Search

Abstract With an increasing demand for environmentally friendly refrigeration, the solid‐state refrigeration based on the electrocaloric effect (ECE) has been drawn extensive attention. It is a challenge to maintain a large adiabatic temperature change (∆T) over a broad temperature span. Herein, the authors designed and synthesised (0.74‐x) Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3‐0.06BaTiO3‐0.2SrTiO3‐xBi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 (abbreviated as NBT‐xBMZ) (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) lead‐free relaxor ferroelectrics. Their microstructures, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, ECEs and the structure‐property relationships were investigated. Via doping with BMZ, an enhanced relaxor feature and a wider temperature range where multi‐phases coexist were achieved. The relaxor ferroelectric characteristics were illustrated using the Vogel‐Fulcher relation. The indirectly calculated ECE results showed that the optimal ΔT of 1.11 K was obtained for the x = 0.02 sample at 90°C and 70 kV/cm over a wide Tspan of 120°C, providing a potential ECE material. The direct ECE results procured using thermocouple indicated that the maximal ∆T of 2.14 K and ∆T/∆E of 0.31 K m/MV were achieved in the same sample at 70°C and 7 MV/m and the variation trend of ECE results was consistent with the indirect results. Moreover, the multi‐phases coexistent strategy can be extended to other materials system to generate a large ΔT over a wide temperature range.

In this paper, high-temperature storage of hydrogen-treated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is conducted for the first time to study the effect of high temperature on the electrical characteristics of the devices after hydrogen treatment, and it is found that high-temperature storage can effectively reduce the impact of hydrogen on the devices. After hydrogen treatment, the output current and the maximum transconductance of the device increase, and the threshold voltage drifts negatively. However, after high-temperature treatment at 200 °C for 24 h, the output current, threshold voltage, and the maximum transconductance of the device all approach their initial values before hydrogen treatment. By using low-frequency noise analysis technology, the trap density of the hydrogen-treated AlGaN/GaN HEMT is determined to be 8.9 × 1023 cm−3·eV−1, while it changes to 4.46 × 1022 cm−3·eV−1 after high-temperature storage. We believe that the change in the electrical characteristics of the device in hydrogen is due to the passivation of hydrogen on the inherent trap of the device, and the variation in the electrical properties of the device in the process of high-temperature storage involves the influence of two effects, namely the dehydrogenation effect and the improvement of the metal–semiconductor interface caused by high temperatures.

Abstract Solid-state cooling technology based on electrocaloric effect (ECE) has been advanced as an alternative to replace the vapour-compression approach to overcome the releasing of the global warming gases. However, the development in high ECE materials is still a challenge. In this work, polarization merging strategy was proposed to achieve a large ECE in xBa(Sn0.07Ti0.93)O3-(1−x)Ba(Hf0.1Ti0.9)O3 ferroelectric ceramics, where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1. Ba(Sn0.07Ti0.93)O3 with an orthorhombic phase and Ba(Hf0.1Ti0.9)O3 with a rhombohedral phase at room temperature were prepared beforehand as precursors, and phase-coexisted xBSnT-(1−x)BHfT ceramics were formed via a solid-state reaction approach. Phase coexisting structures were confirmed using the X-ray diffraction. The merged polarization was confirmed by the dielectric and ferroelectric properties. Optimal ECEs were obtained for 0.2BSnT-0.8BHfT ceramics, i.e., adiabatic temperature change ΔT = 2.16±0.08 K at 80 °C and 5 MV/m, and ΔT = 3.35±0.09 K at 80 °C and 7 MV/m.

The cohesive performance and durability of the bonding layer with semiconductor substrates are of paramount importance for realizing the high thermal conductivity capabilities of diamond. Utilizing electron beam evaporation and the room-temperature, low-pressure bonding process, robust adhesion between diamonds and silicon substrates has been achieved through the application of the metal modification layer comprised of Ti/Cu/Ti/Au (5/300/5/50 nm). Characterization with optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy reveals the uniformity and absence of defects on the surface of the deposited layer. Observations through X-ray and scanning acoustic microscopy indicate no discernible bonding defects. Scanning electron microscopy observation and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis of the fracture surface show distinct fracture features on the silicon substrate surface, indicating that the bonding strength of the Ti/Cu/Ti/Au metallization layer surpasses that of the base material. Furthermore, the fracture surface exhibits the presence of Cu and trace amounts of Ti, suggesting that the fracture also occurs at the interface between Ti and Cu. Characterization of the metal modification layer using X-ray diffraction reveals significant lattice distortion in the Ti layer, leading to noticeable stress accumulation within the crystalline structure. Thermal–mechanical fatigue simulations of the Ti/Cu/Ti/Au metal modification layer indicate that, owing to the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion, the stress exerted by the Cu layer on the Ti layer results in the accumulation of fatigue damage within the Ti layer, ultimately leading to a reduction in its strength and eventual failure.

