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With the dense hydrogen-bonding networks formed by the alkoxy phosphonic acid groups and guest H3PO4 molecules, CMP-Cx-P-H exhibit high proton conductivity under both humid and anhydrous conditions as well as wide temperature range (−40 to 130 °C).

Traditional power factor correction (PFC) converters usually employ a large electrolytic capacitor to ensure a stiff output voltage. However, the electrolytic capacitor is not expected in terms of the reliability and the size of the system. This article proposes a peak and valley current control for Cuk PFC converter to remove the bulky electrolytic capacitor. The proposed control is realized by a combination of analog and digital circuits. The analog circuits are used to accomplish the real-time comparison between the actual currents and their reference values. And the digital circuits are employed to deal with simple logical judgement. Different from the existing full digital control technique, which needs a high-quality digital signal processor (DSP) to process complex arithmetic operation, the proposed control concept even can only require a low performance microcontroller unit. Besides, the control delay is avoided. This article first analyzes the operation stages of the Cuk PFC converter. Then, design considerations of main circuit and control circuit are introduced. Finally, the experimental results from 200W Cuk PFC converter are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control.

Supplementary Figure 2 from Depletion of Peripheral Macrophages and Brain Microglia Increases Brain Tumor Titers of Oncolytic Viruses

Supplementary Figure 4 from Depletion of Peripheral Macrophages and Brain Microglia Increases Brain Tumor Titers of Oncolytic Viruses

Supplementary Figure 3 from Depletion of Peripheral Macrophages and Brain Microglia Increases Brain Tumor Titers of Oncolytic Viruses

Clinical trials have proven oncolytic virotherapy to be safe but not effective. We have shown that oncolytic viruses (OV) injected into intracranial gliomas established in rodents are rapidly cleared, and this is associated with up-regulation of markers (CD68 and CD163) of cells of monocytic lineage (monocytes/microglia/macrophages). However, it is unclear whether these cells directly impede intratumoral persistence of OV through phagocytosis and whether they infiltrate the tumor from the blood or the brain parenchyma. To investigate this, we depleted phagocytes with clodronate liposomes (CL) in vivo through systemic delivery and ex vivo in brain slice models with gliomas. Interestingly, systemic CL depleted over 80% of peripheral CD163+ macrophages in animal spleen and peripheral blood, thereby decreasing intratumoral infiltration of these cells, but CD68+ cells were unchanged. Intratumoral viral titers increased 5-fold. In contrast, ex vivo CL depleted only CD68+ cells from brain slices, and intratumoral viral titers increased 10-fold. These data indicate that phagocytosis by both peripheral CD163+ and brain-resident CD68+ cells infiltrating tumor directly affects viral clearance from tumor. Thus, improved therapeutic efficacy may require modulation of these innate immune cells. In support of this new therapeutic paradigm, we observed intratumoral up-regulation of CD68+ and CD163+ cells following treatment with OV in a patient with glioblastoma. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9398–406]

Supplementary Figure 1B from Depletion of Peripheral Macrophages and Brain Microglia Increases Brain Tumor Titers of Oncolytic Viruses

Supplementary Figure 5 from Depletion of Peripheral Macrophages and Brain Microglia Increases Brain Tumor Titers of Oncolytic Viruses

Asphalt fiber synchronous surface dressing has good stress absorption and dispersion ability. It has a network winding structure, which can effectively absorb, diffuse and redistribute the local concentrated stress in the pavement structure, and effectively reduce the stress in the pavement structure. Asphalt fiber synchronous surface dressing reduces the generation of cracks in the pavement structure layer, and prevents and suppresses the occurrence of reflection cracks. For three consecutive years, Qingyang highway development center of Gansu Province has applied asphalt fiber synchronous surface dressing in the managed and maintained trunk highway, which has effectively improved the traffic condition of the pavement, extended the service life of the highway and achieved good results.

The promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) is an important measure for dealing with climate change and reducing carbon emissions, which are widely agreed goals worldwide. Being an important operating mode for electric vehicle charging stations in the future, the integrated photovoltaic and energy storage charging station (PES-CS) is receiving a fair amount of attention and discussion. However, how to optimally configure photovoltaic and energy storage capacity to achieve the best economy is essential and a huge challenge to overcome. In this paper, based on the historical data-driven search algorithm, the photovoltaic and energy storage capacity allocation method for PES-CS is proposed, which determines the capacity ratio of photovoltaic and energy storage by analyzing the actual operation data, which is performed while considering the target of maximizing economic benefits. In order to achieve the proposed capacity allocation, the method is as follows: First, the economic benefit model of the charging stations is established, taking the net present value and investment payback period as evaluation indicators; then, by analyzing the operation data of the existing charging station with the target of maximizing economic benefits, the initial configuration capacity is obtained; finally, the capacity configuration is verified through a comprehensive case analysis for the actual operation data. The results show that the capacity configuration obtained through the data analysis features an optimized economic efficiency and photovoltaic utilization. The proposed method can provide a theoretical and practical basis for newly planned or improved large-scale charging stations.

The malalignment of teeth is treated classically by metal braces with alloy wires, which has an unfavorable influence on the patients appearance during the treatment. With the development of digitization, computer simulation and three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, herein, a modern treatment was tried using clear polymeric aligners, which were fabricated by molding polyurethane films via thermoforming on the 3D-printed personalized dental models. The key parameters of photocurable 3D printing of dental models and the mechanical properties of the clear aligner film material were examined. The precision of a 3D-printed dental model mainly relied on characteristics of photocurable resin, the resolution of light source and the exposure condition, which determined the eventual shape of the molded clear aligner and thus the orthodontic treatment efficacy. The biocompatibility of the polyurethane film material was confirmed through cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests in vitro. Following a series of 3D-printed personalized dental models and finite element analysis to predict and plan the fabrication and orthodontic processes, corresponding clear aligners were fabricated and applied in animal experiments, which proved the efficacy and biocompatibility in vivo. Clinical treatments of 120 orthodontic cases were finally carried out with success, which highlights the advantage of the clear aligners as an esthetic, compatible and efficient appliance.

Hair follicle stem cells are pluripotent and have a self-renewal capacity and multi-differentiation potential in vitro. As hair follicle stem cells can be easily sampled from the skin and hair of clinical patients at a considerable quantity, these cells have potential applications in wound repair and skin tissue engineering. Effective approaches for the in vitro culture and amplification of mouse hair follicle stem cells, as well as the in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential and cell source when obtaining mouse-separated cells were examined. Serial subculture was performed in different culture systems. Cell source was detected based on the relevant surface markers derived from mouse hair follicles at the gene and protein levels, and the differential potential was determined. The proliferative ability of hair follicle-derived stem cells obtained from mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)/keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSF)-conditioned medium was the highest among all culture systems. The induced group had a stronger osteogenic differentiation potential compared with the non-induced group, indicating that the cells obtained from MEF/KSF-conditioned medium were cells derived from the hair follicle dermal papilla. Therefore, the strong osteogenic differentiation potential of the hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells was screened with MEF/KSF-conditioned culture medium following amplification, and biological characteristics similar to those of hair follicle dermal papilla cells were observed.

The inhomogeneities and uncertainties of shallow water environment make sound speed profile (SSP) difficult to estimate. To track the spatial-temporal evolution of the SSP, the sound field and dynamic environment coupled state-space model is proposed, in which the state evolution equation is built via the random term modelled by a first-order Markov state-space model and the stable term predicted by the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS). With the combination of the acoustic pressure observation equation and the state equations with information from ROMS, the state-space model is updated with both the sound field and dynamic environment processes by the weighted ensemble Kalman Filter (WEnKF), which can alleviate the Gaussian limit of the ensemble samples for the ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Due to the non-Gaussian nature of the SSP evolution, WEnKF has advantages in the inversion problems with strong time variability. The simulation and experimental data verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of the SSP inversion under the space-time varying shallow water environment.

