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Computer games, one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the world, are increasingly online multiplayer, connecting geographically dispersed players in the same virtual world over a network. Network latency between players and the server can decrease responsiveness and increase inconsistency across players, degrading player performance and quality of experience. Latency compensation techniques are software-based solutions that seek to ameliorate the negative effects of network latency by manipulating player input and/or game states in response to network delays. We search, find, and survey more than 80 papers on latency compensation, organizing their latency compensation techniques into a novel taxonomy. Our hierarchical taxonomy has 11 base technique types organized into four main groups. Illustrative examples of each technique are provided, as well as demonstrated use of the techniques in commercial games.

Heterologous expression is an indispensable approach to exploiting natural products from phylogenetically diverse microbial communities. In this study, we constructed a heterologous expression system based on strain

The knowledge on sulfur incorporation mechanism involved in sulfur-containing molecule biosynthesis remains limited. Chuangxinmycin is a sulfur-containing antibiotic with a unique thiopyrano[4,3,2-cd]indole (TPI) skeleton and selective inhibitory activity against bacterial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Despite the previously reported biosynthetic gene clusters and the recent functional characterization of a P450 enzyme responsible for C-S bond formation, the enzymatic mechanism for sulfur incorporation remains unknown. Here, we resolve this central biosynthetic problem by in vitro biochemical characterization of the key enzymes and reconstitute the TPI skeleton in a one-pot enzymatic reaction. We reveal that the JAMM/MPN+ protein Cxm3 functions as a deubiquitinase-like sulfurtransferase to catalyze a non-classical sulfur-transfer reaction by interacting with the ubiquitin-like sulfur carrier protein Cxm4GG. This finding adds a new mechanism for sulfurtransferase in nature.

Cloud-based games have advantages in convenience over traditional computer games, but have the disadvantage of added latency from the thin client to the cloud-based server and back. This added latency has been shown to decrease player performance. New latency compensation techniques can help by scaling game attributes to make the game easier, exactly counteracting the difficulty added by the latency. We conduct a user study measuring attribute scaling for two games -- a first-person shooter and a rhythm game -- each having a different attribute scaling method: spatial and temporal. Data from the study shows a decrease in accuracy with an increase in latency and game difficulty, and an increase in accuracy with an increase in attribute scaling. More importantly, we derive a model from the data whereby a pre-determined accuracy can be chosen -- say, by the game designer -- and the model then outputs the scaling factor to meet that desired target accuracy.

While there have been network studies of traditional network games and streaming video, there is less work measuring cloud-based game streaming traffic and none on Google’s Stadia. This paper presents experiments that provide a first look – measuring Stadia game traffic for several games, analyzing the bitrates, packet sizes and inter-packet times, and comparing the results to other applications. Results indicate Stadia, unlike traditional network game systems, rapidly sends large packets downstream and small packets upstream, similar to but still significantly different than video and at much higher rates than previous cloud-based game systems or video.

The indole alkaloid antibiotic chuangxinmycin, from Actinobacteria Actinoplanes tsinanensis, containing a unique thiopyrano[4,3,2- cd]indole scaffold, is a potent and selective inhibitor of bacterial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The chuangxinmycin biosynthetic gene cluster was identified by in silico analysis of the genome sequence, then verified by heterologous expression. Systemic gene inactivation and intermediate identification determined the minimum set of genes for unique thiopyrano[4,3,2- cd]indole formation and the concerted action of a radical S-adenosylmethionine protein plus an unknown protein for addition of the 3-methyl group. These findings set a solid foundation for comprehensively investigating the biosynthesis, optimizing yield, and generating new analogues of chuangxinmycin.

Micro deformation monitoring system (IBIS-L) using high frequency microwave as signal for transmission, is easily affected by meteorology. How to eliminate the meteorological influence effectively, and extract useful information from the big data becomes a key to monitor the slope deformation with high precision by the IBIS-L system. Evaluation of the optimum meteorological correction mode for Slope Deformation Monitoring to ensure the accuracy of measurement is considered. This objective was realized by model construction technology, which uses calculation formula of Microwave Refraction rate, and the radial distance from the target point to the IBIS-L system to estimate the irreal displacement by meteorological influence. In this paper we examine feasibility and accuracy of the meteorological correction model via experiment analysis. This experiment takes the Nuozhadu hydropower station slope monitoring for example. Firstly, the temperature, humidity, air pressure and other meteorological parame...