Due to the growing demand for ultra-high-density integrated circuits in the integrated circuit industry, flip-chip bonding (FCB) has become the mainstream solution for chip interconnection. In flip-chip bonding (FCB), however, alloy solder is no longer adequate to meet the high heat dissipation demands of high-power devices with over 100 kW/cm2 in power density due to its low reflow temperature. Nano-silver solder, on the other hand, exhibits superior thermal and electrical conductivity, making it an excellent alternative to traditional solder for FCB. This study explored nano-silver’s thermal reliability and electrical performance as a solder material. The following results were obtained through temperature cycle (with temperatures ranging from −55 to 150 °C) and high-temperature storage experiments (with applied temperatures of over 170 °C). The results indicate that as the duration of the high-temperature storage increased, the grain continued to coarsen, resulting in an average pore size transition from 0.004 to 0.072 μm2. A strong correlation coefficient of 0.9913 was observed between the duration of high-temperature exposure and the porosity within the time range of 0–200 h. Following the reliability test, the shear strength of the nano-silver interconnect samples showed varying degrees of decrease. The bonding effect with the nano-silver layer can be enhanced, and the thermal reliability can be improved by depositing Ni/Ag on the surface of Cu, making it less prone to cracking. Regarding the electrical performance, the square resistance of the nano-silver interconnect structures increased by 35% after the reliability test. This indicates a significant degradation in the electrical reliability of nano-silver interconnects under temperature stress.

Owing to the high power density, excellent operational stability and fast charge/discharge rate, and environmental friendliness, the lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT)-based relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit great potential in pulsed power capacitors. Herein, novel lead-free (1−x)(0.7Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.3Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3)-xBi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 (NBT-SBT-xBMZ) relaxor ferroelectric ceramics were successfully fabricated using a solid-state reaction method and designed via compositional tailoring. The microstructure, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and energy storage performance were investigated. The results indicate that appropriate Bi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 content can effectively enhance the relaxor ferroelectric characteristics and improve the dielectric breakdown strength by forming fine grain sizes and diminishing oxygen vacancy concentrations. Therefore, the optimal Wrec of 6.75 J/cm3 and a η of 79.44% were simultaneously obtained in NBT-SBT-0.15BMZ at 20 °C and 385 kV/cm. Meanwhile, thermal stability (20–180 °C) and frequency stability (1–200 Hz) associated with the ultrafast discharge time of ~49.1 ns were also procured in the same composition, providing a promising material system for applications in power pulse devices.

Electrocaloric properties of [110] and [111] oriented 0.73Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.27PbTiO3 single crystals were studied in the temperature range of 293–423 K. The Maxwell relations and the Landau–Ginsburg–Devonshire (LGD) phenomenological theory were employed as the indirect method to calculate the electrocaloric properties, while a high-resolution calorimeter was used to measure the adiabatic temperature change of the electrocaloric effect (ECE) directly. The results indicate that the directly measured temperature changes of ΔT > 2.5 K at room temperature were procured when the applied electric field was reversed from 1 MV/m to −1 MV/m, which are larger than those deduced pursuant to the Maxwell relation, and even larger than those calculated using the LGD theory in the temperature range of 293–~380 K.