In this paper, a novel method based on the scaled transform is proposed for the ISAR imaging and cross-range scaling of a maneuvering target with uniform rotating acceleration. Firstly, the cross-range signals in each range cell can be modeled as multiple chirp signals. The scaled transform is utilized to eliminate the coupling with the slow time and lag time in the time-dependent autocorrelation function of multiple chirp signals. Then the 2-D accumulation plane can be obtained by the 2-D FFT and the cross-range profile can be obtained by a projection from the 2-D accumulation plane to the azimuth dimension. Meanwhile, the initial frequency and chirp rate of each scatterer can be estimated by the corresponding perk in the 2-D accumulation plane. Finally, the rotating motion parameters are estimated by the least square method and the cross-range scaling is performed. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Objective: Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients fre-quently present with an asymmetry in the nasomaxillary complexand a maxillary hypoplasia. The aim of this study was to investigatebiomechanic effects of asymmetric maxillary protraction in UCLPpatients using finite element method.Methods: A finite element model of a UCLP patient's skull wasgenerated using data from spiral computed tomographic scans. Onthe basis of this finite element model, three groups of orthopedicforces were loaded. All forces were applied in a direction that was30 degrees downward and forward to the occlusal plane on the re-gion of the alveolar of the maxillary canine. Thevalue of orthopedicforcewas 5 N in cleftside and 5 N in noncleft side (group A), 6 N incleft side and 5 N in noncleft side (group B), and 7 N in cleft sideand 5 N in noncleft side (group C), respectively.Results: All 3 groups were effective in promoting maxilla forward.In group B, the displacement difference between the cleft side andthe noncleft side was the smallest. The largest value difference be-tween the cleft side and the noncleft side was found in group C.Conclusions: Maxillary protraction with a loading of 6 N in thecleft side and 5 N in the noncleft side produced the most favorableoutcome. It can be suggested that it might be advantageous to per-form asymmetric maxillary protraction on UCLP patients.Key Words: Unilateral cleft lip and palate, asymmetric maxillaryprotraction, finite element analysis(J Craniofac Surg 2015;26: 388–392)

In order to promote the deep development strategy of national civil-military integration, establish a mutual coupling and coordinated development of military local logistics system, and promote the sound and rapid development of national economic development and national defense modernization, this paper studies the construction and coordination evaluation of civil-military integration logistics system from the field of logistics. This paper briefly describes the relationship between military logistics and civil logistics, at the same time, according to the current situation of domestic epidemic situation, on the basis of the military civilian integration logistics system constructed by scholars, an emergency response mechanism is added to constitute the index system and evaluation model of the coordination degree of the military civilian integration logistics system. This paper uses fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to analyze the new evaluation model of military civil integration logistics coordination degree, and the evaluation matrix of each criterion relative to the overall evaluation objective is obtained. According to the evaluation matrix, and puts forward corresponding suggestions and opinions aiming at the possible problems existing in the current military civil integration logistics system, so as to provide reference for the construction and adjustment of the military civilian integration logistics system by the relevant national departments in the future.

The star sensor has been widely used as an important and accurate attitude measurement sensor in classical satellite attitude determination systems. This paper analyses the influence of star sensor's sampling frequency on attitude determination accuracy within an Extended Kalman filter (EKF). Simulations are used to validate the theoretical analysis and determine the parameters of the influence function. The results show that in most scenarios, the influence of the star sensor's sampling frequency on the attitude determination accuracy can be expressed by the characteristic parameter in the influence function, which is not affected by other accuracy influence factors.

In order to develop an integrated kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), hot compression tests were performed in X70 pipeline steel over a temperature range of 1173–1473 K and strain rate range of 0.05–15 s −1 on a Gleeeble-3500 thermomechanical simulator. The stress–strain data was well smoothed and investigated. The onset of DRX was detected from the inflection point on the curve of strain hardening rate versus flow stress which can be well described by a third order equation. The activation energy of DRX and Zener–Hollomon ( Z ) parameter were determined by regression analysis of experimental stress–strain data. An approach based on the relationship between dislocation density and stress was used to quantify the fraction of DRX and in this case, a revised Avrami equation was developed. The good agreement between prediction value and experimental results proved the verification of the kinetics model of DRX.

