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Large enterprises and organizations from both private and public sectors typically outsource a platform solution, as part of the Managed Security Services (MSSs), from 3rd party providers (MSSPs) to monitor and analyze their data containing cyber security information. Sharing such data among these large entities is believed to improve their effectiveness and efficiency at tackling cybercrimes, via improved analytics and insights. However, MSS platform customers currently are not able or not willing to share data among themselves because of multiple reasons, including privacy and confidentiality concerns, even when they are using the same MSS platform. Therefore any proposed mechanism or technique to address such a challenge need to ensure that sharing is achieved in a secure and controlled way. In this paper, we propose a new architecture and use case driven designs to enable confidential, flexible and collaborative data sharing among such organizations using the same MSS platform. MSS platform is a complex environment where different stakeholders, including authorized MSSP personnel and customers' own users, have access to the same platform but with different types of rights and tasks. Hence we make every effort to improve the usability of the platform supporting sharing while keeping the existing rights and tasks intact. As an innovative and pioneering attempt to address the challenge of data sharing in the MSS platform, we hope to encourage further work to follow so that confidential and collaborative sharing eventually happens among MSS platform customers.

It has been hypothesized that suppressed nocturnal melatonin production is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but results from several small prospective studies of the association have been inconclusive. We examined the association between nocturnal melatonin and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Guernsey III Study, a British prospective cohort study (1977-2009). Concentrations of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were measured in prediagnostic first-morning urine samples from 251 breast cancer cases and 727 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for breast cancer in relation to 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level. No significant association was found between 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level and breast cancer risk, either overall (for highest third vs. lowest, multivariable-adjusted odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.61, 1.33) or by menopausal status. However, in a meta-analysis of all published prospective data, including 1,113 cases from 5 studies, higher 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels were associated with lower breast cancer risk (for highest fourth vs. lowest, odds ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.66, 0.99). In summary, we found no evidence that 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level in a first-morning urine sample was associated with breast cancer risk among British women. However, overall the published data suggest a modest inverse association between melatonin levels and breast cancer risk. Further data are needed to confirm this association. © 2014 © The Author 2014.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of women who had and had not worked at night in terms of their risk factors for common disease, indicators of general health, social activities, employment, and sleep behavior. METHODS: The Million Women Study is a large prospective cohort study of women's health in the United Kingdom with 1.3 million women recruited during 1996-2001 (aged 50-64 years) through 66 National Health Service breast screening centers. We analyzed the data from a random sample of 41 652 participants who, in 2009-2010, reported their history of night work. RESULTS: Of the participants, 1 in 8 women (13%) reported that they had ever worked at night and 1 in 50 (2%) reported working at night for ≥20 years. For 33 sociodemographic, behavioral, reproductive, and hormonal factors examined, 20 showed highly significant differences between "ever" and "never" night workers (P

Background Shift work, including night work, has been hypothesized to increase the risk of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Recent reviews of evidence relating to these hypotheses have focussed on specific diseases or potential mechanisms, but no general summary of the current data on shift work and chronic disease has been published. Methods Systematic and critical reviews and recent original studies indexed in PubMed prior to 31 December 2009 were retrieved, aided by manual searches of reference lists. The main conclusions from reviews and principle results from recent studies are presented in text and tables. Results Published evidence is suggestive but not conclusive for an adverse association between night work and breast cancer but limited and inconsistent for cancers at other sites and all cancers combined. Findings on shift work, in relation to risks of CVD, metabolic syndrome and diabetes are also suggestive but not conclusive for an adverse relationship. Conclusions Heterogeneity of study exposures and outcomes and emphasis on positive but non-significant results make it difficult to draw general conclusions. Further data are needed for additional disease endpoints and study populations.

