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This research project envisions using a lunar observation platform to measure the full-wave (0.2~100 μm) and shortwave (0.2~4.3 μm) radiation of the Earth, achieving an accurate estimation of the overall radiation budget of the Earth. Based on the lunar platform, the system analyzes Earth’s radiation characteristics and geometric attributes, as well as the sampling properties of observation times. Informed by these analyses, an Earth-facing optical radiation measurement system tailored to these specifications is designed. The optical system adopts an off-axis three-mirror configuration with a secondary image plane, incorporating a field stop at the primary image plane to effectively suppress solar stray light, scattered lunar surface light, and background radiation from the instrument itself, ensuring the satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, detection sensitivity, and observation duration of the instrument. At the same time, stringent requirements are imposed for the surface treatments of instrument components and temperature control accuracy to further ensure accuracy. Simulation analyses confirm that the design satisfies requirements, achieving a measurement accuracy of better than 1% across the entire optical system. This Moon-based Earth-radiation measurement system, with capabilities for Earth-pointing tracking, radiation energy detection, and stray-light suppression, furnishes a more comprehensive dataset, helping to advance our understanding of the mechanisms driving global climate change

Previous studies suggest that exposure to thiamethoxam (TMX) may cause adverse effects to human. However, the distribution of TMX in various organs of human body and the associated risk are little-known. This study aimed to explore the distribution of TMX in human organs by extrapolation from a toxicokinetic experiment in rats and to assess the associated risk based on literature data. The rat exposure experiment was performed using 6-week female SD rats. Five groups of rats were oral-exposed to 1 mg/kg TMX (water as solvent) and executed at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h and 24 h after treatment, respectively. The concentrations of TMX and its metabolites in rat liver, kidney, blood, brain, muscle, uterus and urine were measured in different time points using LC-MS. Data on concentrations of TMX in food, human urine and blood as well as human cell-based in vitro toxicity of TMX were collected from the literature. After oral exposure, TMX and its metabolite clothianidin (CLO) were detected in all organs of the rats. The steady-state tissue-plasma partition coefficients of TMX for liver, kidney, brain, uterus and muscle were 0.96, 1.53, 0.47, 0.60 and 1.10, respectively. Based on literature analysis, the concentration of TMX in human urine and blood for general population were 0.06–0.5 ng/mL and 0.04–0.6 ng/mL, respectively. For some people, the concentration of TMX in human urine reached 222 ng/mL. By extraplation from rat experiment, the estimated concentrations of TMX in human liver, kidney, brain, uterus and muscle for general population were 0.038–0.58, 0.061–0.92, 0.019–0.28, 0.024–0.36 and 0.044–0.66 ng/g, respectively, well below the relevant concentrations for cytotoxic endpoints (HQs ≤ 0.012); however, for some people they could be up to 253.44, 403.92, 124.08, 158.40 and 290.40 ng/g, respectively, with very high developmental toxicity (HQ = 5.4). Therefore, the risk for highly exposed people should not be neglected.

At present, sexual attractants mainly control insect populations by killing males. However, the effect of sex attractants may be limited by the mating ability of the attracted insects. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has a strong reproductive capacity; it brings great losses to agricultural production, which can be controlled by methods using sex attractant methyl eugenol that mainly attracts males. Therefore, we studied the multiple and continuous (as well as consecutive) mating ability of B. dorsalis through behavioral experiments. The results show that male B. dorsalis can mate 11 times on average, with females mating only 1.93 times, and that 10.81% of males mate more than 20 times. The reproductive capacity of male B. dorsalis decreased significantly after four to five instances of continuous mating. In different mating patterns, the reproductive fitness of polyandry is not the highest, rather, interval mating is the best. A limiting factor of the sex attractant effect was revealed in B. dorsalis through behavioral evidence.

Epipedocera atra is a common species of Epipedocera Chevrolat which distributed in South China and some countries in Southeast Asia. The complete mitochondria genome of E. atra was 15,662 bp in length, with 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 rRNA genes (rRNAs). The nucleotide composition was highly A + T biased, accounting for 70.34% of the whole mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. atra had a close relationship with Xylotrechus grayii White.

Low uncertainty and long-term stability remote data are urgently needed for researching climate and meteorology variability and trends. Meeting these requirements is difficult with in-orbit calibration accuracy due to the lack of radiometric satellite benchmark. The radiometric benchmark on the reflected solar band has been under development since 2015 to overcome the on-board traceability problem of hyperspectral remote sensing satellites. This paper introduces the development progress of the Chinese radiometric benchmark of the reflected solar band based on the Space Cryogenic Absolute Radiometer (SCAR). The goal of the SCAR is to calibrate the Earth–Moon Imaging Spectrometer (EMIS) on-satellite using the benchmark transfer chain (BTC) and to transfer the traceable radiometric scale to other remote sensors via cross-calibration. The SCAR, which is an electrical substitution absolute radiometer and works at 20 K, is used to realize highly accurate radiometry with an uncertainty level that is lower than 0.03%. The EMIS, which is used to measure the spectrum radiance on the reflected solar band, is designed to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and polarization. The radiometric scale of the SCAR is converted and transferred to the EMIS by the BTC to improve the measurement accuracy and long-term stability. The payload of the radiometric benchmark on the reflected solar band has been under development since 2018. The investigation results provide the theoretical and experimental basis for the development of the reflected solar band benchmark payload. It is important to improve the measurement accuracy and long-term stability of space remote sensing and provide key data for climate change and earth radiation studies.

