with diameters ranging from 20 to 100 μm. Among them, acrylate copolymer, polyethylene, and polyurethane were the main types. Leopard cat (67.06 particles/g d.w.) had a significantly higher microplastic content than the takins (20.53 particles/g d.w.; Z=-3.162, P=0.002) and golden snub-nosed monkeys (27.69 particles/g d.w.; Z=-2.193, P=0.028). The average microplastic content in leopard cats and takins exhibited a negative correlation with the distance from residential areas. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the presence of microplastics within threatened terrestrial wildlife. Addressing this pressing issue may require concerted efforts to reduce plastic consumption in the surrounding regions, which could help mitigate the adverse impacts on wildlife.

Abstract Background Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a relatively rare malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. This study was designed to identify prognostic factors and establish a nomogram model to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with SNMM. Methods A total of 459 patients with SNMM were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database as the training cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to screen for independent factors associated with patient prognosis and develop the nomogram model. In addition, external validation was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nomogram with a cohort of 34 patients with SNMM from Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Results The median OS in the cohort from the SEER database was 28 months. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year OS rates were 69.8%, 40.4%, and 30.0%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age, T stage, N stage, surgery and radiotherapy were independent variables associated with OS. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of the nomograms for predicting 1-, 3- and 5-year OS were 0.78, 0.71 and 0.71, respectively, in the training cohort. In the validation cohort, the area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram for predicting 1-, 3- and 5-year OS were 0.90, 0.75 and 0.78, respectively. Patients were classified into low- and high-risk groups based on the total score of the nomogram. Patients in the low-risk group had a significantly better survival prognosis than patients in the high-risk group in both the training cohort (P

Abstract Environmental degradation has profoundly impacted both human society and ecosystems. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) illuminates the intricate relationship between economic growth and environmental decline. However, the recent surge in trade protectionism has heightened global economic uncertainties, posing a severe threat to global environmental sustainability. This research aims to investigate the intricate pathways through which trade protection, assessed by available trade openness data, influences the nexus between economic growth and environmental degradation. Leveraging comprehensive global panel data spanning 147 countries from 1995 to 2018, this study meticulously examines the non-linear dynamics among trade, economy, and the environment, with a particular emphasis on validating the EKC hypothesis. This study encompasses exhaustive global and panel data regressions categorized across four income groups. The research substantiates the validity of the EKC hypothesis within the confines of this investigation. As income levels rise, the impact of economic growth on environmental degradation initially intensifies before displaying a diminishing trend. Additionally, trade protection manifests as a detriment to improving global environmental quality. The ramifications of trade protectionism display nuanced variations across income strata. In high-income nations, trade protection appears to contribute to mitigating environmental degradation. Conversely, within other income brackets, the stimulating effect of trade protection on environmental pressure is more conspicuous. In other words, trade protectionism exacerbates environmental degradation, particularly affecting lower-income countries, aligning with the concept of pollution havens. The study’s results illuminate nuanced thresholds in the relationship between trade, economic growth, and environmental degradation across income groups, emphasizing the heterogeneous impact and underlying mechanisms. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, urging collaborative efforts among nations to achieve a harmonious balance between economic advancement and environmental preservation on a global scale.

Abstract Objective Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common spinal surgical disease. Low back and leg pain caused by LDH is the main factor leading to functional disability, which has caused a serious burden to patients and society. Osteoking can delay the progression of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, and even has a significant effect on the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after fracture surgery. In recent years, it has been gradually used in the treatment of LDH and has received significant results. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to predict the mechanism of Osteoking in the treatment of LDH through network pharmacology and verify it by molecular docking method. Methods The TCMSP database was used to collect the relevant active components and targets of Osteoking, while the GeneCards, OMIM and DisGeNET databases were utilized to collect the relevant disease targets of LDH. The Venny 2.1.0 software was employed to obtain the intersecting gene targets of Osteoking and LDH. PPI network construction and core target selection were performed using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software. The Metascape database was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the relevant targets. Finally, molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock software. Results The study identified 116 potential targets and 26 core targets for the treatment of LDH with Osteoking. Pathways in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, microRNAs in cancer and the IL-17 signalling pathway were among the main involved signalling pathways. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the key targets AKT1, IL-6, ALB, TNF and IL-1β exhibited relatively stable binding activities with the main active components of Osteoking. Conclusions Osteoking can alleviate the symptoms of lumbar disc herniation through the modulation of multiple targets and signalling pathways.

Abstract Non-dissociative chemisorption solid-state storage of hydrogen molecules in host materials is promising to achieve both high hydrogen capacity and uptake rate, but there is the lack of non-dissociative hydrogen storage theories that can guide the rational design of the materials. Herein, we establish generalized design principle to design such materials via the first-principles calculations, theoretical analysis and focused experimental verifications of a series of heteroatom-doped-graphene-supported Ca single-atom carbon nanomaterials as efficient non-dissociative solid-state hydrogen storage materials. An intrinsic descriptor has been proposed to correlate the inherent properties of dopants with the hydrogen storage capability of the carbon-based host materials. The generalized design principle and the intrinsic descriptor have the predictive ability to screen out the best dual-doped-graphene-supported Ca single-atom hydrogen storage materials. The dual-doped materials have much higher hydrogen storage capability than the sole-doped ones, and exceed the current best carbon-based hydrogen storage materials.