Background Shift work has been proposed as a risk factor for a number of diseases including cancer and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified shift work that involves circadian disruption as probably carcinogenic. A number of mechanisms may underlie these associations, including those related to suppressed melatonin production, sleep disturbance and confounding by other behavioural or lifestyle factors. I will review the epidemiological evidence on shift work and cancer, and will present data from the Million Women Study on the characteristics of shift workers and from the Guernsey Study on the relationship between melatonin and breast cancer risk. Methods We compared the characteristics of British women from the Million Women Study who had and had not worked at night in terms of their risk factors for common disease using data from 41,652 women who reported their history of night work in 2009–2010. We also examined the association between nocturnal melatonin and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Guernsey III Study, a British prospective cohort study. We measured concentrations of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in prediagnostic first-morning urine samples from 251 breast cancer cases and 727 matched controls and used conditional logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios for breast cancer in relation to 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level. Results The published epidemiological evidence is suggestive but not conclusive for an adverse association between shift work, particularly long-term night work, and breast cancer risk, while the data are more limited and inconsistent for cancers at other sites and all cancers combined. Results from the Million Women Study, however, showed that women who reported ever having worked at night were substantially different from those who reporting never having worked at night and many of the differences would put "ever night workers" at increased risks of cancer. For melatonin, while there was no evidence for an association with breast cancer risk among British women, overall the published data suggest a modest inverse association between melatonin levels and breast cancer risk (for highest fourth versus lowest, odds ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.66, 0.99). Conclusion Published data are suggestive but not conclusive for an adverse association between night work and breast cancer and, correspondingly, for a protective association between melatonin and risk for the disease. However, there are several limitations of the epidemiological evidence including the relatively limited data from large prospective population-based investigations and inconsistent consideration of the role of potential confounders.

Objectives The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified shift work involving circadian disruption as a probable carcinogen, promoting interest in the relationship between sleep duration and cancer risk in the general population. However, the published epidemiological data are inconclusive with respect to the association with risk for breast cancer and are scarce for cancer at other sites. The objective was to investigate the relationship between 24-h sleep duration and the incidence of common cancers in middle-aged women. Methods In this prospective study 737 143 women aged 52–72 years old provided information in 2004 on how long they slept for on average during 24 h and other information relevant for cancer incidence. All were followed by record linkage to cancer registration data. Cox regression models were used to calculate relative risks for all cancers, common specific cancer sites, and other unspecified cancers, according to duration of sleep at night, adjusting for a range of potential confounders. Results and conclusions We will present findings from this prospective investigation of sleep duration in relation to breast cancer risk in a large UK cohort.

Objectives To assess the association between night work and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, we are collecting data on night work and other related exposures in a large UK prospective study. Methods 1.3 million women aged 50–69 years old were recruited into the Million Women Study during 1996–2000 in England and Scotland. The 2009 follow-up questionnaire included questions on a number of factors including previous night work, chronotype, usual sleep duration, and sleep difficulties. Women also provided data on a range of other personal characteristics. Results We will describe the study and present results from cross-sectional analyses on the characteristics of night workers compared to non-night workers. Preliminary results show that women who have ever worked at night differ with respect to a number of major risk factors for breast cancer and ischemic heart disease, in that they are more obese, smoke more, and are more likely to come from lower socioeconomic groups, to have ever used hormone replacement therapy and to report having poor sleep quality. Conclusions Women who have worked at night have different characteristics from those who have not, which would put them at increased risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Network threats often come from multiple sources and affect a variety of domains. Collaborative sharing and analysis of Cyber Threat Information (CTI) can greatly improve the prediction and prevention of cyber-attacks. However, CTI data containing sensitive and confidential information can cause privacy exposure and disclose security risks, which will deter organisations from sharing their CTI data. To address these concerns, the consortium of the EU H2020 project entitled Collaborative and Confidential Information Sharing and Analysis for Cyber Protection (C3ISP) has designed and implemented a framework (i.e. C3ISP Framework) as a service for cyber threat management. This paper focuses on the design and development of an API Gateway, which provides a bridge between end-users and their data sources, and the C3ISP Framework. It facilitates end-users to retrieve their CTI data, regulate data sharing agreements in order to sanitise the data, share the data with privacy-preserving means, and invoke collaborative analysis for attack prediction and prevention. In this paper, we report on the implementation of the API Gateway and experiments performed. The results of these experiments show the efficiency of our gateway design, and the benefits for the end-users who use it to access the C3ISP Framework.