Oncorhynchus mykiss is a high-quality, edible fish with high nutritional and economic value. Its tender meat, full elasticity, delicious flavor, and rich nutritional value make it favorite among consumers. However, owing to its high water and fat content and high enzymatic activity, O. mykiss is highly susceptible to spoilage during storage, transportation, and sale.To study the effects of different pretreatment methods on the quality of O. mykiss during storage and slow its decay rate, experiments were conducted with two pretreatment groups: Cold saltwater group (salt content 3%, temperature 4 ℃) and slightly acid electrolyzed water group (pH 6.35, ORP 900 mV, ACC 50 mg/L, room temperature). Different pretreatment times were set for each group: 20 min, 40 min, and 60 min of cold saltwater treatment and 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min of slightly acid electrolyzed water treatment. TVB-N value, total bacterial count, water holding capacity, cooking loss rate, pH value, chromaticity, and sensory evaluation were measured as indicators, and untreated O. mykiss meat was used as a control to compare the changes of the quality of O. mykiss meat during a 9-day storage experiment at 4 ℃.The results showed that the optimal pretreatment times were 60 min for the cold saltwater pretreatment and 10 min for the slightly acid electrolyzed water pretreatment. Both preprocessing methods can effectively maintain the freshness of O. mykiss and delay its spoilage. Compared with the cold saltwater pretreatment, the slightly acid electrolyzed water treatment better inhibited the total bacterial count and TVB-N generation of O. mykiss, maintaining its water-holding capacity and delaying the rate of change of pH, chromaticity, and sensory properties during storage. Cold saltwater pretreatment can extend the refrigerated shelf life of O. mykiss by 1 day, whereas slightly acid electrolyzed water pretreatment can extend the shelf life by 2 days.Overall, pretreatment with slightly acid electrolyzed water for 10 min can effectively improve the preservation quality of O. mykiss stored at 4 ℃. Slightly acid electrolyzed water has enormous potential for applications in the preservation of aquatic products. Its unique sterilization effect and safety make it preferred for aquatic product preservation. Slightly acid electrolyzed water can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms in aquatic products, extend shelf life, and maintain the freshness and taste of aquatic products. In the future, with advancements in technology and increasing awareness of food safety among consumers, slightly acid electrolyzed water will play an important role in the preservation of aquatic products, providing strong guarantees for the quality and safety of aquatic products.

Abstract Meteorological conditions exert influences on sport performances via complex processes. Previous studies conventionally investigate the effects of weather conditions on marathon performance by following events held at the same places, which brings large uncertainties due to the changed participants. Via following each athlete to eliminate these uncertainties, we show that elite athletes’ marathon-running performance tends to monotonically worsen as ambient temperature rises except when it is extremely cold based on the best 16 athletes from each of the sex continents. It worsens by 0.56 (0.39 for men and 0.71 for women) min/°C when it rises beyond 15 °C. Theoretical analysis based on global marathon performance and weather observation datasets shows that more than half of this effect is mediated by reduced oxygen partial density as warmer temperature expands air and increases vapor pressure for both the men and women athletes, which is confirmed by the methods of Baron–Kenny. This atmospheric thermodynamic mechanism has not been emphasized previously. We also show that world-top athletes’ marathon performance approximately linearly worsens as ambient pressure decreases and slightly worsens as relative humidity rises if not extremely wet. These results substantially differ from the previous ones following the events instead of each athlete. Multi-variable changes in climate system are projected to slow Olympic marathon athletes by 2.51 and 1.06 min by the end of the 21st century in relative to 2020 under the high and intermediate emission scenario, respectively. Therefore, future progression of marathon performance is likely to be substantially slowed or even halted by climate changes without efficient greenhouse gas mitigation.