The main purpose of this work is to develop a pragmatic model to predict isothermal austenite grain growth in a hot rolled dual phase steel. Austenite grain growth kinetics have been studied in different heating conditions, involving soaking time and soaking temperature as well as heating rate. The contribution of the initial grain size to the time exponent in Beck equation was analyzed mathematically. The time exponent and initial grain size were also quantitatively described by models proposed. It was found that the time exponent value which had a wide range increased when the temperature decreased. No meaningful activation energy can be obtained for the grain growth process when the time exponent varies. The initial grain size increases with the soaking temperature. The model predictions present a good agreement with experimental austenite grain growth data.

The satellite attitude determination approach based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been widely used in many real applications. However, the accuracy of this method largely depends on the fitness of measurement model. We aim to analyse the influence of measurement errors to the accuracy of EKF based attitude determination approach in this paper. The measurement errors, which are divided into structural error and nonstructural error by their influences, are analysed in principle. In the setting of the combination of star sensors and gyros, according to the property of innovation, we employ the technique of correlation test to analyse the influences of different kinds of measurement errors. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our previous analysis.

G3139, an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) against Bcl-2, contains two CpG dinucleotides and has shown immunostimulatory activities in preclinical studies. It has been suggested that immunoactivation, rather than antisense activity, is primarily responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of G3139. Nanoparticle formulations naturally target phagocytic antigen presenting cells and therefore might enhance the immunological effects of G3139. In this study, a novel formulation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating G3139 was synthesized and evaluated in mice bearing L1210 subcutaneous tumors. Intravenous injection of G3139-LNPs into mice led to increased serum levels of IL-6 and IFN-gamma, promoted proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and triggered a strong antitumor immune response in mice. The observed effects were much greater than those induced by free G3139. Correspondingly, the G3139-LNPs more effectively inhibited tumor growth and induced complete tumor regression in some mice. In contrast, free G3139 was ineffective in tumor growth inhibition and did not prolong survival of the tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that G3139-LNPs are a potential immunomodulatory agent and may have applications in cancer therapy.

Cationic lipid-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MPs) associated with transferrin were evaluated as gene transfer vectors in the presence of a static magnetic field. MPs were prepared by chemical precipitation and were surface-coated with cationic lipids, composed of DDAB/soy PC (60:40 mole/mole). These cationic MPs were then combined with polyethylenimine (PEI) condensed plasmid DNA, followed by transferrin. The resulting magnetic electrostatic complexes retained relatively compact particle size and showed complete DNA condensation. Their transfection activity in the presence of a static magnetic field was evaluated by luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes. The magnetic complexes exhibited up to 300-fold higher transfection activity compared to commonly used cationic liposomes or cationic polymer complexes, based on luciferase assay. The enhancement in transfection activity was maximized when the cells were exposed to the vectors for a relatively short period of time (15 min), or were treated in media containing 10% serum. Incorporation of transferrin further improved transfection efficiency of the cationic MPs. However, when cells were incubated for 4 h in serum-free media, magnetic and non-magnetic vectors showed similar transfection efficiencies. In conclusion, transferrin-associated cationic MPs are excellent gene transfer vectors that can mediate very rapid and efficient gene transfer in vitro in the presence of a magnetic field.

Considering the great effects the measurement system errors of sensors have on satellite autonomous navigation, we study the filter algorithm for the navigation system with constant system error in this paper to improve the navigation precision. this paper improves conventional CKF algorithm and proposes an adaptive CKF filters based on model compensation, the state and bias estimation is performed separately using the CKF filters, and then the state variables are updated using the estimated bias. Finally, we verify the feasibility of the improved algorithm by simulation experiment, the simulation results show that the algorithm can improve the navigation accuracy.