Abstract Background Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) affects people’s daily life and work, especially the health of children. Although there are few relevant studies, Th17/Treg imbalance plays an important role in AC development. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of TWEAK/Fn14 on AC and Th17/Treg balance. Methods Ovalbumin induced AC mouse model was utilized to observe the mechanism of TWEAK/Fn14 in vivo. Conjunctivitis was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, toluidine blue staining and AC clinical score. Flow cytometry was used to measure Th17 and Treg cell ratios. The level of Th17/Treg balance related factors and Nrf2/HO-1 signal was detected by ELISA, WB, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results In the AC state, disruption of Th17/Treg cell balance, increased TWEAK/Fn14 signaling level and conjunctival inflammation were observed. After TWEAK knockdown, Th17 cell differentiation was inhibited, Treg cell differentiation was promoted, and AC symptoms were alleviated in AC mice. Moreover, TWEAK knockdown caused an enhancement of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the AC models. Treatment with Nrf2 inhibitor reversed these changes induced by TWEAK knockdown. Therefore, TWEAK/Fn14 regulated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to affect Th17/Treg cell balance and conjunctivitis in AC mouse models. Conclusion In summary, TWEAK/Fn14 caused Th17/Treg imbalance by inhibiting Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which might be one potential mechanism of the exacerbation of AC.

Abstract Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (wet AMD) is a common ophthalmic disease that significantly impacts patients’ vision. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination has been widely utilized for diagnosing, treating, and monitoring wet AMD due to its cost-effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and repeatability, positioning it as the most valuable tool for diagnosis and tracking. OCT can provide clear visualization of retinal layers and precise segmentation of lesion areas, facilitating the identification and quantitative analysis of abnormalities. However, the lack of high-quality datasets for assessing wet AMD has impeded the advancement of related algorithms. To address this issue, we have curated a comprehensive wet AMD OCT Segmentation Dataset (AMD-SD), comprising 3049 B-scan images from 138 patients, each annotated with five segmentation labels: subretinal fluid, intraretinal fluid, ellipsoid zone continuity, subretinal hyperreflective material, and pigment epithelial detachment. This dataset presents a valuable opportunity to investigate the accuracy and reliability of various segmentation algorithms for wet AMD, offering essential data support for developing AI-assisted clinical applications targeting wet AMD.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an important public health therapeutic agent widely used in the prevention and treatment of malaria and autoimmune diseases, with some antiviral effects, as well as a common autophagy inhibitor. Its autophagy-inhibiting effect attracts great research interest in mammals but is still little studied in fish. We even have no idea about the effects of HCQ on different tissues of fish and what concentrations should be used for safety studies. This study investigated the effect of different concentration of HCQ treatments on the survival, tissue structure, and expressions of genes related to autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation in the gill, spleen, testis, and ovary of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The results showed that the higher HCQ concentration (77.40 and 154.80 mg/mL) led to mass mortality within an hour. The half-lethal concentration (LC50, 24 h) of HCQ for S. marmoratus was approximately 48.95 mg/mL. When exposed to 30.96 mg/mL HCQ for 24 hours, autophagy was blocked as revealed by electron microscopy from gill, spleen and testis of fish. The expressions of autophagy-related genes (LC3/Cx43), apoptosis-related genes (Cas3/p53), and inflammation-related genes (TNF-α/IL8) exhibited tissue-specific and dose-dependent responses. The gonads showed preferential expression of all these genes and were found to be sensitive and regular after HCQ treatment. For example, at a concentration of 30.96 mg/mL, the testis demonstrated a regularity that suggests it is an ideal candidate tissue for studying the role of HCQ or autophagy. This study systematically revealed the response of S. marmoratus to different concentrations of HCQ and provided optional assay concentrations for key tissues, serving as an important reference for the future studies on HCQ and autophagy in S. marmoratus. Furthermore, the potential crosstalk between autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammatory pathways initially identified in this study could be helpful for the future research on autophagy regulation in marine fish.

Fish from the same batch often appeared different growth rates. However, there was little knowledge on the differences in the digestive enzyme activity, immune response and intestinal microbiota of fish with different sizes from the same parents. In the present study, we chose large yellow croaker to characterize the differences in digestive enzyme activity, immune response between the larger-sized and smaller-sized individuals, meanwhile, a comprehensive comparison of the composition, structure, community assembly, interactions between species and metabolites of intestinal microbiota were executed. Results revealed that the daily growth coefficient of the larger-sized large yellow croaker was significantly higher than that in the smaller-sized individual. The activities of protease, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lysozyme in the larger-sized individual were significantly higher than those in the smaller-sized individual. The expression levels of TLR-related genes in the intestine and liver of the larger-sized individual were all significantly higher than those of the smaller-sized individual, meanwhile the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (ILβ and IL6) in the larger-sized individual were significantly lower than those in the smaller-sized individual. The Shannon and Simpson indices of intestinal microbiota in the larger-sized individuals increased significantly. The composition of intestinal microbiota was similar in the smaller-sized and larger-sized individuals. Stochastic processes dominated the intestinal community assembly in the large yellow croaker no matter at smaller-sized or larger-sized. The network of intestinal microbiota in the larger-sized individual was more stable and effective. Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the core species in the large yellow croaker no matter at smaller-sized or larger-sized. Metabolites belonging to amino acids, bile acids and short chain fatty acids were abundant in larger-sized individuals. The results of this study would help us to know the growth differences for fish.