The supply of electricity is directly affected by the structural safety of transmission tower. The unsuitable power line type can impose extra forces on transmission tower. The failure within transmission tower results in power outage because the designed power transmission tower cannot bear the extra force loading. In this paper, the mechanical responses in transmission tower with different power line types were calculated by means of finite element software. Commercial software Abaqus was employed for analyzing the structural safety of transmission tower. Ten kinds of power line were chosen to impose static forces on transmission tower. Based on the finite element results, the maximum stress and displacement were obtained. When the dimension of power line is less than a certain value, the transmission tower is safe; otherwise, the transmission tower may collapse.

Ground-based radar interferometry, an innovative technology for surface deformation monitoring has the advantages of high-security, high-resolution, adapting to all kinds of weather conditions and so on. Ground-based radar interferometry using microwave signal as transmission signal, is susceptible to atmospheric disturbance. How to eliminate the atmospheric disturbance influence is the key to achieve high-precision monitoring. Accordingly, this article aims at developing an effective atmospheric disturbance correction model. Firstly, IBIS- L system and corner reflectors as the stable points were placed. Secondly, microwave refractive index was calculated through the atmospheric parameters. Furthermore, according to the additional displacement acquired by IBIS-L system, the radial distance, azimuth distance of corner reflectors, and microwave refractive index, the atmospheric disturbance correction model in using IBIS-L system for slope monitoring was established. Finally, the additional displacement calculated from the model is in comparison with additional displacement by IBIS-L system monitoring. Experiments show that, the model can effectively eliminate the influence of atmospheric disturbance, and ensure monitoring accuracy.

A 20-year old female, AN, with no history of neurological events or detectable lesions, was markedly poorer than controls at identifying her most familiar celebrity voices. She was normal at face recognition and in discriminating which of two speakers uttered a particular sentence. She evidences normal fMRI sensitivity for human speech and non-speech sounds. AN, and two other phonagnosics, were unable to imagine the voices of highly familiar individuals. A region in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was differentially activated in controls when imagining familiar celebrity voices compared to imagining non-voice sounds. AN evidenced no differential activation in this area, which has been termed a person identity semantic system. Rather than a deficit in the representation of voice-individuating cues, AN may be unable to associate those cues to the identity of a familiar person. In this respect, the deficit in developmental phonagnosia may bear a striking parallel to developmental prosopagnosia.

While humor typically involves a surprising discovery, not all discoveries are perceived as humorous or lead to a feeling of mirth. Is there a difference in the neural signature of humorous versus nonhumorous discovery? Subjects viewed drawings that were uninterpretable until a caption was presented that provided either: 1) a nonhumorous interpretation (or insight) of an object from an unusual or partial view (UV) or 2) a humorous interpretation (HU) of the image achieved by linking remote and unexpected concepts. fMRI activation elicited by the UV captions was a subset of that elicited by the humorous HU captions, with only the latter showing activity in the temporal poles and temporo-occipital junction (linking remote concepts), and medial prefrontal cortex (unexpected reward). Mirth may be a consequence of the linking of remote ideas producing high-and unexpected-activation in association and classical reward areas. We suggest that this process is mediated by opioid activity as part of a system rewarding attention to novel information.

Viewing a sequence of faces of two different people results in a greater Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) response in FFA compared to a sequence of identical faces. Changes in identity, however, necessarily involve changes in the image. Is the release from adaptation a result of a change in face identity, per se, or could it be an effect that would arise from any change in the image of a face? Subjects viewed a sequence of two faces that could be of the same or different person, and in the same or different orientation in depth. Critically, the physical similarity of view changes of the same person was scaled, by Gabor-jet differences, to be equivalent to that produced by an identity change. Both person and orientation changes produced equivalent releases from adaptation in FFA (relative to identical faces) suggesting that FFA is sensitive to the physical similarity of faces rather than to the individuals depicted in the images.