Both the Shandong Plain in China and the Greater Houston Area in the United States have land subsidence problems that were caused by excessive groundwater pumping. Houston has accumulated more than 100 years of monitoring results and more than 50 years of prevention and control experience, which has certain similarities with the ground subsidence monitoring and control experience of Shandong Plain area in the past 30 years. To further promote and strengthen land subsidence monitoring and prevention, groundwater resource management, digital empowerment, and data sharing in Shandong Province, in this article a comparative study was conducted on the causes of land subsidence, monitoring techniques, groundwater management, and land subsidence prevention and control in the Shandong Plain and the Greater Houston Area. The results indicate that excessive extraction of groundwater is the main cause of land subsidence, and land subsidence management measures based on limiting groundwater extraction have been taken. Currently, the area and rate of subsidence are decreasing in both places. The monitoring methods and techniques used in two places are basically the same, mainly using precision leveling surveying, bench mark fixed on different stratum or borehole extensometers, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques, and the density and frequency of observations are gradually increasing. Meanwhile, the management and sharing of observation data is different. The land subsidence management administration agencies in the Houston area are mainly responsible for the collection and sharing of observation data, and do not undertake data processing and research tasks. All observation data are open to the public, and scientific researches based on observation data is mainly undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and universities. Research results are published on USGS reports or journal articles. Differently, land subsidence and groundwater level monitoring in Shandong Plain are undertaken by the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Water Resources, and its affiliated institutions are responsible for field observation, data storage, data analysis and research, as well as formulating regulations for groundwater management. There are certain difficulties in data sharing and integration between departments, which limits in-depth and systematic research on land subsidence.

Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications. In this study, a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes. Polysaccharides were extracted from fermented and non-fermented L. edodes and purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100. The components designated F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a were analyzed by FT-IR, HPGPC, HPAEC, SEM, GC-MS and NMR. The results revealed that probiotic fermentation increased the molecular weight from 1.16 × 104 Da to 1.87 × 104 Da and altered the proportions of glucose, galactose and mannose, in which glucose increased from 45.94 % to 48.16 %. Methylation analysis and NMR spectra indicated that F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a had similar linkage patterns. Furthermore, their immunomodulatory activities were evaluated with immunosuppressive mice. NF-LEP and F-LEP improved immune organ indices, immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) and cytokines concentrations; restored the antioxidation capacity of liver; and maintained the balance of gut microbiota. F-LEP displayed better moderating effects on the spleen index, immunoglobulin, cytokines and the diversity of gut microbiota than NF-LEP (200, 400 mg/kg). Our study provides an efficient and environment-friendly way for the structural modification of polysaccharides, which helps to enhance their biological activity and promote their wide application in food, medicine and other fields.

ABSTRACTRemote sensing technology has been widely used for marine monitoring. However, due to the limitations of sensor technologies and data sources, effective monitoring of marine ships at night remains challenging. To address these challenges, our study developed SDGST, a high-resolution glimmer marine ship dataset from SDGSAT-1 satellite and proposed a ship detection and identification method based on the YOLOv5s model, the Glimmer YOLO model. Considering the characteristics of glimmer images, our model has made several effective improvements to the original YOLOv5s model. In particular, the improved model incorporates a new layer for detecting small targets and integrates the CA (Coordinate Attention) mechanism. To enhance the original feature fusion strategy, we introduced BiFPN (Bi-directional Feature Pyramid Network). We also adopted the EIOU Loss function and replaced the initially defined anchors with clustering results, thus improving detection performance. The mean Average Precision (mAP%) reaches 96.7%, which is a 5.1% improvement over the YOLOv5s model. Notably, it significantly improves the detection of small ships. This model demonstrates superior performance in ship detection under glimmer conditions compared to the original YOLOv5s model and other popular target detection models, and may serve as a valuable reference for achieving high-precision nighttime marine monitoring.

Abstract Colitis‐associated bowel cancer (CAC) is one of the most common malignancies associated with inflammation. The aim of this study was to observe a new herbal formula “Xiaotan Sanjie Fang” (XTSJF) derived from the addition and subtraction theory of traditional medicine as an alternative to CAC treatment by “Daotan Decoction” and “Xiaojianzhong Decoction”, which are famous traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract. We constructed a DMH/DSS inflammation‐associated colorectal cancer rat model and treated CAC rats with sulfasalazine and different doses of XTSJF. The results showed that the body weight of rats treated with different doses of XTSJF increased, which was still lower than that of normal rats; AFC decreased significantly compared with the model group and the positive control group, and the final dose was superior to the low dose; histological observation revealed that it could maintain the normal structure of colon tissue, while it could inhibit the secretion of VEGF, COX2, and AQP1 and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α, promote the expression of caspase‐3 and BAX and inhibit the expression of Bcl‐2. Taken together, these data suggest that XTSJF can inhibit COX‐2/VEGF expression to prevent the development of inflammation‐associated colorectal cancer.