In Zhejiang province, large yellow croakers are primarily cultured in net cages, facing significant challenges during the overwintering period such as susceptibility to cold and starvation stress. Notably, the observable sexual dimorphism in the large yellow croaker hints at the likelihood of gender differences in their responses to these environmental stresses. However, the potential sex-specific adaptive changes during overwintering remain unexplored. To gain deeper insights, we investigated the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes, immune responses, and changes in intestinal microbiota during the overwintering period in males and females separately. The results revealed a more pronounced loss of body weight in females than that in males. In male intestines, there was a significant decrease in the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes (arp2/3, occludin, and zo1), contrasting with a significant increase in females. The expression of TLR1, TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, MyD88, and NF-κB genes in the intestines of female fish decreased significantly in March compared to November, while the opposite trend was observed in male fish. However, in the liver, TLR1, TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, MyD88, and NF-κB genes expression were both decreased significantly in males and females. In the male intestines, there was a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1β and IL-6). In the females, IL-1β gene expression significantly decreased, while IL-6 expression increased significantly. The expression of IL-10 genes decreased in both males and females. In the liver, both the males and females exhibited a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 genes. Further analysis revealed greater susceptibility of male intestinal microbiota diversity during the overwintering period. Firmicutes’ relative abundance exhibited opposing changes between the males and females, and Proteobacteria abundance, driven by a significant increase in Vibrio bacteria, significantly increased in the males. In conclusion, the overwintering period may compromise the structural integrity of male fish intestines, reducing their immune function. Additionally, the response strategy of the intestinal microbiota differs between sexes. The findings provide crucial insights for crafting effective strategies and management decisions in cage-cultured large yellow croaker during the overwintering period, as well as offering theoretical references for monosex aquaculture.

Background: Hierarchy is the organizing principle of human brain network. How network hierarchy changes in subthreshold depression (StD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the altered brain network hierarchy and its clinical significance in patients with StD. Methods: A total of 43 patients with StD and 43 healthy controls matched for age, gender and years of education participated in this study. Alterations in the hierarchy of StD brain networks were depicted by connectome gradient analysis. We assessed changes in network hierarchy by comparing gradient scores in each network in patients with StD and healthy controls. The study compared different brain subdivisions if there was a different network. Finally, we analysed the relationship between the altered gradient scores and clinical characteristics. Results: Patients with StD had contracted network hierarchy and suppressed cortical range gradients. In the principal gradient, the gradient scores of default mode network were significantly reduced in patients with StD compared to controls. In the default network, the subdivisions of reduced gradient scores were mainly located in the precuneus, superior temporal gyrus, and anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus. Reduced gradient scores in the default mode network, the anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus were correlated with severity of depression. Conclusions: The network hierarchy of the StD changed and was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms and severity. These results provided new insights into further understanding of the neural mechanisms of StD.

Cellulosic ethanol is the key technology to alleviate the pressure of energy supply and climate change. However, the ethanol production process, which is close to industrial production and has a high saccharification rate and ethanol yield, still needs to be developed. This study demonstrates the effective conversion of poplar wood waste into fuel-grade ethanol. By employing a two-step pretreatment using sodium chlorite (SC)-dilute sulfuric acid (DSA), the raw material achieved a sugar conversion rate exceeding 85% of the theoretical value. Under optimized conditions, brewing yeast co-utilizing C6/C5 enabled a yield of 35 g/L ethanol from 10% solid loading delignified poplar hydrolysate. We increased the solid loading to enhance the final ethanol concentration and optimized both the hydrolysis and fermentation stages. With 20% solid loading delignified poplar hydrolysate, the final ethanol concentration reached 60 g/L, a 71.4% increase from the 10% solid loading. Our work incorporates the pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation stages to establish a simple, crude poplar waste fuel ethanol process, expanding the range of feedstocks for second-generation fuel ethanol production.

During the polishing process of complex curved PMMA parts, the polishing force is an important factor affecting the surface quality and optical performance. In this paper, a force-controlled polishing device integrated into a machining center to maintain the polishing force is investigated. In order to achieve the real-time active control of the polishing force, the linear voice coil motor and force sensors are used for motion and measurement. A compact structure was designed to couple the linear motion of the voice coil motor with the rotation for polishing. The force-controlled polishing system with a high real-time hardware architecture was developed to perform complex curved polishing path movement with precise force control. Next, the polishing force between the device and the workpiece was analyzed to obtain the mathematical model of the device. Considering the impact during the approaching phase of polishing, a fuzzy PI controller was proposed to reduce the overshoot and response time. To implement the control method, the controller model was established on Simulink and the control system was developed based on TwinCAT 3 software with real-time computing capability. Finally, a polishing experiment involving a complex curved PMMA part was conducted by a force-controlled polishing device integrated into a five-axis machining center. The results show that the device can effectively maintain the polishing force to improve surface quality and optical performance.