Clinical trials have proven oncolytic virotherapy to be safe but not effective. We have shown that oncolytic viruses (OV) injected into intracranial gliomas established in rodents are rapidly cleared, and this is associated with up-regulation of markers (CD68 and CD163) of cells of monocytic lineage (monocytes/microglia/macrophages). However, it is unclear whether these cells directly impede intratumoral persistence of OV through phagocytosis and whether they infiltrate the tumor from the blood or the brain parenchyma. To investigate this, we depleted phagocytes with clodronate liposomes (CL) in vivo through systemic delivery and ex vivo in brain slice models with gliomas. Interestingly, systemic CL depleted over 80% of peripheral CD163+ macrophages in animal spleen and peripheral blood, thereby decreasing intratumoral infiltration of these cells, but CD68+ cells were unchanged. Intratumoral viral titers increased 5-fold. In contrast, ex vivo CL depleted only CD68+ cells from brain slices, and intratumoral viral titers increased 10-fold. These data indicate that phagocytosis by both peripheral CD163+ and brain-resident CD68+ cells infiltrating tumor directly affects viral clearance from tumor. Thus, improved therapeutic efficacy may require modulation of these innate immune cells. In support of this new therapeutic paradigm, we observed intratumoral up-regulation of CD68+ and CD163+ cells following treatment with OV in a patient with glioblastoma. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9398–406]

A novel method for synthesis of anti-EGFR immunoliposomes using folate-folate binding protein (FBP) affinity is described. An anti-EGFR antibody (cetuximab or C225) was covalently linked to FBP via a thioether bond. Liposomes incorporating a lipophilic folate derivative (folate-PEG-cholesterol) were prepared by polycarbonate membrane extrusion. Anti-EGFR immunoliposomes were then obtained by combining FBP-C225 and folate-liposomes and evaluated for uptake and cytotoxicity in EGFR-overexpressing U87 human glioblastoma cells. Anti-EGFR immunoliposomes constructed via folate-FBP affinity exhibited excellent stability under physiological pH, and quickly released the bound FBP-C225 upon low pH (pH 3.5) treatment. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed similar receptor-specific binding and internalization for both folate-FBP affinity-coupled and covalently coupled C225-immunoliposomes, but not for the non-targeted IgG-immunoliposomes. C225-immunoliposomes loaded with anticancer drug doxorubicin were more cytotoxic than non-targeted immunoliposomes in EGFR-overexpressing U87 glioma cells. Folate-FBP affinity is a potential method for construction of immunoliposomes and may have applications in synthesis of targeted drug carriers in general.

The objective of the present study was to construct epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting cetuximab-immunoliposomes (ILs) for targeted delivery of boron compounds to EGFR(+) glioma cells for neutron capture therapy. The ILs were synthesized by using a novel cholesterol-based membrane anchor, maleimido-PEG-cholesterol (Mal-PEG-Chol), to incorporate cetuximab into liposomes by either surface conjugation or a post-insertion method. For post-insertion, the transfer efficiency of MAb conjugates from micelles to liposome was examined at varying temperatures, mPEG2000-DSPE ratios, and micelle-to-liposome lipid ratios. Following this, the cetuximab-ILs were evaluated for targeted delivery of the encapsulated boron anion, dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (2-) (B12H122-), to human EGFR gene transfected F98EGFR glioma cells as potential delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). In addition, cellular uptake of cetuximab-ILs, encapsulating a fluorescence dye, was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, and boron content was quantified by ICP-MS. Much greater ( approximately 8-fold) cellular uptake of boron was obtained using cetuximab-ILs in EGFR(+) F98EGFR compared with nontargeted human IgG-ILs. On the basis of these observations, we have concluded that cholesterol can serve as an effective anchor for MAb in liposomes, and cetuximab-ILs are potentially useful delivery vehicles for BNCT of gliomas.