Background Personalized medicine has gained more attention for cancer precision treatment due to patient genetic heterogeneity in recent years. However, predicting the efficacy of antitumor drugs in advance remains a significant challenge to achieve this task. Objective This study aims to predict the efficacy of antitumor drugs in individual cancer patients based on clinical data. Methods This paper proposes to predict personalized antitumor drug efficacy based on clinical data. Specifically, we encode the clinical text of cancer patients as a probability distribution vector in hidden topics space using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, named LDA representation. Then, a neural network is designed, and the LDA representation is input into the neural network to predict drug response in cancer patients treated with platinum drugs. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we gathered and organized clinical records of lung and bowel cancer patients who underwent platinum-based treatment. The prediction performance is assessed using the following metrics: Precision, Recall, F1-score, Accuracy, and Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC). Results The study analyzed a dataset of 958 patients with non-small cell cancer treated with antitumor drugs. The proposed method achieved a stratified 5-fold cross-validation average Precision of 0.81, Recall of 0.89, F1-score of 0.85, Accuracy of 0.77, and AUC of 0.81 for cisplatin efficacy prediction on the data, which most are better than those of previous methods. Of these, the AUC value is at least 4% higher than those of the previous. At the same time, the superior result over the previous method persisted on an independent dataset of 266 bowel cancer patients, showing the generalizability of the proposed method. These results demonstrate the potential value of precise tumor treatment in clinical practice. Conclusions Combining LDA and neural networks can help predict the efficacy of antitumor drugs based on clinical text. Our approach outperforms previous methods in predicting drug clinical efficacy.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding different levels (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) of dietary β‐carotene on the color and flavor quality of adult female E. sinensis ovaries. Adding moderate amount of β‐carotene to the feed could regulate the distribution of carotenoids, fatty acids, and free amino acids in the ovaries of E. sinensis, as well as increase the content of total carotenoids, total fatty acids, sweet and umami amino acids in the ovaries. The dietary β‐carotene have limited coloring effects and a significant impact on the flavor of the ovaries. During thermal process, the addition of 100 mg/kg β‐carotene could effectively promote formation of aroma precursors and generate more characteristic aroma components (2‐methylbutanal, 3‐methylbutanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, methylpyrazine). However, excessive β‐carotene supplementation (300 mg/kg) led to adverse effects on physiological metabolism and flavor of E. sinensis ovaries. Considering both feed cost and quality improvement, β‐carotene supplementation at 100 mg/kg can be considered the optimal feed supplementation for adult female E. sinensis within a 70‐day rearing period to improve edible quality of ovaries.

Abstract Dietary supplementation with synthetic β‐carotene was investigated in this study to assess its impact on gonad development, antioxidant status, color parameters, and carotenoid composition in adult female swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Four diets, designated as Diet 1 to 4, were formulated to contain 3.07, 53.78, 103.23, and 205.22 mg/kg dry diets of synthetic β‐carotene. The findings revealed the following: (1) No significant differences in body weights or feed utilization were observed, indicating that β‐carotene did not significantly enhance the growth of adult P. trituberculatus. (2) The inclusion of 50–100 mg/kg β‐carotene in the diets led to improvements in antioxidant capacity indicators (T‐AOC, MDA) and immune‐related parameters (AKP, ACP) in both hepatopancreas and hemolymph. (3) Notably, the redness of ovaries and hepatopancreas increased significantly with higher dietary β‐carotene supplementation for color enhancement. In conclusion, incorporating β‐carotene into the diet enhanced the antioxidative capability, nonspecific immunity, and tissue carotenoid contents in adult female P. trituberculatus, and the optimal level of dietary synthetic β‐carotene supplementation for adult female P. trituberculatus was suggested to be around 100 mg/kg.

B7-H3 (CD276), an immune checkpoint molecule, is overexpressed in various types of cancer and their tumor vasculature, demonstrating significant associations with adverse clinical outcomes. In addition to its well-known immune functions, B7-H3 exhibits dual co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory roles in normal physiology and the tumor microenvironment. The non-immune functions of B7-H3 in tumor cells and the tumor vasculature, including promoting tumor cell anti-apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, migration, drug resistance, radioresistance, as well as affecting cellular metabolism and angiogenesis, have increasingly gained attention from researchers. Particularly, the co-expression of B7-H3 in both tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells highlights the higher potential and clinical utility of therapeutic strategies targeting B7-H3. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in understanding the non-immune functions of B7-H3 in tumors and provide insights into therapeutic approaches targeting B7-H3, focusing on its co-expression in tumor cells and endothelial cells. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation and practical reference for the development and optimization of B7-H3-targeted therapies.

The KCNQ1 gene encodes a voltage-gated potassium channel, which plays an important role in the repolarization of myocardial action potentials. Mutations in this gene often result in type 1 long QT syndrome (LQT1). Here, we generated a KCNQ1 (c.1032 + 2 T > C) mutant human embryonic stem cell line (WAe009-A-1D) based on the transient expression adenine base editing system that converts base A to G. The WAe009-A-1D cell maintains the morphology, pluripotency, and normal karyotype of the stem cells and is capable of differentiating into all three germ layers in vivo.