Chloroquine (CQ) is a common autophagy inhibitor but was few understood in marine fish. This study investigated the effects of different concentration of CQ on representative tissues of large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea) by setting 5 treatments: 2.52 μg/mL, 5.03 μg/mL, 12.58 μg/mL, 25.16 μg/mL, 50.32 μg/mL, and 251.60 μg/mL CQ groups. We found that the higher the concentration of CQ was, the more obvious the toxic effect it caused, exhibiting as high mortalities of large yellow croakers. The LC50 (24 h) to CQ was 17.14 μg/mL with the upper limit 34.84 μg/mL, the lower limit 8.43 μg/mL, and the standard error 0.16 μg/mL. The CQ treatment also led to the differential expressions of autophagy / inflammation / apoptosis-related genes in representative tissues. The inflammation-related genes IL8 / TNF-α1 (peaked mostly in 2.52 μg/mL and 5.03 μg/mL) and the autophagy-related genes Cx43 / LC3 (from 2.52 μg/mL to 25.16 μg/mL) were more sensitive to lower CQ concentration groups. The apoptosis-related genes BAX / Cas3 were more sensitive to medium CQ concentration (peaked around 25.16 μg/mL). The autophagy and apoptosis-related gene P62 in all tissues peaked in the highest CQ concentration 50.32 μg/mL group, and the expression pattern of P62 was more similar to autophagy genes under Control, but more similar to apoptosis genes in the CQ-treatment groups. In addition, we have newly identified an expression pattern of Cx43 similar to that of the autophagy marker gene LC3, which was also for the first time in marine fish. These data largely enriched our knowledge of the effects of CQ on marine fish and provided a solid basis for further studies on the autophagy regulation in large yellow croakers.

Energy wheels and air cleaners play crucial roles in building air conditioning systems. The former is essential for conserving energy in air conditioning systems, while the latter is necessary for ensuring the quality of indoor air. Pressure drop is a crucial parameter for both energy wheels and air cleaners, and it is essential to conduct theoretical and experimental investigations to aid in their design. In this study, we focused on the study of pressure drop in a fiber–powder composite material which can be used for both total heat exchange and air purification. Experimental tests were initially conducted to examine the impact of different parameters on the pressure drop in the material. Subsequently, based on the special fiber–powder structure of the material, two pressure drop prediction methods with different prediction strategies were proposed. The two prediction strategies were compared by analyzing the prediction accuracy of the two methods. As tested by experimental data, for both methods, the absolute prediction error was less than ±6 Pa when the pressure drop was below 50 Pa, and the relative prediction error was less than ±8% for most data sets when the pressure drop was greater than 50 Pa. Moreover, the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of prediction for both methods were less than 4 Pa and 7% respectively. The test results show that although the prediction strategies are different, both prediction methods can obtain acceptable prediction results, and both methods are practical. This study is intended to serve as a valuable reference for the design of energy wheels and air cleaners.

As a potential alternative to fossil-based fuels, cellulosic ethanol has attracted much attention due to its great benefit to energy sustainability and environmental friendliness. However, at present, the industrial competitiveness of cellulosic ethanol production is still insufficient compared with fossil-based fuels because of the higher costs. Expanding the range of lignocellulosic biomass may be a promising measure to promote the economical production of cellulosic ethanol. Corn fiber, a byproduct from the corn deep-processing, is an attractive feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production because of its rich carbohydrate content (generally exceeding 65% of dry weight), almost no transportation cost, and low lignin content allow it to be easily handled. This study first optimized the hydrolysis conditions, including the pretreatment and enzymolysis process based on dilute sulfuric acid, to achieve a high sugar yield. Then, the corn fiber hydrolysates obtained under different hydrolysis conditions were suitably fermented by different C5/C6 co-fermentation Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating that the hydrolysate at high solid loading (20%) needs to detoxification to a certain extent but not low solid loading (10%) to achieve high ethanol yield. Finally, the fermentation of the 20% solid loading hydrolysates with resin detoxification was performed in a 50 L bioreactor, achieving the sugar (glucose and xylose) metabolic rate of 2.24 g L −1 h −1 and ethanol yield of 92% of the theoretical value, which are the highest reported levels to date. This study provided a potential process route for cellulosic ethanol production from corn fiber from the perspective of the suitability between the upstream hydrolysis process and the downstream fermentation strain.

Memory loss and aberrant neuronal network activity are part of the earliest hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Electroacupuncture (EA) has been recognized as a cognitive stimulation for its effects on memory disorder, but whether different brain regions or neural circuits contribute to memory recovery in AD remains unknown. Here, we found that memory deficit was ameliorated in 3×Tg-AD mice with EA-treatment, as shown by the increased number of exploring and time spent in the novel object. In addition, reduced locomotor activity was observed in 3×Tg-AD mice, but no significant alteration was seen in the EA-treated mice. Based on the functional magnetic resonance imaging, the regional spontaneous activity alterations of 3×Tg-AD were mainly concentrated in the accumbens nucleus, auditory cortex, caudate putamen, entorhinal cortex (EC), hippocampus, insular cortex, subiculum, temporal cortex, visual cortex, and so on. While EA-treatment prevented the chaos of brain activity in parts of the above regions, such as the auditory cortex, EC, hippocampus, subiculum, and temporal cortex. And then we used the whole-cell voltage-clamp recording to reveal the neurotransmission in the hippocampus, and found that EA-treatment reversed the synaptic spontaneous release. Since the hippocampus receives most of the projections of the EC, the hippocampus-EC circuit is one of the neural circuits related to memory impairment. We further applied diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tracking and functional connectivity, and found that hypo-connected between the hippocampus and EC with EA-treatment. These data indicate that the hippocampus–EC connectivity is responsible for the recognition memory deficit in the AD mice with EA-treatment, and provide novel insight into potential therapies for memory loss in AD.

