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Traditional atmospheric surface layer theory assumes homogeneous surface conditions. Regardless, nearly all surface layer parameterization schemes employed within numerical weather prediction models utilize the same techniques within highly heterogeneous coastal regimes as for homogeneous environments. We compare predicted surface weather and fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture—focusing mainly on momentum—from regional simulations using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) atmospheric model to observations collected from offshore buoys, inland flux towers, and radiosonde profiles during the Coastal Land-Air-Sea Interaction (CLASI) project throughout the summer of 2021 around Monterey Bay, California. Results reveal that modeled cross-coastal surface flux gradients are spuriously discontinuous, leading to systematically overestimated fluxes and weak winds inland of the coastline during onshore flow periods. Additionally, contrary to observations, modeled surface exchange coefficients are insensitive to wind direction on both sides of the coast, which degrades predictive skill downstream from the coastline. Over the central bay, prediction degrades when near-surface wind directions deviate from the prevailing flow direction as the parameterized stress–wind relationship fails during these cases. Predictive skill over the bay is therefore linked to variations in wind direction. Offshore of the geographically complex peninsula, systematic biases are less clear; however, bifurcations in drag coefficients based on wind direction were measured here as well. Last, increasing the horizontal grid spacing from 333 m to 3 km does not significantly affect surface layer prediction. This work highlights the need to reevaluate surface layer parameterization methods for modeling within coastal regions. Significance Statement Understanding surface layer weather is critical for many purposes, such as infrastructure design and weather forecasting. Within the context of numerical modeling and weather prediction, skillful forecasts of surface winds and temperature rely on accurate portrayal of the surface layer. By comparing observations collected during the Coastal Land-Air-Sea Interaction field program to numerical model solutions, we show that prediction of the surface layer fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture break down near the coastline, which leads to biases in the predicted surface layer weather both inland and over the water. As surface layer parameterization methods across nearly all numerical models are rooted in the same practices, our results call into question the use of traditional methods near the coastline.

Bi2WO6 flower-like microspheres were acted as porous templates for depositing BiOCl to prepare a hydrangea-like Bi2WO6/BiOCl composite. The Bi2WO6/BiOCl heterojunction exhibits a high photocatalytic activity under visible light.

Stricter environmental regulations and policies are leading to increasing requirements for the quality of the oil product. Hydrogen fluctuation in the hydrofining process of refineries remains a considerable problem that may affect the quality of refinery products and increase operating costs. As hydrogen supply across multiple refineries is common in the process industry, the optimal design of interplant hydrogen networks (multi-refinery hydrogen networks) is inevitable in improving the stability of hydrogen supply and reducing the utility consumption of the entire system. This paper introduces the Worst-Case Conditional Value at Risk (WCVaR) concept for the synthesis of the interplant hydrogen network system with hydrogen source flowrate fluctuations. WCVaR is adopted to indicate the expected value of the pure hydrogen content in hydrogen networks in the worst case. Considering the adjustability of hydrogen utility in the realistic production process, this paper studies the stability of interplant hydrogen networks under constant and adjustable hydrogen utilities. The Monte Carlo simulation verifies that the multi-refinery hydrogen network structures obtained by this method are more robust.

With the rapid development of modern industries, water pollution has become an urgent problem that endangers the health of human and wild animals. The photocatalysis technique is considered an environmentally friendly strategy for removing organic pollutants in wastewater. As an important member of Bi-series semiconductors, Bi

Hydrogen is a promising low carbon fuel option with geographically distributed production and consumption. Hence, its regional and global hydrogen supply chains (HSCs) are vital for the potential future energy markets. We present a holistic study of various options for transporting (not producing) hydrogen from both techno-economic and environmental perspectives. The infrastructure and energy requirements of four options for transporting hydrogen between export and import terminals, namely methyl cyclohexane, liquid hydrogen, compressed hydrogen, and liquid ammonia, are analyzed in detail. These are compared for HSC energy penalty, carbon avoidance and landed cost of hydrogen under different scenarios. A case study is also presented to capture the perspectives of an importer. The preferred transport mode depends on export location and end use. For Singapore's power sector, compressed hydrogen from the neighbors via pipelines is most favorable with a carbon avoidance of 54–59% at 0.3 $/kg CO2 avoided.

Lung diseases, including asthma, pose a serious global health issue. Loss of mitochondrial function and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of chronic lung diseases. Thus, maintaining mitochondrial function and homeostasis is an important treatment goal. Zafirlukast is a CysLTR1 antagonist that is widely used as an adjuvant treatment for asthma. In the present study, we investigated the effects of zafirlukast in vitro using human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs). We performed measurements of oxygen consumption and bioenergetics and found that zafirlukast increased mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis in human BECs as evidenced by increased mitochondrial mass and mtDNA/nDNA. Through real-time PCR and western blot analysis, we found that zafirlukast significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM at both the mRNA and protein levels. Finally, we determined that these effects are mediated through CREB signaling and that inhibition of CREB with its specific inhibitor H89 abolished the effects of zafirlukast described above. Thus, zafirlukast might have potential in enhancing mitochondrial function by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in human bronchial epithelial cells through upregulating the expression of PGC-1α and activating the CREB pathway.

