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Low-temperature and anaerobic conditions are two major limiting factors in the germination of direct-seeded rice. Sixteen hybrid Indica rice varieties were screened and subjected to two different temperatures and oxygen levels. The results revealed that relative to anaerobic conditons, low-temperature is the key limiting factor for seed germination. For all varieties, relative to normal temperature (30°C) and aerobic conditions (89.0% germination), the germination percentages when seeds were germinated under anaerobic (normal temperature), low-temperature (15°C) or combined anaerobic and low-temperature conditions were 64.0, 46.0 and 23.2%, respectively. Under the three latter treatments, the soluble sugar (SS) and gibberellin (GA) was significantly decreased, the abscisic acid (ABA) had significantly increased by 14.6–251.8%, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) initially increased by 30.2–49.7% and decreased thereafter by 34.7%. Seeds of 'Shen 9 you 28' and 'Jingliangyou 534' performed better than seeds of the other varieties, with high germination percentages, SS, SOD, GA and low ABA. Correlation analysis revealed that the germination percentages were significantly correlated with the SS, SOD, GA, ABA and GA/ABA. Elevated SS, GA and SOD, as well as reduced ABA content were thought to account for the high germination of rice varieties resistant to combined low-temperature and anaerobic stress.

Introduction This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple doses of opicapone (OPC) in healthy Chinese and Caucasian subjects. Methods In this open-label, single-center, phase 1 study, eligible Chinese subjects received one of three OPC doses (25, 50, or 100 mg), and Caucasian subjects received either 25 or 50 mg of OPC. All subjects were administered a single dose of OPC, whereas subjects in the 50-mg OPC group continued to receive once-daily doses of 50 mg OPC for 10 days. The primary endpoint was to evaluate and compare the plasma concentrations and PK parameters of OPC and its main metabolite, and erythrocyte-soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (S-COMT) activity in Chinese subjects with that of Caucasian subjects. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the safety of OPC in Chinese subjects. The estimated results for geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were evaluated with the standard bioequivalence (BE) limits between 80% and 125% to evaluate the ethnic differences. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Results In total, 70 subjects (45 Chinese, 25 Caucasian) were enrolled; the majority of them were male (85.7%). The plasma exposure of both OPC and BIA 9-1103 increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner in both populations. Maximum S-COMT inhibition ranged from 79% to 95% after a single dose and was about 94% after a 10-day once-daily regimen in both populations. The point estimates of GMRs (Chinese/Caucasian) and 90% CI, except Cmax in 25-mg and 50-mg OPC groups, for PK and PD parameters were within 80% to 125%. Furthermore, no new risks or safety concerns associated with OPC were identified, indicating a tolerable safety profile in healthy Chinese subjects. Conclusion Ethnicity had no significant impact on PK and PD parameters after single or multiple doses of OPC, and OPC was safe and tolerable in healthy Chinese subjects. Trial Registration ChiCTR number, CTR20192230. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-021-00314-8.

The spintronic properties of molecules are essential for the development of multifunctional organic spintronic devices. Here, the spin polarization of bis-(8-hydroxyquinoline) zinc (Znq2) molecule upon electron and hole injection has been theoretically studied by using density-functional theory calculations. It is found that both the injected excess electrons and holes are highly spin polarized in Znq2, leading to an approximately linearly increased magnetic moments with the amount of the charge injected. Our calculation also reveals that the spin polarization upon excess electron and hole injection may attribute to the exchange splitting of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)-related p states of N and C atoms of pyridyl rings and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-related p states of O and C atoms of the phenoxide rings, respectively. The d0 ferromagnetism in the charge-injected Znq2 molecule is quite promising for organic spintronic devices.

Graphene-based analogs and derivatives provide numerous routes to achieve unconventional properties and potential applications. Particularly, two-dimensional (2D) binary materials of group-IV elements are drawing increasing interest. In this work, we proposed the design of three 2D graphene-based materials, namely, XC6-enes (X = Ge, Sn, or Pb), based on first-principles calculations. These new materials possess intriguing properties superior to graphene, such as biaxial negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), moderate bandgap, and high carrier mobility. These XC6-enes comprise sp2 carbon and sp3 X (X = Ge, Sn, Pb) atoms with hexagonal and pentagonal units by doping graphene with X atoms. The stability and plausibility of these 2D materials are verified from formation energies, phonon spectra, ab initio molecular dynamic simulations, and elastic constants. The incorporation of X atoms leads to highly anisotropic mechanical properties along with NPR due to the unique tetrahedral structure and hat-shaped configuration. In the equilibrium state, all the XC6-enes are moderate-band-gap semiconductors. The carrier mobilities of the XC6-enes were highly anisotropic (∼104 cm-2 V-1 s-1 along the [010]-direction). Such outstanding properties make the 2D frameworks promising for application in novel electronic and micromechanical devices.