A striking phenomenon in face perception is the configural effect in which a difference in a single part appears more distinct in the context of a face than it does by itself. The face context would be expected to increase search complexity, rendering discrimination more--not less--difficult. Remarkably, there has never been a biologically plausible explanation of this fundamental signature of face recognition.We show that the configural effect can be simply derived from a model composed of overlapping receptive fields (RFs) characteristic of early cortical simple-cell tuning but also present in face-selective areas. Because of the overlap in RFs, the difference in a single part is not only represented in the RFs centered on it but also propagated to larger RFs centered on distant parts of the face. Dissimilarity values computed from the model between pairs of faces and pairs of face parts closely matched the recognition accuracy of human observers who had learned a set of faces composed of composite parts and were tested on wholes (Which is Larry?) and parts (Which is Larry’s nose?). When stimuli were high versus low passed the contributions of different spatial frequency (SF) bands to the configural effect were largely comparable. Therefore, it was the larger RFs rather than the low SFs that accounted for most of the configural effect. The representation explains why, relative to objects, face recognition is so adversely affected by inversion and contrast reversal and why distinctions between similar faces are ineffable.

Maintaining good indoor air quality (IAQ) aimed at meeting human requirements on health and comfort of a space. This study takes the IAQ of the construction square of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology before winter heating as an example. Four basic parameters: indoor air temperature, CO2 concentration, relative humidity and wind speed were tested to evaluate the basic condition of IAQ in the construction square. Through the analysis of the basic parameters of indoor air changes with time and the influence to the human body, this study will point out the existing problems in this space and give some improving suggestions.

Although face detection likely played an essential adaptive role in our evolutionary past and in contemporary social interactions, there have been few rigorous studies investigating its neural correlates. MJH, a prosopagnosic with bilateral lesions to the ventral temporal-occipital cortices encompassing the posterior face areas (fusiform and occipital face areas), expresses no subjective difficulty in face detection, suggesting that these posterior face areas do not mediate face detection exclusively. Despite his normal contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in foveal vision, the present study nevertheless revealed significant face detection deficits in MJH. Compared with controls, MJH showed a lower tolerance to noise in the phase spectrum for faces (vs. cars), reflected in his higher detection threshold for faces. MJH's lesions in bilateral occipito-temporal cortices thus appear to have produced a deficit not only in face individuation, but also in face detection.

Phonagnosia is the inability to individuate people on the basis of their voice and is thus a condition parallel to that of prosopagnosia (Van Lancker & Canter, 1982). We report a case of developmen...

Blocked presentations of objects (Small-Large Crossed w. AnimalsObjects). Subjects performed an oddball (red bounding box aroud image) detection task. Mean referential size of was comparable between animals and objects (Object size from Konkle & Oliva, 2011; Animals fromWikipedia). Animacy: Animals activated ventral lateral temporal cortex, while inanimate objects activated more medial regions of the ventral temporal lobe, and dorsal occipital lobe.

Face recognition involves collaboration of a distributed network of neural correlates. However, how different attributes of faces are represented has remained unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging-adaptation (fMRIa) to investigate the representation of viewpoint, expression, and identity of faces in the fusiform face area (FFA) and the occipital face area (OFA). In an event-related experiment, subjects viewed sequences of two faces and judged whether they depicted the same person. The images could vary in viewpoint, expression and/or identity. Critically, the physical similarity between view-changed and between expression-changed faces of the same person were matched by the Gabor-jet metric, a measure that predicts almost perfectly the effects of image similarity on face discrimination performance. In FFA, changes of identity produced the largest release from adaptation followed by changes of expression; but the release caused by changes of viewpoint was smaller and not reliable. OFA was sensitive only to changes in identity, even when image changes produced by identity variations were matched to those of expression and orientation. These results suggest that FFA is involved in the perception of both identity and expression of faces, a result contrary to the hypothesis of independent processing of changeable and invariant attributes of faces in the face-processing network.