This paper details the basic principles and instrumental systems as well as applications of hyperspectral imaging system in the biomedical field. The development of an HSI system that combines recent advances in several photonic technologies, including an AOTF, a 2-D CCD detector, and imaging fiber optics. The integration of these technologies leads to a versatile and powerful imaging system that can rapidly record spectral images of samples. This imaging system could find useful applications in medical diagnostics applications where rapid in vivo detection of complex samples is required. The HSI technique has the potential for in site optical diagnosis on tissue and it can be use for guidance of surgical intervention and treatment. The optical diagnostic approaches may either be an imaging modality or a spectroscopic modality. The spectroscopic diagnostics may also provide real-time assessment of tissue response to therapy.

Objective To explore the biomechanical effects of maxillary protraction on the craniofacial skeleton in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after alveolar bone graft (ABG) and resorption of ABG, thus to provide theoretical basis for the clinical application of maxillary protraction, which can improve the facial deformity of the UCLP patients. Methods A finite element model of a UCLP patient's skull was generated using data from spiral computed tomographic (CT) scans. Based on this finite element model, another 6 ABG finite element models were constructed to simulate ABG and resorption of ABG, respectively (nonresorption model, upper one-third resorption of the grafted bone model, upper two-thirds resorption of the grafted bone model, lower one-third resorption of the grafted bone model, lower two-thirds resorption of the grafted bone model, upper one-third and lower one-third resorption of the grafted bone model). Two additional models were developed to simulate maxillary protraction with expansion and maxillary protraction alone. All models were loaded with orthopedic force (30 degrees downward and forward to the occlusal plane, 500 g per side) on the region of alveolar of maxillary canine. Results Before ABG, the cleft side showed larger displacement than the noncleft side, when it came to the stress distribution in the craniofacial suture, it showed an asymmetric pattern as well. After ABG, the displacement difference between the cleft side and the noncleft side decreased, and the stress distribution in the craniofacial suture showed more symmetric than that before ABG. The pterygopalatine suture obtained the largest value, followed by zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticomaxillary, and zygomaticofrontal sutures among the observed sutures. Higher stresses and pronounced forward displacement were generated in the craniofacial sutures after maxillary protraction with expansion. Conclusions Maxillary protraction after ABG performed a more favorable outcome. Among the ABG models, nonresorption model showed the best effect after loading maxillary protraction force, and resorption in the lower region of the grafted bone showed a better effect than resorption in the upper region of the grafted bone. Maxillary expansion could effectively facilitate the orthopedic of the maxillary protraction presumably.

Gene transfer is an emerging therapeutic modality for a wide spectrum of diseases. Its clinical adoption is, however, limited by the lack of safe and efficient gene delivery methods. Three classes of methods are currently under evaluation. The first class consists of genetically modified viruses, which include retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and several others. These vectors are relatively efficient. However, their clinical application is associated with significant safety concerns, such as oncogenesis and acute inflammatory response. The second class is nonviral vectors, which are composed of synthetic components. These include complexes of DNA with lipids, polymers, or their combination. Many nonviral vector formulations, which incorporate functional components to facilitate nuclease protection, cellular/tissue targeting, endosomal release, and nuclear localization, have been investigated, mostly in vitro. These efforts have resulted in incremental advances in gene transfer efficiency, requiring further improvements for clinical applications. The third class of methods is based on the use of physical energy or force. Examples are gene gun, electroporation, and magnetofection. These methods are suitable for locoregional gene delivery. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the state-of-the-art gene transfer methods, their strengths and weaknesses, and challenges and opportunities in this critical area of research, which will, to a large extent, determine the future prospect of gene therapy in the clinic.

This paper analyses concretely the theory of M-methods, establishes the model of steady Satellite Orbit Determination (SOD) based on M-methods, which can farthest restrain gross errors so as to enhance the precision of SOD , and designs effective iterative algorithm named ameliorative Gauss-Newton method, by researching on the application condition of M-methods and the practical matter encountered in SOD. Finally the paper carries out simulation experiment to prove the validity of strategy put forward above. The results of experiment show that the algorithm can strongly improve the precision of the satellite, and markedly reduce the disadvantageous effect of gross errors. The algorithm can be realized easily in application to engineering.