Anemia caused by iron depletion is common in patients with hemodialysis-dependent stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD-5HD) patients. To maintain the iron levels, external administration of iron is essential. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) is a novel, water-soluble complex iron salt. The present study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and safety of FPC in adult healthy Chinese subjects and patients with CKD-5HD.Two open-label, single-center studies were conducted in healthy subjects and patients with CKD-5HD. Healthy subjects received a single intravenous dose of 6.5 mg FPC solution, while CKD-5HD patients were randomized to two different sequences of FPC administration at two sequential hemodialysis (HD) treatments (dose 1 and dose 2). Patients received 27.2 mg of FPC at a dialysate concentration of 95 μg/L for 4 h or a single 6.5 mg dose of FPC administered intravenously via the pre-dialyzer blood circuit. The primary objective was to determine the PK parameters of total serum iron (FeA total of 14 healthy subjects with a mean age of 30.8 ± 5.92 years and 12 HD patients with a mean age of 54.3 ± 16.47 years were included. In healthy subjects, the peak serum concentration was reached at the end of infusion of FPC, with an adjusted mean maximum concentration (CFPC showed a good PK and safety profile and hence can be used as maintenance therapy for patients with CKD-5HD by choosing a better method of administration based on clinical feasibility and requirement.CTR20181113 and CTR20181119.

Graphene-based analogs and derivatives provide numerous routes to achieve unconventional properties and potential applications. Particularly, two-dimensional (2D) binary materials of group-IV elements are drawing increasing interest. In this work, we proposed the design of three 2D graphene-based materials, namely, XC

Purpose To evaluate the potential ethnic differences of ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC, Triferic) in healthy subjects and patients with hemodialysis-dependent stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD-5HD) and identify covariates that may influence pharmacokinetics (PK) of FPC. Methods Data were collected from 2 Asian and 4 non-Asian clinical studies involving healthy subjects and CKD-5HD patients. Three population PK models were developed: M1 for intravenous (IV) administration of FPC in healthy subjects; M2 for dialysate administration of FPC in CKD-5HD patients; M3 for pre-dialyzer administration of FPC in CKD-5HD patients. All the models were fitted to concentration versus time data of FPC using the nonlinear mixed effect approach with the NONMEM® program. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Results In total, 26 Asians and 65 non-Asians were included in the final model analysis database. Forty healthy subjects were administered FPC via intravenous (IV) route and 51 patients with CKD-5HD via dialysate (N = 50) and pre-dialyzer blood circuit administration (N = 51). The PK parameters of FPC IV were similar. The population PK model showed good parameter precision and reliability as shown by model evaluation, and no relevant influence of ethnicity on PK parameters was observed. In healthy subjects, the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) decreased with increase in lean body mass (LBM) and the average serum total iron at 6 h before the baseline period (Feav), whereas, in both patient populations, Cmax and AUC decreased with increase in LBM and decrease in Febaseline. Other factors such as gender, age, Feav, and ethnicity had no influence on PK exposures in patients. The influence of LBM on PK exposures in patients was smaller than that in healthy subjects (ratio of AUC0-24 for the 5th [68 kg] and 95th [45 kg] patient’s LBM was almost 1). The influence of Feav and LBM on PK exposures was Conclusion The population pharmacokinetics model successfully described the PK parameters of FPC in healthy subjects and CKD-5HD patients and were comparable between Asian and non-Asian populations.