Feedrate has a great influence on contour error in five-axis machining. Accordingly, it is of great significance to plan the time-optimal feedrate curve considering the contour error constraint to achieve high-accuracy and high-efficiency machining. Aiming at improving the error control accuracy of model linearization loss and optimizing the machining time, the PSO-based feedrate optimization algorithm for five-axis machining with constraint of contour error is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the relationship between parametric feedrate and contour error constraint is clarified that provides a model basis for accurately controlling contour error by optimizing the feedrate curve. Then, the feedrate optimization model, which takes the control vertices of the feedrate curve expressed by B-spline as the decision variables and minimizes the machining time as the optimization objective, is established. Subsequently, to overcome the shortcomings of low accuracy and low efficiency caused by single optimization of global control vertices, the group search particle swarm optimization (GSPSO) algorithm based on window movement is adopted to optimize the feedrate curve in segments. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed feedrate optimization algorithm is validated by three typical test toolpaths on an open double-turntable five-axis machine tool. In light of the experiment, the proposed algorithm is able to fully release the potential of the machine tools while accurately controlling the contour error of the cutter tip and cutter orientation.

Background and PurposeThis study investigates the effect of physical activity (PA) on cognition in patients with cerebrovascular disease and explored the maximum benefit of different PA characteristics.MethodsDatabases, such as Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library, were searched from their inception to May 31, 2021. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to generate a forest plot. In addition, subgroup analysis, moderation analysis, and regression analysis were performed to explore the possible adjustment factors.ResultsIn total, 22 studies that met the criteria were included, demonstrating data from 1,601 participants. The results indicated that PA produced a positive effect on the global cognition for patients with cerebrovascular disease (SMD: 0.20 [95% CI: 0.12–0.27]), at the same time, PA training prominently improved executive function (SMD: 0.09 [95% CI: 0.00–0.17]) and working memory (SMD: 0.25 [95% CI: 0.10–0.40]). Furthermore, patients with baseline cognitive impairment received the greater benefit of PA on cognition (SMD: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.14–0.34]) than those without cognitive impairment before intervention (SMD: 0.15 [95% CI: 0.04–0.26]). For patients in the acute stage (≤ 3 months), PA did not rescue impairment dysfunction significantly (SMD: 0.08 [95% CI: −0.04–0.21]) and remarkable cognitive gains were detected in the chronic stage of participants (>3 months) (SMD: 0.25 [95% CI: 0.16–0.35]). Moderate intensity PA showed a larger pooled effect size (SMD: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.11–0.36]) than low intensity (SMD: −0.01 [95% CI: −0.44–0.43]) and high intensity (SMD: 0.16 [95% CI: 0.03–0.29]). However, the different types, duration, and frequency of PA resulted in no differences in the improvement of cognitive function. Further regression analysis demonstrated that the beneficial effects of PA on cognition are negatively correlated with age (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study revealed that PA can prominently improve the cognitive ability in patients with cerebrovascular diseases and strengthened the evidence that PA held promise as a widely accessible and effective non-drug therapy for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).

It is crucial to monitor the status of aquaculture objects in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Due to their high density and a high degree of intensification, aquaculture objects in such systems need to be monitored for a long time period to prevent losses caused by various factors. Object detection algorithms are gradually being used in the aquaculture industry, but it is difficult to achieve good results for scenes with high density and complex environments. This paper proposes a monitoring method for Larimichthys crocea in a RAS, which includes the detection and tracking of abnormal behavior. The improved YOLOX-S is used to detect Larimichthys crocea with abnormal behavior in real time. Aiming to solve the problems of stacking, deformation, occlusion, and too-small objects in a fishpond, the object detection algorithm used is improved by modifying the CSP module, adding coordinate attention, and modifying the part of the structure of the neck. After improvement, the AP50 reaches 98.4% and AP50:95 is also 16.2% higher than the original algorithm. In terms of tracking, due to the similarity in the fish’s appearance, Bytetrack is used to track the detected objects, avoiding the ID switching caused by re-identification using appearance features. In the actual RAS environment, both MOTA and IDF1 can reach more than 95% under the premise of fully meeting real-time tracking, and the ID of the tracked Larimichthys crocea with abnormal behavior can be maintained stably. Our work can identify and track the abnormal behavior of fish efficiently, and this will provide data support for subsequent automatic treatment, thus avoiding loss expansion and improving the production efficiency of RASs.

In order to fully comprehend the evolution and kinship of fishes in the family of Loricariidae, the complete mitochondrial genome of the Loricariidae fish Ancistrus temmincki was firstly characterized in the present study. The whole mitogenome was 16,657 bp in size and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs genes, a control region and origin of light-strand replication. The proportion of coding sequences with a total length of 11,473 bp was 68.88%, which encoded 3,813 amino acids. The genome composition was highly A + T biased (56.29%), and exhibited AT-skew (0.0661) and a negative GC-skew (–0.2740). All protein-coding genes were started with ATG except for GTG in CO1, while stopped with the standard TAN codons or a single T. The control region (D-loop) ranging from 15,635 bp to 16,657 bp was 1023 bp in size. Until now, there is hardly any studies on the complete mitochondrial sequence in the genus of Ancistrus, phylogenetic analysis showed that A. temmincki was most closely related to Ancistrus cryptophthalmus in the genus of Ancistrus. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence has provided a new insight into the taxonomic classification, and a more complex picture of the species diversity within the family of Loricariidae.