Lithium–sulfur batteries are one of the promising alternatives to the traditional lithium-ion batteries, but the dissolution of polysulfides and the low conductivity of cathode materials are two important factors limiting their rapid development. In this paper, a novel sulfur-host material was synthesized by a simple method. The sulfur-host material used reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the synergistic conductive skeleton and nano-Fe2O3 as the adsorbent of lithium polysulfides. Finally, the as-prepared Fe2O3/rGO/CNT/S cathode material exhibits stable cycling performance and excellent ionic and electronic conductivities. The initial specific capacity of Fe2O3/rGO/CNT/S is 963 mA h g−1 at 0.5C, and the capacity remains to be 758 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. The average specific capacities of Fe2O3/rGO/CNT/S are 999 mA h g−1, 901 mA h g−1 and 825 mA h g−1, respectively, at different rates of 0.2C, 0.5C and 1C, with good rate performance. The initial specific capacity of Fe2O3/rGO/CNT/S is 899 mA h g−1 at 2C. After 400 cycles, the capacity remains to be 521 mA h g−1, and the capacity decay rate is only 0.1% per cycle. This structure provides a reference for developing lithium–sulfur battery cathode materials with excellent performance.

Photocatalysis has been considered as an environmental-friendly strategy for degradation of organic pollutants to the nontoxic products of H2O and CO2. Compared to metal oxide semiconductors, BiOX (X = Cl, Br and I) photocatalysts exhibit some advantages, such as, unique layered structure, good chemical stability and superior photocatalytic activity. This review provides an overview on the controllable synthesis of BiOX-based photocatalysts and their application in photodegradation of organic pollutants. Firstly, the controllable synthesis of BiOX is introduced, including hydrothermal, solvothermal, hydrolysis, precipitation, two-phase methods, ultrasonic/microwave-assisted methods, and physical methods. Then, the doping and surface modification of BiOX are summarized, including non-metal doping, metal doping, dual doping, and the modification by introducing surface terminations or carriers. In addition, the heterojunctions of BiOX/BiOY and BiOX/BimOnXz are introduced. At last, the promising research trends of BiOX-based photocatalysts are put forward. The main purpose is providing practical guidelines for developing high-performance BiOX photocatalysts.

To buffer the volume variation of sulfur and suppress the shuttle effect of long-chain lithium polysulfides during the cycling of Li-S batteries, it is essential to simultaneously design suitable pore structures and tune the surface chemistry of carbon-based sulfur hosts. However, the associated low yield and high cost of such delicately constructed carbon materials have been the major bottleneck for their practical utilization. Herein, we present a hundred-gram fabrication of a graphitic carbon nitride@hierarchical porous carbon (g-C3N4@HPC) composite, which is derived from low-cost biomass and used as the sulfur host for Li-S batteries. On this material, interconnected and hierarchical porosity of HPC physically traps the polysulfides and buffers the volume variation, and in the meantime, the uniformly dispersed g-C3N4 nanoparticles and N dopants on it provide strong chemical affinity to further immobilize the polysulfides. Therefore, the g-C3N4@HPC/S cathode delivers a high initial capacity of 1150.1 mAh g-1 and excellent cycling stability with a very small capacity decay of 0.024% cycle-1 for 250 cycles, at a high sulfur loading of 64.5 wt.%. Importantly, this g-C3N4@HPC composite is derived from very cheap and eco-friendly precursors, enabling the hundred-gram production at bench-top scale, which shows significant viability for practical Li-S battery application.

The durability of fuel cells is significantly impaired by chemical and mechanical degradations of perfluorosulfonic-acid membranes. However, how the mechanical degradation, especially the fatigue crack propagation behavior, is impacted by chemical degradation is not clear. In this paper, the fatigue crack propagation behavior of Nafion 212 and Nafion XL composite membranes after chemical degradation are investigated. The fluoride release rates of Nafion 212 and Nafion XL membrane are 0.335 and 0.095 μmol cm−2 h−1, respectively. Likewise, the fatigue crack propagation rate of Nafion 212 membrane is also larger, which is attributed to two fatigue crack propagation mechanisms induced by chemical degradation, including bubble collapsing and pore interconnecting. By contrast, the fatigue crack propagation mechanism of Nafion XL membrane is not significantly changed where chemical degradation only accelerates crack growth in exterior surface layers. These findings provide new insights into the failure mechanisms under combined chemical and mechanical degradations.