Yaozhou kiln is well known for the celadon firing technique, with its long period of development dating back from the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. It is possible to reveal its progress track and firing history from the different celadon belonging to different dynasties. In this study, the L*a*b* chromaticity values of celadon shards were measured using a whiteness meter, and the bubble size was determined by a hand-held microscope. Moreover, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence was used to determine the chemical composition of the celadon bodies and glazes from different dynasties. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the Yaozhou celadon properties were typical for northern “high-aluminum and low-silicon” calcium glaze, and the characteristics of celadon glazes were similar for each dynasty. Furthermore, the celadon shards unearthed from the Xi Dajie of Xi'an were more in line with celadon features of the Five Dynasty than of the Tang Dynasty.

To investigate the expression of C-JNK, RANKL and OPG after SP600125 administration in cultured dental follicle cells (DFCs). TRAP staining and electron microscope were carried out on day 7 and 9 after coculture of BMMs and DFCs with a ratio of 5:1 in different groups. To determine the effects of SP600125 on the expression of C-JNK, RANKL and OPG mRNA and protein, cultured DFCs were divided into control group, DMSO group and SP600125 groups. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to investigate the expression of the mRNA and protein, respectively. TRAP assay indicated that the number of multinucleated osteoclasts in the SP600125 group showed significant decrease compared with that of control (P

A new writing scheme with a unidirectional pulse current is proposed for spin transfer torque (STT) based magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). To investigate the feasibility of the writing scheme, bilayered nano-pillars composed of a soft layer with small in-plane shape anisotropy and a hard layer with either large perpendicular anisotropy (PMA) or in-plane anisotropy (IMA) are designed and their switching behaviors are studied. It is found that in either type of bilayered nano-pillars, with the aid of the attached hard layer, the magnetization of the soft layer can be switched back and forth under a unidirectional pulse current. In an IMA/IMA nano-pillar, the magnetization of the free layer (FL) can achieve excellent alignment, which is in contrast to the IMA/PMA nano-pillar. By optimizing the dimensions and magnetic parameters of the IMA/IMA nano-pillar, a decently low switching current density (4.3 × 1011 A m−2) and ultrashort switching time (

The heterostructures with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) have advantages for the application of the nonvolatile memories with long data retention time and small size. The interface structure and magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Co

We investigated the dynamical behaviors of an all-permalloy structured spin–torque nano-oscillator (STNO) composed of a nanostripe with in-plane magneto-anisotropy and a free magnetized nanopillar in the absence of a non-magnetic spacer via a micro-magnetic simulation. It is found the newly-devised STNO exhibits two stable precession modes of magnetization in the nanopillar: out-of-plane precession mode and in-plane precession mode under varying applied DC current densities. The switching between the two modes is generated in a certain current density, depending on geometries of the nanopillar as well as the nanostripe. Given a special nanopillar geometry, both modes demonstrate stable oscillation properties in a certain range of current densities. Pulsed magnetic field can effectively realize transformation of the two modes under application of a proper current density. The realization of synchronous oscillations to significantly enhance the output power is verified in this new type of STNO by etching plenty of nanopillars on the nanostripe to build STNOs array.

Objective. The aim of the current investigation is to develop a new strategy for evaluating blood loss in the process of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Methods. 318 patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that need TURP were enrolled in this study. Hospitalization information including age, height, weight, surgery time, prostate volume, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) percentage, and red blood cell count (RBC) was evaluated for each patient. All statistical analysis drawing were conducted using R software. Results. Three methods were employed for calculating blood loss in TURP. Results from a new method display 0 missing value and got higher confidence (0 of 318, Poisson distribution,P<0.001) compared with blood loss calculated with hemoglobin concentration (20.44%) and hematocrit percentage (19.18%). Also, the new method demonstrated narrow range (0.03~270.03 ml) and approximate normal distribution compared with blood loss calculated with hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage. More importantly, the new method explained positive correlation with prostate volume (R2=0.138,P<0.001) and also surgery lasting time (R2=0.193,P<0.001). Conclusion. Methods developed for calculating blood loss in TURP in the current study displayed more accurate and reasonable evaluation of bleeding, which can guide the transfusion blood for patients.