The changes of neurochemicals in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been observed via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in several studies. However, whether it exists the consistent pattern of changes of neurochemicals in the encephalic region during the progression of MCI to AD were still not clear. The study performed meta-analysis to investigate the patterns of neurochemical changes in the encephalic region in the progress of AD. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, and finally included 63 studies comprising 1,086 MCI patients, 1,256 AD patients, and 1,907 healthy controls. It showed that during the progression from MCI to AD, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) decreased continuously in the posterior cingulate (PC) (SMD: −0.42 [95% CI: −0.62 to −0.21], z = −3.89, P < 0.05), NAA/Cr (creatine) was consistently reduced in PC (SMD: −0.58 [95% CI: −0.86 to −0.30], z = −4.06, P < 0.05) and hippocampus (SMD: −0.65 [95% CI: −1.11 to −0.12], z = −2.44, P < 0.05), while myo-inositol (mI) (SMD: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.26–0.61], z = 4.97, P < 0.05) and mI/Cr (SMD: 0.43 [95% CI: 0.17–0.68], z = 3.30, P < 0.05) were raised in PC. Furthermore, these results were further verified by a sustained decrease in the NAA/mI of PC (SMD: −0.94 [95% CI: −1.24 to −0.65], z = −6.26, P < 0.05). Therefore, the levels of NAA and mI were associated with the cognitive decline and might be used as potentially biomarkers to predict the possible progression from MCI to AD.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42020200308.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Chrysochir aureus was sequenced. The full length of the mitochondrial genome was 16,501 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNA genes, a non-coding control region (CR) and one origin of replication on the light-strand (OL). The total nucleotide composition of mitochondrial DNA was 26.95% A, 29.99% C, 26.29% T, and 16.77% G. Twelve PCGs used the canonical ATG as their initiation codon, whereas COI gene started with an alternative start codon GTG. The mitochondrial genome of C. aureus described in this study could be a useful basis for management of this species and laid a foundation for further research involved with phylogenetic relationship within Sciaenidae.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have been widely studied due to the advantages of easy fabrication, low cost, light weight, good flexibility and sufficient transparency. In this work, flexible and semitransparent OSCs were successfully fabricated with the adoption of both polyimide/silver nanowires (PI/AgNW) and a conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS named PH1000 as the transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs). It is demonstrated that PI/AgNW is more suitable as a cathode rather than an anode in the viewpoint of its work function, photovoltaic performance, and simulations of optical properties. It is also found that the light incidence from PH1000 TCE can produce more plasmonic-enhanced photon absorption than the PI/AgNW electrode does, resulting in more high power conversion efficiency. Moreover, a high light transmittance of 33.8% and a decent efficiency of 3.88% are achieved for the whole all-flexible semitransparent device with only 9% decrease of resistance in PI/AgNW after 3000 bending cycles. This work illustrates that PI/AgNW has great potential and bright prospect in large-area OSC applications in the future.

As the reference detector of absolute radiance calibration primary radiometer (ARCPR) for space remote sensing, total solar irradiance (TSI) cavity is investigated to ensure the measurement accuracy. TSI cavity adopts a sloping bottom cavity. The geometrical parameters and paint material of sloping bottom cavity are both optimised to improve the invariance of absorptance in the environment of ground and space. The optimisation of substitution method is proposed to measure the average absorptance by two-dimensional scan. The uniformity is evaluated by absorptance map. Experimental results illustrate that sloping bottom cavity has a super-high absorptance of 0.999928 (wavelength is 632 nm), and the relative measure uncertainty is approximated to 6 ppm. Meanwhile, compared with the absorptance map of conical cavity, the sloping bottom design improves the uniformity of absorptance. Therefore, the sloping bottom cavity can be adopted as the reference detector of ARCPR. Furthermore, the optimised substitution method is suitable for the investigation of the blackbody cavity with super-high absorptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted in a sealed, temperature-controlled room. The initial water temperature of the treatment group was 12°C, lowered by 1°C a day to 8°C using a chiller, and maintained at that temperature for 3 days. The water temperature was then increased by 1°C per day to 12°C using a heater. The control group were the fish that kept at 12°C at the beginning of the experiment; T1 represents the group that sampled on the first day when the water temperature reached 8 from 12°C; T2 represents the group that sampled when the fish had been kept at 8°C for 3 days; T3 represents the group sampled when the water temperature was increased to 12 from 8°C. The antioxidant abilities of the liver, muscle, and intestine of large yellow croaker at different temperatures and times were determined, and the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 in the liver as well as the changes in intestinal microbiota were investigated. The results showed that the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA content increased significantly when the water temperature decreased from 12 to 8°C, significantly higher than those in the control group. The gene expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 in the liver of large yellow croaker significantly increased under low temperature stress and were significantly higher than those in the control group. The diversity and abundance of intestinal microbiota of large yellow croaker were altered when the water temperature was maintained at 8°C, although the change was not obvious. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominate phyla in both the 12 and 8°C groups, and the temperature variation did not change the functional pathways of the microbiota. In conclusion, the acute temperature variation affected the antioxidant ability and heat shock protein expression of large yellow croaker but did not affect the diversity or abundance of the intestinal microbiota. These results will provide a theoretical basis for studying the mechanisms of large yellow croaker overwintering and adaptation to low temperatures.