We quantify the impact of assimilating the extra radiosonde observations launched in August 2018 during the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) on numerical weather prediction forecasts over the Arctic using the U.S. Navy's Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®). The Naval Research Laboratory Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS) is used to assimilate the observations and provide the initial conditions for the COAMPS forecasts. Four data assimilation experiments are conducted as part of an observing system experiment (OSE) to investigate the impact of assimilating the extra radiosonde observations on COAMPS short-term forecasts (up to 48 h). The four experiments explore the impacts of assimilating the additional radiosonde observations in NAVDAS in cold-start or warm-start configuration. Based on the results from the four-month-long data assimilation tests, we find that assimilating the extra YOPP radiosonde observations improves the overall accuracy of the COAMPS short-term atmospheric forecasts over the Arctic for both cold-start and warm-start initializations. The warm-start configuration makes the most significant improvement to the COAMPS Arctic forecasts during the test period. The domain-averaged mean RMSE of the 48 h forecast from the warm-start assimilation is about 17% less than that from the cold-start initialization.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of cancer that is associated with high prevalence and high mortality rates in China. Therefore, it is of importance to identify the mechanisms underlying NSCLC progression. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to measure the expression of microRNA (miR)-365b in NSCLC cell lines. In addition, the biological roles of miR-365b and N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4 (GALNT4) were investigated by manipulating the expression levels of miR-365b and GALNT4 in NSCLC cells. It was found that miR-365b expression was reduced in NSCLC tissues and cells. Overexpression of miR-365b inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation whilst promoting apoptosis, but miR-365b knockdown promoted NSCLC cell proliferation. In addition, it was demonstrated that miR-365b regulated the proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC cells by targeting GALNT4 expression. Collectively, the present study identified a miR-365b/GALNT4 regulatory axis in NSCLC, suggesting that miR-365b may serve as a therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Industrial wastewater contains abundant organic dyes, antibiotics, pesticides, chemical fertilizers or heavy metal ions, which seriously deteriorate the ecological environment. Among the practical techniques for reducing water pollution, photocatalysis is a kind of sustainable solar energy conversion technique for removing organic contaminants. In this review, the advances in the preparation, modification, and doping of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), including non-metal doping, metal doping, dual- or tri-doping, are introduced firstly. Then, we systematically reviewed the recent progress of g-C3N4/metal oxide composite photocatalysts, including a g-C3N4/n-type metal oxide, such as TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, WO3, FexOy, CeO2, V2O5, MoO3, MnO2, Nb2O5, In2O3, and a g-C3N4/p-type metal oxide, such as Co3O4, Bi2O3, NiO and Cu2O. At last, we summarized the design principles for preparing heteroatom doped g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/metal oxide composites, and forecast the promising research directions. The main objective is to provide a guideline for designing highperformance heteroatom doped g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/metal oxide photocatalysts.

Owing to their low cost, high energy densities, and superior performance compared with that of Li-ion batteries, Li–S batteries have been recognized as very promising next-generation batteries. However, the commercialization of Li–S batteries has been hindered by the insulation of sulfur, significant volume expansion, shuttling of dissolved lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), and more importantly, sluggish conversion of polysulfide intermediates. To overcome these problems, a state-of-the-art strategy is to use sulfur host materials that feature chemical adsorption and electrocatalytic capabilities for LiPS species. In this review, we comprehensively illustrate the latest progress on the rational design and controllable fabrication of materials with chemical adsorbing and binding capabilities for LiPSs and electrocatalytic activities that allow them to accelerate the conversion of LiPSs for Li–S batteries. Moreover, the current essential challenges encountered when designing these materials are summarized, and possible solutions are proposed. We hope that this review could provide some strategies and theoretical guidance for developing novel chemical anchoring and electrocatalytic materials for high-performance Li–S batteries.

Three different dimensional zinc phosphites and zinc phosphates, [C7H18N]2[Zn(HPO3)2] (1), [C6H9N2][Zn2(PO4)(HPO3)] (2), and [C6H14N2][Zn2(PO4)2] (3) were hydro(solvo)thermally synthesized from organic amines with the same number of nonhydrogen atoms and different dimensionalities and sizes. Structural analysis indicates that compound 1 shows a one-dimensional (1D) chain structure; compound 2 is an inorganic–organic hybrid two-dimensional (2D) material; compound 3 is a three-dimensional (3D) open-framework zinc phosphate EDI zeolite. The mechanisms of 1D chain-like n-heptamine, 2D planar 3-aminomethylpyridine, and 3D triethylenediamine on the synthetic process were analyzed. The n-heptamine has only one function: a protonated template in compound 1, while 3-aminomethylpyridine has two functions: a protonated template and binding ligand in the synthesis of compound 2. The triethylenediamine has three functions in compound 3: a protonated template, space-filling agent, and structure-directing agent. Thus, the three organic amines play different roles in the three compounds. They were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TGA, FT-IR, ICP, and CHN analyses.