In this paper, the magnetization dynamics of bilayer structured nano-pillars containing a fixed layer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and a free layer with in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) are studied using the micro-magnetic simulation method. Unlike typical sandwich-structured spin-torque nano-pillar oscillators (STNOs), the proposed structure does not contain any nonmagnetic spacer layer. It is found that a stable oscillation with a significant amplitude can be established fast after driving out the vortex core by an in-plane magnetic pulse field. The oscillation frequency and amplitude can be easily manipulated by adjusting the side-length of the nanopillar, the thickness and saturation magnetization of the IMA layer, and an applied magnetic field along z axis. In an array with an adequate inter-pillar distance, the mutual interaction between the nano-pillars will lead the oscillations to be phase-locked, resulting in a considerable enhancement of total amplitude. As it is easy to fabricate these kinds of bi-layer nano-pillars and assemble them in arrays, they may have widespread applications in STNOs.

Quaternary alloys CoMnCrAl, CoFeCrAl and their ternary counterpart Co2CrAl are studied experimentally and theoretically to explore the effects of the substitution of Mn or Fe atoms for part of Co atoms in Co2CrAl. It is found that CoMnCrAl or CoFeCrAl has a magnetization 0.92 μB/f.u. or 1.96 μB/f.u. respectively in agreement with the Slater–Pauling (SP) rule, different from the parent ternary alloy Co2CrAl whose magnetization significantly deviates. The combination of experimental and theoretical results suggests that the formation of Co-Cr antisite defect is suppressed by partially substituting Mn or Fe for Co. The main disorder defects in CoMnCrAl are Cr-Al and Mn-Cr antisites, Fe-Cr and Cr-Al antisites in CoMnCrAl. Since these antisite defects only have small effect on the minority band structure, the half metallicity of CoMnCrAl or CoFeCrAl is expected to have much better tolerance for atomic disorder, compared with Co2CrAl. A negative temperature coefficient of resistance for a long temperature range about 10–273 K has been found exclusively for CoMnCrAl compound. Quaternary alloy CoMnCrAl or CoFeCrAl is found to be compensated ferrimagnetism with a relative low magnetization but a Curie temperature (TC) significantly higher room temperature (RT), whose magnetization are relatively low, but TC higher than the ternary alloy Co2CrAl. Considering their low magnetization, decently high TC and the robust half metallicity, these two quaternary alloys may have important applications in spintronic devices.

The heterostructures with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) have advantages for the application of the nonvolatile memories with long data retention time and small size. The interface structure and magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Co2FeAl/MgAl2O4heterostructures were studied by first principles calculations. The stable interface atomic arrangement is the Co or FeAl layer located above the equatorial oxygen coordinate in the distorted oxygen octahedrons. The Co-O interface can induce large effective PMA up to 4.54 mJ m-2, but this structure is a metastable structure. Meanwhile, the effective MAE decreases linearly as the thickness of the ferromagnetic layer increase. The effective MAE for the FeAl-O interface is only 1.3 mJ m-2, while the maximum thickness of Co2FeAl layer that maintains the PMA effect is about 1.717 nm. These values are very close to the experimental results. Throughd-orbital-resolved MAE, we confirm that the interface PMA is mainly originated from the hybridization betweendxy,dyzanddz2orbitals of interface 3datoms. In addition, the compressive strain, negative electric field and hole doping can significantly enhance the effective PMA of FeAl-O interface. At the same time, Co-O interface will become the most stable structure by tuning the Mg/Al ratio in the spinel layers. The large effective PMA makes the Co2FeAl/MgAl2O4junction a perfect candidate for the next-generation of non-volatile spintronic devices.

The dynamic behaviors of a domain wall (DW) pinned by a notch pair or a single notch with different notch depths are studied. It is found that, in a relatively large current density range, the oscillation frequency of the DW becomes frozen and independent of current density when pinned by a notch pair with a notch depth larger than 12 nm. The current density range for freezing the frequency can be tuned by the notch depth. A chain of notch pairs is designed to introduce more pinned DWs into the nanowire. By increasing the number of DWs and applying a proper magnetic field, the oscillation amplitude can be greatly enhanced. Our finding suggests that nanowires with a series of deep notch pairs may have an important application in the development of DW based spin-transfer nano-oscillators with a high tolerance for current fluctuation.