β-carotene has been shown to be beneficial for the color formulation, survival, antioxidation, immunity and stress resistance of many crustaceans. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of synthetic β-carotene on growth, antioxidant status, high pH resistance, color parameters, and carotenoids composition of pre-adult Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Three diets were formulated to contain 3.06, 52.40 and 103.59 mg/kg dry diets of synthetic β-carotene (defined as Diet 1 - 3). The results showed that: (1) There were no marked differences in body weights or feed utilization, suggesting that β-carotene was not particularly efficient in enhancing the growth of pre-adult E. sinensis. (2) Indicators of antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, MDA) and immunity (AKP, ACP) both got improved in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph with the supplementation of 50–100 mg/kg β-carotene in the diets. (3) The stress test with high pH indicated Diet 1 treatment had the highest mortality among all treatments, and the lowest mortality was found in Diet 3 treatment. (4) For color enhancement, the redness of the carapace and hepatopancreas increased significantly with the increase of dietary β-carotene supplementation at Day 30. Combined, the inclusion of β-carotene in the diet could enhance the antioxidative capability, non-specific immunity, stress resistance to high pH and tissue carotenoid contents, and the optimal level of dietary synthetic β-carotene supplementation was suggested to be around 50 mg/kg for pre-adult male E. sinensis.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is one of the common complications of lung cancer. The quality of life and prognoses for MPE patients are significantly compromised. Controlling the production of MPE can relieve patients’ symptoms, improve their quality of life, and prolong their survival. This article presents a case of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with MPE and negative driver genes. The patient received envafolimab and Endostar in combination, resulting in a complete reduction of MPE and durable clinical benefits. The exploratory use of this treatment method improved the quality of life of this patient and has the potential to prolong the survival of this patient.

Anti-tumor drug efficacy prediction poses an unprecedented challenge to realizing personalized medicine. This paper proposes to predict personalized anti-tumor drug efficacy based on clinical data. Specifically, we encode the clinical text as numeric vectors featured with hidden topics for patients using Latent Dirichlet Allocation model. Then, to classify patients into two classes, responsive or non-responsive to a drug, drug efficacy predictors are established by machine learning based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic representation. To evaluate the proposed method, we collected and collated clinical records of lung and bowel cancer patients treated with platinum. Experimental results on the data sets show the efficacy and effectiveness of the proposed method, suggesting the potential value of clinical data in cancer precision medicine. We hope that it will promote the research of drug efficacy prediction based on clinical data.

The mounting body of evidence demonstrates the growing importance of long noncoding RNAs in the advancement of tumors. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the expression of miR-224-3p and lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 in clinical NSCLC samples and NSCLC cell lines using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In vitro studies, A549 cell growth was estimated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EDU), and flow cytometry assays. In vivo studies, NSCLC tumorigenesis was determined using xenograft tumor mouse models, tumor growth was evaluated using antigen Kiel 67 (Ki67) staining, and tumor apoptosis was detected through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The relationship between lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 and miR-224-3p was determined by luciferase reporter gene assay. Results indicated that the expression of lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 was observed to be downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. After overexpression of lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 in cultured A549 cells, proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased. Furthermore, the expression of miR-224-3p was targeted and negatively regulated by lnc-SNAPC5-3:4. The lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 upregulation inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, which was partially blocked by miR-224-3p overexpression in A549 cells. In addition, we constructed a subcutaneous inoculation model using BALB/c nude mice, and the results indicated that lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 overexpression restrained the growth of subcutaneous tumors, decreased Ki67 expression levels, and increased apoptosis, as indicated by TUNEL staining in nude mice. However, miR-224-3p transfection resulted in the reversal of the inhibitory effect of lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 on tumor growth. In conclusion, our study revealed that lnc-SNAPC5-3:4 inhibits tumor progression in NSCLC by targeting miR-224-3p. This study provides a potential therapeutic target for inhibiting NSCLC progression.

This paper presents a study to evoke rat cortical functional activities, including hemodynamic and neural tissue signal changes, by monopulse electrical stimulation with a microelectrode array using functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT). Based on the principal component analysis and fuzzy clustering method (PCA-FCM), the hemodynamic response of different size blood vessels in rat cortex are analyzed, showing that the hemodynamic response of the superficial large blood vessels is more concentrated. In the regions of neural tissue where blood vessels are removed, positive significant pixels (the intensity of the pixel for five consecutive frames is greater than the average value plus triple standard deviation) and negative significant pixels (the intensity of the pixel for five consecutive frames is less than the average value minus triple standard deviation) exist, and the averaged intensity signal responds rapidly with an onset time of ~20.8 ms. Furthermore, the hemodynamic response was delayed by ~3.5 s from the neural tissue response. fOCT can provide a label-free, large-scale and depth-resolved map of cortical neurovascular activation, which is a promising technology to monitor cortical small-scale neurovascular activities.