•A new transshipment type model for inter-plant heat exchanger network is proposed.•New constraints are used to identify three inter-plant heat integration schemes.•A model with linear constraints is developed, allowing non-isothermal mixing.•Better results with lower total annual cost can be obtained by the proposed model.

Interplant heat integration (IPHI) using intermediate fluid circles provides an additional opportunity for energy saving and emission reduction, beyond traditional intraplant heat integration. However, the number of intermediate fluid circles as well as their heat capacity and temperatures are all variables. It is difficult to find promising solutions, since such conditions generally lead to nonlinearity. To deal with this problem, a transshipment type model, which holistically optimizes the parameters and interconnectivity patterns of intermediate fluid circles and keeps the constraints linear, is developed. New formulations are developed to identify exact distributions of intermediate fluid circles (namely heat transfer available intervals) among all temperature intervals, with unknown temperatures. Additionally, mixed-integer linear constraints are developed to describe interconnectivity patterns of intermediate fluid circles so as to calculate piping and pumping cost. The performances of different int...

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is a promising candidate for the next-generation power sources due to their low-cost and high energy density. However, the shuttle effect of the dissolved polysulfides in the electrolyte solvents has hindered the commercialization of Li-S batteries. In order to effectively suppress the shuttle effect, we design and prepare a bybrid graphene album structure as an efficient polysulfides-trapped host for Li-S battery. In this composite, the graphene album structure is stacked by graphene layer by layer through a bottom-up assembly, which provides a hierarchical porous structure, easy mass transport and excellent conductivity for the cathode host of Li-S batteries. The uniform g-C3N4 layer was in-situ generated on each graphene by hydrothermal treatment and heat polycondensation. The orderly bybrid graphene album (coded as g-C3N4@n-G) achieves the two-dimensional surface adsorption interaction for imobilizing soluble polysulfides, and the multilayer barriers also effectively prevent the escape of polysulfides to enhance the long cycling stability of Li-S batteries. As a result, an extremely low capacity decay of 0.028% cycle−1 and a high initial capacity of 1252 mA h g−1 have been achieved at 0.2 C. Furthermore, this kind of unique design and preparation method for hybrid graphene album also opens an opportunity for the construction of other album-like graphene-based hybrids.

Ordinarily from synthesis of precursor to subsequent ion-exchange process, traditional methods to synthesize layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with large interlayer space are time consuming and complicated. In this work, a simple one-step hydrothermal method to regulate the interlayer space of NiMn-LDHs by keeping urea smaller number moles than the stoichiometric ratios and the reaction time controlling was developed for the first time. The research showed that the interlayer spaces increase along with reaction time extension, and double interlayer spaces appear in the samples after 2-hour, 4-hour and 8-hour reaction because of CO32−, NO3− and some water molecules intercalated into interlayers. The suitable and double interlayer spaces are beneficial to attain better rate performance and cyclic stability. Therefore, the sample after 4-hour reaction with double interlayer spaces 7.87 A and 7.42 A shows the highest capacity retention 72.1% and 48.3% at 5 Ag−1and 10 Ag−1, the highest capacity retention 79% after 2000 cycles, rather than the sample with the largest interlayer space. The sample after 2-hour reaction with thinner sheets and pure phase obtains the highest specific capacity of 846.5 Cg−1(average capacity of potential 0–0.45 volts:1881 Fg−1) at 1 Ag−1.

As an excellent free-standing carbon source, commercialized cotton cloth can be carbonized to fabricate conductive carbon cloth composed of hollow carbon microfibers. In view of the hydrophobicity of carbon cloth, a functionalized carbonized cotton cloth (FCC) is prepared by acidification treatment, and acted as a flexible substrate to grow hierarchical SnO2 nanoclusters by a solvothermal reaction and calcination process. In this SnO2 wrapped FCC (FCC@SnO2) composite, the oxygen-containing groups in carbon microfibers provide numerous anchoring sites for growing SnO2 nanoparticles, meanwhile, the carbon microfibers provide conductive channels for the fast transfer of electrons and ions. The SnO2 nanoclusters effectively contribute their pseudocapacitance. As free-standing electrodes in a symmetrical two-electrode supercapacitor, the FCC@SnO2 composite exhibits a higher capacitance of 197.7 F g−1 or 1265.3 mF cm−2 at 1 A g−1, much higher than that of FCC (100.3 F g−1 or 411.2 mF cm−2); furthermore, its capacitance remains 95.5% after cycling for 5000 cycles at 15 A g−1. The FCC@SnO2 composite is easier preparation and low cost, which can be utilized as self-supporting flexible electrodes for high performance supercapacitors.