The magnetization oscillation driven by spin transfer torque (STT) in a nano-pillar composed of a large in-plane anisotropy fixed layer and a soft free layer is studied. It is found that instead of frequency continuously changing with current as most nano-oscillators do, this kind of nano-oscillator can only oscillate in two stable states with specific frequencies. In each state, the frequency is almost invariant with current density. The oscillation state could be easily manipulated by the magnetization state of the free layer or an applied pulse magnetic field as the working current density is lower than a critical value (Jc). The critical current density and the frequency difference of the two states can be tuned by the saturation magnetization (Ms) of the two layers and the anisotropy constant K of fixed layer. Phase-locked oscillation is obtained in a two-nanopillar system, suggesting that it may be possible to amplify the oscillation signal by building an array of this kind of nanopillar system. This kind of STT-based nano-oscillator may have various applications in the field of spintronics.

A solid-phase dendritic Ag nanostructure was synthesized in the presence of silk fibroin biomacromolecule and planted on the glass to form three-dimensional (3D) silvernanodendrite@glass film. When NO 3 - , Cl − and SO 4 2 - were added in the synthesis process of the film to study their influence on the Raman activity of this substrate using MB as probe molecule, it’s found that the substrate with Cl −1 gives the most intensive enhancement, and two ways were proposed to explain this phenomenon. Its superiority in practical application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was verified by analyzing the characteristic Raman spectrum of Sildenafil between 1150 cm −1 and 1699 cm −1 . Besides, the absorption mechanism of GSH on the film through the role of peptide bond was analyzed. GSH interacts strongly with the silver surface via the ν(C S) in two different conformers. The carboxyl and the amide groups are also involved in the adsorption process. In this experiment, we synthesized, studied and applied this as-growth substrate and found some information about its interaction with different molecular bonds and functional groups of peptide.

The paper further investigated the relationship between the modification of the surface chemistry and the enhancement mechanisms of borohydride-reduced silver particles (BRSC). The bands of residual ions die down while the anomalous bands increase gradually with the increasing of the concentration of Cl− and Br−. It means the residual ions are displaced gradually by the added Cl− or Br− and the two halides can lead to the aggregation of the BRSC to a certain extent. However, the most strongly binding anions – I−, cannot cause any aggregation of silver particles. From the detection of methylene blue (MB), the relationship between the modification of silver surface chemistry and the enhancement mechanisms was discussed. Chloride gives the greatest enhancement while the iodide gives the lowest enhancement among the different kinds of anions. There are also some anomalous bands in the SERS spectra of MB, and these anomalous bands were given rational explanation in this paper.

The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of methylene blue (MB) varies observably when using different kinds of silver colloids as SERS active substrates. The colloids were synthesized by three different methods. Sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate were chosen as aggregating agents in this study. Three kinds of anions were performed on hydroxylamine-reduced silver colloid and the effect of the chloride anion was investigated in the three SERS-active colloids. From the results it can be concluded that the interaction between analyte and silver nanoparticles is different in different kinds of colloidal environments and the addition of anions also has a great influence on SERS spectrum. The effects on the SERS spectra were qualitatively explained through the study of SERS spectra for various silver colloids and aggregating agents in this paper.

The viability of the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to the semi-quantitative analysis of the triphenylmethane dye gentian violet was examined by using activated borohydride-reduced silver colloids. Raman and SERS spectra of aqueous solutions of gentian violet at different pH values were acquired for the first time and equally intense SERS signals were obtained at both acidic and alkaline pH values. Two maxima intensities observed in the pH profile revealed the presence of different ionization states of the dye. The pH conditions for SERS were optimized over the pH range 1 to 12 and the biggest enhancement for SERS of this charged dye was found to be at pH 2.0; thus, this condition was used for semi-quantitative analysis. A good linear correlation was observed for the dependence of the signal intensities of the SERS bands at 1620 cm−1 ( R = 0.999) and 1370 cm−1 ( R = 0.952) on dye concentration over the range 10−6 to 10−4 mol/L, using laser excitation at 514.5 nm. At concentrations of dye above 10−2 mol/L, the concentration dependence of the SERS signals is nonlinear. This is explained as due to the precipitation of metallic silver as well as due to saturation caused by complete coverage of the SERS substrate. A series of intensities of the band at 1620 cm−1 measured from dye molecules proved that the single-molecule limit of gentian violet is attained at the concentration of 10−9 mol/L.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is potentially tool in the characterization of biomolecules such as amino acids, complicated peptides and proteins, and even tissues or living cells. Amino acids and short peptides contain different functional groups. Therefore, they are suitable for the investigations of the competitive-interactions of these functional groups with colloidal silver surfaces. In this paper, Normal Raman and SERS of amino acids Leucine and Isoleucine and short peptide Leu-Leu were measured on the silver colloidal substrate. Raman shifts that stem from different vibrational mode in the molecular inner structure, and the variations of SERS of the samples were analyzed in this study. The results show that different connection of one methyl to the main chains of the isomer amino acids resulted in different vibration modes in the Normal Raman spectra of Leucine and Isoleucine. In the SERS spectra of the isomer amino acids, all frequency shifts are expressed more differently than those in Normal Raman spectra of solid state. Orientation of this isomer amino acids, as well as specific-competitive interactions of their functional groups with the colloidal silver surface, were speculated by detailed spectral analysis of the obtained SERS spectra. In addition, the dipeptide Leu-Leu, as the corresponding homodipeptide of Leucine, was also measured adsorbed on the colloidal silver surface. The SERS spectrum of Leu-Leu is different from its corresponding amino acid Leucine but both of them are adsorbed on the silver surface through the carboxylate moiety.