The Dotted Gizzard Shad (Konosirus punctatus) was one of the most important commercial fish species in China, Japan and Korea. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of K. punctatus was presented. The full length of the mitochondrial genome was 16,705 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNA genes, one non-coding control region (CR) and one origin of replication on the light-strand. The total nucleotide composition of mitochondrial DNA was 25.79%A, 25.09%T, 29.05%C, 20.08%G, and AT was 50.88%. The mitochondrial genome provides an important resource for solving taxonomic problems and studying molecular evolution.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi is presented, and we also discussed its mitochondrial characteristics. The full length of the mitochondrial genome was 17,417 bp, including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S), 22 transfer RNA genes, 1 non-coding control region (D-loop), and 1 origin of replication on the light-strand. The total nucleotide composition of mitochondrial DNA was 29.76%A, 29.88%T, 25.35%C, 15.01%G, and AT was 59.64%. The phylogenetic tree suggested that H. herbertaxelrodi shared the most recent common ancestor with Astyanax giton, Grundulus bogotensis, Astyanax paranae, and Oligosarcus argenteus.

Particle sedimentation is a fundamental process encountered in various industrial applications. In this study, we used immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method and discrete element method (IBM-LBM-DEM) to investigate two-particle sedimentation. A lattice Boltzmann method was used to simulate fluid flow, a discrete element method was used to simulate particle dynamics, and an immersed boundary method was used to handle particle–fluid interactions. Via the IBM-LBM-DEM, the particles collision process in fluid or between rigid walls can be calculated to capture the information of particles and the flow field more efficiently and accurately. The numerical method was verified by simulating settling of a single three-dimensional particle. Then, the effects of Reynolds number (Re), initial distance, and initial angle of particles on two-particle sedimentation were characterized. A specific focus was to reproduce, analyze, and define the well-known phenomenon of drafting-kissing-tumbling (DKT) interaction between two particles. Further kinematic analysis to define DKT is meaningful for two-particle sedimentation studies at different particle locations. Whether a pair of particles has experienced DKT can be viewed from time plots of the distance between the particles (for kissing), the second-order derivative of distance to time (for drafting), and angular velocities of particles (for tumbling). Simulation results show that DKT’s signatures, including attraction, (near) contact, rotation, and in the end, separation, is only completely demonstrated when particles have nearly vertically aligned initial positions. Hence, not all initial positions of particles and Reynolds numbers lead to DKT and not all particle–particle hydrodynamic interactions are DKT. Whether particle–particle interaction is attractive or repulsive depends on the relative positions of particles and Re. Collision occurs when Re is high and the initial angle is small (

Background/Aims: Tissue engineering bone transplantation with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is an effective technology to treat massive bone loss, while molecular regulation of the bone regeneration processes remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to assess the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the recruitment of host cells by seeded BMSCs and in the bone regeneration. Methods: A transwell assay was performed to examine the role of IL-8/CXCR1/CXCR2/PI3k/Akt on the migration potential of hBMSCs. The in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs was assessed by examination of 2 chondrogenic markers, Sox9 and type 2 collagen (COL2). mBMSCs were used in tissue engineered bone (TEB) with/without IL-8 implanted into bone defect area with CXCR2 or Akt inhibitors. Density and Masson staining of the regenerated bone were assessed. The chondrogenesis was assessed by expression levels of associated proteins, Sox9 and COL2, by RT-qPCR and by immunohistochemistry. Results: IL-8 may trigger in vitro migration of hBMSCs via CXCR2-mediated PI3k/Akt signaling pathway. IL-8 enhances osteogenesis in the TEB-implanted bone defect in mice. IL-8 induces chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via CXCR2-mediated PI3k/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: IL-8 enhances therapeutic effects of MSCs on bone regeneration via CXCR2-mediated PI3k/Akt signaling pathway.

In cryogenic fracturing, a rock surface exposed to cryogenic fluids undergoes a large thermal gradient, and the resultant local tensile stress overcomes rock strength and initiates fractures. This study investigates the development of cracks generated from the cryogenic treatment of a borehole under no external confining stress on specimens. The experiments were performed on transparent PMMA specimens to observe fracture proliferation around boreholes. Liquid nitrogen was flowed through the boreholes to cool the borehole surface. The results show that initial fracture growth is characterized by abrupt starts and stops, and as the fracture propagates outward, the growth appears more continuous. In an early stage, horizontal/radial fractures and vertical fractures are the defining patterns. Horizontal fractures tend to be separated by a specific exclusion distance (i.e., spacing between cracks). While distinct horizontal/vertical fractures and exclusion distance manifest themselves at an early stage, fractures resulting from fracture interactions and curvatures can develop into complex shapes at later stages. Cryogenic thermal loading induces distinctively curved fractures. The tendency of curvature may prevent greater penetration. An increase in the borehole pressure during liquid nitrogen flow, however, can lessen fracture tortuosity and facilitate radial propagation. A high flow pressure and rate are also advantageous in that they accelerate cooling and fracture propagation.

The complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced from the marine teleost fish Inimicus japonicus. The genome sequence is 16,830 bp in size and has a base composition of A (29.25%), T (29.01%), C (20.7%), and G (21.03%). Moreover, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) encoded 3210 amino acids in total. The phylogenetic analysis showed that I. japonicus belongs to Synancejidae family. The complete mitochondrial genome sequences provided here would be useful for further understanding the evolution and conservation genetics of I. japonicus.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Characiform fish Nematobrycon palmeri was characterized in the present study. The whole mitogenome was 17,340 bp in size and the proportion of coding sequences with a total length of 11,448 bp was 66.02%, which encodes 3805 amino acids. The base composition of the genome was 30.92% for A, 23.92% for C, 14.88% for G, and 30.28% for T. All protein-coding genes were started with ATG, CO1 and ATP8 ended by AGG, TAG respectively, whereas CO2, ATP6, ND4 ended by a single T, the other PCGs commonly ended by TAA. The length of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA was 949 bp and 1675 bp, respectively. The control region (D-loop) ranging from 15,654 bp to 17,340 bp was 1687 bp in size. It showed negative GC skew value (–0.2329) and positive AT skewness (0.0105). Phylogenetic analysis showed that N. palmeri was most closely related to Gephyrocharax atracaudatus. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence would provide a new insight into taxonomic classification, and help to draw a more complete picture of species diversity within the Characidae.

Background and Aims. Host-derived cells play crucial roles in the regeneration process of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) during the treatment of large segmental bone defects (LSBDs). However, their identity, source, and cell recruitment mechanisms remain elusive. Methods. A complex model was created using mice by combining methods of GFP+ bone marrow transplantation (GFP-BMT), parabiosis (GFP+-BMT and wild-type mice), and femoral LSBD, followed by implantation of TECs or DBM scaffolds. Postoperatively, the migration of host BM cells was detected by animal imaging and immunofluorescent staining. Bone repair was evaluated by micro-CT. Signaling pathway repressors including AMD3100 and SP600125 associated with the migration of BM CD44+ cells were further investigated. In vitro, transwell migration and western-blotting assays were performed to verify the related signaling pathway. In vivo, the importance of the SDF-1/CXCR4-JNK pathway was validated by ELISA, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), immunofluorescent staining, and RT-PCR. Results. First, we found that host cells recruited to facilitate TEC-mediated bone repair were derived from bone marrow and most of them express CD44, indicating the significance of CD44 in the migration of bone marrow cells towards donor MSCs. Then, the predominant roles of SDF-1/CXCR4 and downstream JNK in the migration of BM CD44+ cells towards TECs were demonstrated. Conclusion. Together, we demonstrated that during bone repair promoted by TECs, BM-derived CD44+ cells were essential and their migration towards TECs could be regulated by the SDF-1/CXCR4-JNK signaling pathway.

Large strain extrusion machining (LSEM) is one of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods that can improve the mechanical properties of materials. The purpose of this experiment is to study the surface hardness and microstructure of the pure copper chip strips. It was found that most of the grains of the chip strips had been refined to the ultrafine grain grade. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulations were conducted to predict the von Mises equivalent strains. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), further study indicated that the surface hardness of the chip strips was decided by several key parameters including the chip thickness compression ratio, rake angle, and uncut chip thickness during LSEM. Through this analysis, a set of parameters which have the greatest impact on the properties of the material can be found. This set of parameters helps us to achieve the strip with the best performance.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been widely used as a suitable tool for phylogenetic studies among species, including molecular evolution, phylogenetics, population genetics, and comparative and evolutionary genomics. We described the complete mitogenome of Dysomma anguillare in this study. The mitogenome is 16,689 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, and a putative control region (CR) and one origin of replication (OL) on the light-strand. Moreover, a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor-joining method was constructed to explore the phylogenetic relationship of D. anguillare, which strongly supported it had the closest relationship with the Simenchelys parasitica. These results would provide comprehensive phylogenetic relationship within Gobionellinae and additional information for management for this species.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Dermogenys pusilla was firstly determined. The complete genome is 16,529 bp in length. It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, a putative control region, and 1 origin of replication on the light-strand. The gene organization, nucleotide composition, and codon usage are similar to other Hemiramphidae. The overall nucleotide composition was 30.73% A, 28.18% T, 26.48% C, and 14.61% G, respectively. All protein-coding genes started with Met, ND1, ND2, CO1, ATP8, ATP6, CO3, ND3, ND4L, ND5 and ND6 ended by TAA as a stop codon, ND4 ended by AGA as a stop codon, CO2 and Cytb use an incomplete stop codon T. The lengths of 12S ribosomal RNA and 16S ribosomal RNA are 941 bp and 1670 bp, respectively. The length of control region is 862 bp, ranging from 15,668 bp to 16,529 bp. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence provided here would help us understand the evolution of ratite and conservation genetics of D. pusilla in the future.

In multiphase (≥3) equilibrium calculations, when the Newton method is used to solve the material balance (Rachford-Rice) equations, poorly conditioned Jacobian can lead to false convergence. We present a robust successive substitution method that solves the multiphase Rachford-Rice equations sequentially using the method of bi-section while considering the monotonicity of the equations and the locations of singular hyperplanes. Although this method is slower than Newton solution, as it does not rely on Jacobians that can become poorly conditioned, it can be inserted into Newton iterations upon the detection of a poorly conditioned Jacobian. Testing shows that embedded successive substitution steps effectively improved the robustness. The benefit of the Newton method in the speed of convergence is maintained.