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Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is essential for the differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes, while lymphocytes infiltration in thy roid tissue is a vital pathological feature of Graves’ disease (GD). The aim of the pr esent study was to compare the concentration of ADA between healthy controls (HC) and patients with GD, and evaluate the association between ADA and GD. Methods: A total of 112 GD patients and 77 matched HC were enrolled in this study. Each participant was examined for thyroid hormones and autoantibodie s, ADA concentration, and thyroid ultrasonography. Results: Serum ADA levels in GD patients were significantly higher than that in HC subgroup (P < 0.001). In GD patients, serum ADA levels were positively ass ociated with serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) levels, and total thyroid gland volume (thyroid VolT) and negatively associated with seru m thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH) levels (all P < 0.05). There were no similar correlations in the HC subgroup. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that se rum TSH, FT3, and ADA levels played an important role in serum TRAb levels. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that serum ADA levels were closely a ssociated with GD.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association be tween adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in pat ients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, patients with T2D who had been screened f or DKD were recruited. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 6 0 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g for 3 months were identified as having DKD. The prevalence of DKD was 13.3%, and the range of s erum ADA levels was 4–37 U/L. Serum ADA levels were positively associated with cyst atin C levels and UACR (r = 0.295 and r = 0.302, respectively, both P < 0.05) and negatively associated with eGFR (r = −0.342, P < 0.05). The proportion of participants with DKD increased signifi cantly from 3.8% in the first tertile (T1) to 13.6% in the second tertile (T 2) and 25.9% in the third tertile (T3) of ADA (P for trend < 0.001). After adjusting for clinical risk factors for DKD via multiple logistic regression, the corresponding odds ratios (ORs) of DKD for the participants in T2 and T3 vs those in T1 of ADA were 5.123 (1.282–20.474) and 1 0.098 (1.660–61.431), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the optimal cutoff value of ADA to indicate DKD was 10 U/L. Its correspondin g sensitivity and specificity were 75.5 and 56.4%, respectively. Our results demonstrated tha t serum ADA levels were closely associated with DKD and partly reflect the risk of DKD i n patients with T2D.

BackgroundSodium is a critically important component of bones, and hyponatremia has firmly been established as a risk factor associated with the incidence of fragility fractures. However, researches have also revealed that lower serum sodium are linked to reductions in muscle mass and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease even when these levels are within the normal range. Accordingly, this study was developed to examine the relationships between normal serum sodium concentrations and bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsPatients with T2D were enrolled in the present study from January 2021 to April 2022. All patients underwent analyses of serum sodium levels, oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), bone turnover markers (BTMs), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. BTMs included bone formation markers osteocalcin (OC) and N-terminal propeptide of type-I procollagen (PINP), and bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide (CTx). Patients were stratified into three subgroups based on the tertiles of their serum sodium concentrations.ResultsIn total, 372 patients with T2D and sodium levels in the normal range were enrolled in this study. Serum OC and PINP levels were increased from subgroup with the low sodium tertile to that with the high sodium tertile (p for trend < 0.05), whereas CTx level was comparable among the subgroups. A positive correlation was detected between serum sodium levels and both lnOC (r = 0.210, p < 0.001) and lnPINP (r = 0.196, p < 0.001), with these relationships remaining significant even following adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and HbA1c. Only after adjusting for these four factors a positive correlation was detected between serum sodium levels and CTx levels (r = 0.108, p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed that following adjustment for potential covariates, serum sodium level was and positively significantly associated with lnOC level (β = 0.134, t = 2.281, p < 0.05) and PINP level (β = 0.179, t = 3.023, p < 0.01).ConclusionThese results highlight a significant association between low-normal serum sodium levels and low bone turnover.