Abstract Background Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been identified as a risk factor for obesity in both children and adolescents. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between ADHD and obesity are still unclear. This study aimed to test a theoretical model of whether anxiety/depression is an intermediary factor in the ADHD-obesity relationship. Methods Data were derived from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a principal source of information on the health of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. A total of 35,108 adolescents aged 12-17 years old from 2010-2015 NHIS and 2016-2018 NHIS representing 46,550,729 individuals in the weighted population, had a parent-reported previous ADHD diagnosis, emotional problems, and height and weight data. Mediation analyses were used to explore whether anxiety/depression is an intermediary factor in the relationship between ever having ADHD and obesity. Mediation analyses were performed using multiple logistic regressions. Results The findings showed that ADHD was a predictor of obesity. This relationship was partially mediated by depression(2010-2015: β=0.28, 95%CI:0.13-0.43; 2016-2018: β=0.26, 95%CI:0.03-0.49), as well as anxiety (2010-2015: β=0.28, 95%CI:0.18-0.38). Conclusions Our study suggests the hypothetical role of depression and anxiety as underlying mechanisms in the association between ever having ADHD and obesity in adolescents. When treating children with ADHD, clinicians need to be particularly attentive to whether they show emotional problems and use interventions to eliminate anxiety/depression to protect against obesity.

High relative humidity (RH) and high temperature are expected more frequently due to climate change, and can severely affect the growth of chrysanthemums. In order to analyze the interactive effects of RH and high temperature on the photosynthetic performance of chrysanthemum, a completely randomized block experiment was conducted with three factors, namely temperature (Day/night temperature, 35°C/18°C, 38°C/18°C, 41°C/18°C), RH (Whole day RH, 50%, 70%, 90%), and treatment duration (3d, 6d, 9d). The control (CK) temperature was 28°C/18°C and RH was 50%. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn-max), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE), maximal recorded fluorescence intensity (Fm), PSII maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), absorption flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), trapped energy flux per cross section (TRo/CSm), electron transport flux per cross section (ETo/CSm) and photosynthetic pigment content of leaves significantly decreased, the minimal recorded fluorescence intensity (Fo), fluorescence intensity at point J of the OJIP curve (Fj) and non-photochemical quenching per cross section (DIo/CSm) significantly increased, the fluorescence difference kinetics of the OJ phase of chrysanthemum leaves showed K-bands. Pn, AQE, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm and photosynthetic pigment content were higher at 70% RH than the other two RH conditions. The dominant factor causing the decrease of Pn in leaves was stomatal limitation at 35°C,38°C, three RH conditions, 3d and 6d, but non-stomatal limitation at 41°C and 9d. There was an interaction between temperature and RH, with a significant impact on Pn. The temperature had the greatest impact on Pn, followed by RH. This study confirms that heat stress severely affects the photosynthesis of chrysanthemum leaves, and when the temperature reaches or exceeds 35°C, adjusting the RH to 70% can effectively reduce the impact of heat stress on chrysanthemum photosynthesis.

This study investigated the nutritional quality, microbial community structure, and flavor compounds of shrimp paste. This traditional Chinese fermented food is usually produced from the head of Litopenaeus vannamei (HP) and whole Acetes chinensis (SP). The results showed that HP contained higher levels of proteins and amino acids (free and hydrolyzed) than SP. Significant differences in flavor compounds and microbial community were observed between HP and SP. The substances specific to SP included 2-methyl butanal,3-methyl butanal, and butanal. In contrast, 2,3-butanedione, 3-pentanone, tetramethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethypyrazine, ethyl acetate, and ethyl propanoate, were identified in HP. The characteristic bacteria of HP were Prebotella, Succiniclasticum, Alkalibacterium, and Tetragenococcus, whereas Oceanobacillus and Virgibacillys were only found in SP. In addition, a microbe-flavor interaction network was used to elucidate the association between microbes and aroma. This study clarified the differences in the microbial community structure of these types of shrimp pastes and analyzed the core aroma-producing microbes.