In Raman detection, the most popular solution for the samples is tri-distilled water. But the effect of aqueous solution is barely studied in Raman spectroscopy. In fact Raman spectroscopy of solid-state and liquid-state are obvious different. In addition, FWHM of Raman spectral peaks also change evidently. In this paper, several samples were selected for the experiment; including sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, glucose and caffeine. By comparing the Raman spectroscopy of samples at different concentrations, it is found that the concentration of the sample can affect the strength of Raman spectroscopy, but it can hardly impact FWHM of Raman spectral peaks. By comparing the Raman spectroscopy of liquid-state with the Raman spectroscopy of solid-state, it is observed that the FWHM of some Raman spectral peaks varied obviously; that may be because when the sample was dissolved into the water, the crystal lattice structure was broken, and for some samples atom form became ion form in aqueous solution. Those structural variations caused the variation of the FWHM. The Raman spectroscopy of caffeine aqueous solution at very low concentration was also detected and analyzed. Compared with the Raman spectra of solid-state samples, it is found that some Raman spectral peaks disappeared when the sample was dissolved in water. It is possible that the low concentration of the sample result in the weakening of Raman signals and the disappearing of some weak Raman spectral peaks. Then Ag nanoparticles were added into the caffeine aqueous solution, the results suggest that surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) not only can enhance the Raman spectral signal, but also can reduce the effect of aqueous solution. It is concluded that the concentration of sample only affects the strength of Raman spectroscopy; the aqueous solution can affect the FWHM of Raman spectral peaks; and SERS can reduce the effect of aqueous solution.

In this article, the relationship between the states of Ag core-Au shell (core-shell) nanoparticles (NP) and the intensity of Raman scattering of analytes dissolved in the water and adsorbed on the NP was studied. The core-shell NP were synthesised by coating Au layers over Ag seeds by the method of "seed-growth". To highlight the advantage of the core-shell NP, Ag colloid and Au colloid were chosen for contrasting. The analyte that were chosen for this testing were methylene blue (MB) for the reason that MB has very strong signal in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The SERS activity of optimalizing states of Ag and Au colloids were compared with that of core-shell NP when MB was used as analyte. In this study, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sodium nitrate were used as aggregating agents for Ag, Au colloids and core-shell NP, because anions have a strong influence on the SERS efficiency and the stability of colloids. The results indicate that core-shell NP can obviously enhance the SERS of MB. The aim of this study is to prove that compared with the metal colloid, the core-shell NP is a high efficiency SERS active substrate.

Surface-Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are potentially important tools in the characterization of biomolecules such as amino acids, complicated peptides and proteins, and even tissues or living cells. Amino acids and small peptides contain different functional groups. Therefore, they are suitable for the investigations of the competitive-interactions of these functional groups with colloidal silver surfaces. SERS spectra of Phe and Gly-Gly are measured in colloidal silver solutions in this paper. Orientation of the samples, as well as specific-competitive interactions of their functional groups with the colloidal silver surface, were predicted by detailed spectral analysis of the obtained SERS spectra. In addition, using SERS measurement obtained in different time we discuss an existing controversy regarding the adsorption mechanism of Gly-Gly on the silver surface.