Background: Prolonged heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval may reflect po or prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Serum adenosine deamina se (ADA) levels are related to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR) and inflammati on, which may participate in diabetic complications. We investigated the association of s erum ADA levels with prolonged QTc interval in a large-scale sample of patients with T2D. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 492 patients with T2 D were recruited. Serum ADA levels were determined by venous blood during fasting . QTc interval was estimated from resting 12-lead ECGs, and prolonged QTc interval was defined as QTc > 440 ms. Results: In this study, the prevalence of prolonged QTc interval was 22 .8%. Serum ADA levels were positively associated with QTc interval ( r = 0.324, P < 0.0001). The proportion of participants with prolonged QTc interval increased significan tly from 9.2% in the first tertile (T1) to 24.7% in the second tertile (T2) and 39.0% in t he third tertile (T3) of ADA (P for trend < 0.001). After adjusting for other possible risk fa ctors by multiple linear regression analysis, serum ADA level was still significantly ass ociated with QTc interval (β = 0.217, t = 3.400, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female (OR 5.084, CI 2.379–10.864, P < 0.001), insulin-sensitizers treatment (OR 4.229, CI 1.290–13.860, P = 0.017) and ADA (OR 1.212, CI 1.094–1.343, P < 0.001) were independent contributors to prolonged QTc interval. Conclusions: Serum ADA levels were independently associated with prolonged QTc interval in patients with T2D.

BackgroundDyslipidemia may contribute to low bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) through mediating oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apoprotein B (LDL-C/Apo B) ratio is a surrogate marker of small and density low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sd-LDL-C), a most harmful group of LDL-Cs. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the LDL-C/Apo B ratio and bone turnover in patients with T2D.MethodsThis study was a cross-sectional study enrolled patients with T2D from January 2021 to December 2021. Each participant was assessed for lipid profiles, bone turnover markers (BTMs), lumbar spine (L1-L4) and hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. Osteoporosis was diagnosed as a T-score lower than or equal to -2.5 at the spine or hip.ResultsA total of 335 patients with T2D were enrolled in the study, and the LDL-C/Apo B ratio ranged from 0.78 to 4.00. Along with the LDL-C/Apo B ratio tertile ascending, osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) and N-terminal propeptide of type-I procollagen (PINP) levels gradually increased (all p < 0.05). There were no differences in lumbar spine and hip T-score, proportion of osteoporosis (all p > 0.05) among the three subgroups. The LDL-C/Apo B ratio was positively correlated with lnOC (r = 0.244, p < 0.001), lnCTx (r = 0.226, p < 0.01) and lnPINP (r = 0.211, p < 0.001). These significant positive correlations persisted even when divided into male and female subgroups. Furthermore, three multiple linear regression analyses were constructed to investigate the independent association of the LDL-C/Apo B ratio with the BTMs levels. After adjusting for other clinical parameters, the LDL-C/Apo B ratio was still significantly associated with OC level (β = 0.199, t = 3.348, p < 0.01), CTx level (β = 0.238, t = 4.084, p < 0.001) and PINP level (β = 0.162, t = 2.741, p < 0.01).ConclusionThe LDL-C/Apo B ratio was significantly and positively associated with BTMs in patients with T2D. In clinical practice, more attention should be paid to the patients with T2D whose LDL-C/Apo B ratio is relatively low for the purpose of maintaining bone health.

Abstract Objective Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease, which characterized by islet beta cell dysfunction. Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an important enzyme that regulates the biological activity of insulin, and its levels are greatly increased in inflammatory diseases with insulin resistance. The present study was designed to explore the relationship between serum ADA levels and islet beta cell function in patients with T2D. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 1573 patients with T2D from the Endocrinology Department of the Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University between 2015 and 2018. All participants were received serum ADA test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin sensitivity index (assessed by Matsuda index using C-peptide, ISIM-cp), insulin secretion index (assessed by ratio of area under the C-peptide curve to glucose curve, AUCcp/glu) and islet beta cell function (assessed by insulin secretion-sensitivity index 2 using C-peptide, ISSI2cp) were derived from OGTT. And other clinical parameters, such as HbA1c, were also collected. Results It was showed that HbA1c was significantly increased, while ISIM-cp, AUCcp/glu and ISSI2cp significantly decreased, across ascending quartiles of serum ADA levels. Moreover, serum ADA levels were negatively correlated with ISSI2cp (r = − 0.267, p