Attribute reduction and decision rules are the key questions of rough set theory. Rough sets has developed to quite a matured level in a single universe of research, however, there are nearly no researches about rough set theory of dual-universe based on multiple information system. In response to this, this paper puts forward reduction methods of rough sets based on dual-universe, decision rules and its procedure and methods. It shows that this study is effective through examples.

In this paper, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of phenylalanine were studied for borohydride- reduced silver colloid using different aggregating agents, and the effects on SERS of aggregation on this colloid environments were analysed. The choice of aggregating agent greatly influences the aggregation of colloid and the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of the analyte. Sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, potassium chloride and calcium chloride were used as aggregating agents. The results show that the surface- enhanced Raman spectroscopy of phenylalanine varies observably when different kinds and concentration of aggregating agents are used. Sodium chloride gave the most intense bands among the three kinds of sodium salts for phenylalanine with the borohydride-reduced silver colloid. It can be concluded that chloride ions are mainly responsible for the aggregation of nanoparticles in this silver colloid. Potassium chloride and calcium chloride were used as aggregating agents to contrast the effect of different cations in colloid silver. It was found that a new peak emerged and the intensity of SERS spectrum decreased when calcium chloride were used as aggregating agent. The results indicate that not only the anions but also the cations influence the SERS of analyte. Through the study of SERS spectra for phenylalanine with different kinds of aggregating agents, the application of SERS technique in the field of biochemistry may be expanded.

SERS spectroscopy was employed to study the interaction of the antitumoral drug paclitaxel with human serum albumin. The normal Raman spectrum of the paclitaxel was shown in this study for the first time. There were some differences existing in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of paclitaxel and its human serum albumin (HSA), which demonstrated that there was high bioaffinity of paclitaxel to human serum albumin. And it was also found that there existed some differences in the SERS of the paclitaxel/HSA complexes at different pH values, which may indicated some significant information on the binding site, by which paclitaxel binds to human serum albumin. It can provide significant instruction in the synthesis of the drug and in improving the therapeutic efficacy of this drug.

Kansei Engineering is being widely used in the area of industrial design. The color image, as an important part of the Kansei Engineering, is one of the key factors which can affect the customer?s image perception apart from the shape of the product. The study of the color image in Kansei Engineering learning was carried out based on the medical treatment equipment, through the network, especially by using the customization technology based on the cult 3d and the asp.net, so it conquers the shortcoming of the traditional method in color image getting, shorting the investigating time, scaling the swatch. The result of the study shows that the method can get all the expecting items, and can finally improve the actual effect and accuracy of the color image learning.

In the present paper, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was employed to study the SERS spectra of biotin molecules formed on the silver surface. The adsorption geometries of biotin molecules on the silver surface were analyzed based on the SERS data. It can be found that most vibration modes show a Raman shift in silver sol after the addition of sodium chloride solution. In addition, The Raman signals of biotin become weaker and weaker with the increase of the concentration of sodium chloride. This may be due to that the interaction between chloride ions and silver particles is stronger than the interaction between biotin molecules and silver particles. When the concentration of sodium chloride in silver colloid is higher than 0.05mol/L, superfluous chloride ions may form an absorption layer so that biotin can not be adsorbed on silver surface directly. The changes in intensity and profile shape in the SERS spectra suggest different adsorption behavior and surface-coverage of biotin on silver surface. The SERS spectra of biotin suggest that the contribution of the charge transfer mechanism to SERS may be dominant.

In this study, surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)spectra of vitamin E were obtained on colloidal silver(Ag). Alpha-(-) tocopherol which is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements was selected to study. The analytes (±)- -tocopherol were dissolved in chloroform (CHCl3) and the silver colloid was poured into the compound. Silver colloid was reduced by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The analytes were the supernatant after standing the mixture for the reason that chloroform have no signals in surface-enhanced Raman scattering in the Ag colloid, and it would not affect the determination of the (±)- -tocopherol. The Normal Raman and SERS spectrum of Vitamin E were contrastively studied to realize how the vitamin E stuck to the silver nanoparticles. The results show the fat-soluble substances can be analysed by SERS. The spectra indicate that the molecules are adsorbed on the surface through the COO- groups by the simultaneous involvement of a and -type coordination. These results suggest some important criteria for consideration in SERS measurements and also provide important insights into the problem of predicting SERS activities for different fat-soluble substances.