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Strain H9T belongs to the genus Roseobacter, with positive gram stain, catalase negative, oxidase negative, pink purple, rod-shaped, amastigote, isolated from lempet collected from the Golden Beach, Weihai, Shandong Province, China. The new isolates was able to grow at 4-42 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and with 0.0-11.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0-5.0%). By phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the novel marine isolate belongs to the genus Roseobacter, the related strains Roseobacter cerasinus AI77T and Roseobacter ponti MM-7T, and the pairwise sequence showed 98.5% similarity. The summary characteristics of the main fatty acids was summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c; 81.08%). The only respiratory quinoid is Q-10. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown lipid, and a small amount of an unknown phospholipid. Based on the draft genome sequence map, the strain H9T genome length was 5,351,685 bp, and the DNA G + C content was 59.8%. The average amino acid identity (AAI) of the genome of strain H9T and closely related strains, and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were 63.4-76.8%, 76.2-78.8%, and 13.4-19.7%, respectively. Thus, the combination of phenotypic, chemical taxonomic, and phylogenetic data suggests that strain H9T is considered a new species in the genus Roseobacter sp. The strain H9T (= KCTC 82507T = MCCC 1K04354T) was presented in November.

In order to improve the energy efficiency of shot blasting impact descaling, a three-dimensional finite element impact descaling model was established. Based on the finite element model, the cracking behavior of the scale layer on hot rolled strip from different impacts angles was simulated. The results of finite element calculation and theoretical analysis show that: (1)Under the premise of constant velocity, the descaling area increases with the increase of impact angle, but the increasing rate tends to be moderate. (2)The depth of the impact tunnel and the residual compressive stress surface (-200 MPa) increase as the impact angle goes bigger. The ideal range of impact angle for shot blasting descaling should be 60°-75°.

Methods for C-H cyanation of pyridines are rare. Here, we report a method for C3-selective cyanation of pyridines by a tandem process with the reaction of an in situ generated dihydropyridine with a cyano electrophile as the key step. The method is suitable for late-stage functionalization of pyridine drugs. The low reduction potential of the electrophile and effective transfer of the nitrile group were found to be essential for the success of this method. We studied the reaction mechanism in detail by means of control experiments and theoretical calculations and found that a combination of electronic and steric factors determined the regioselectivity of reactions involving C2-substituted pyridines.

Pudendal neuralgia (PN) is one of the most common forms of genital pain. About 4% or higher of patients suffering from chronic pain.The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for prediction of refractory PN (RPN).A retrospective multivariate analysis study.This retrospective analysis included 112 patients with PN who received the pudendal nerve block treatment at the Pain Department of General Hospital of People's Liberation Army.Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used for covariates selection. A nomogram was developed to estimate nonresponse to the pudendal nerve block.The median age of patients and duration of patients were 48.0 and 1.25 years, respectively. Among 112 patients, there were 64 good responders to the pudendal nerve block for neuropathic pain and 48 nonresponders. Multivariate analysis of 112 patients with PN demonstrated high self-rating depression scale scores (32) (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11, 0.01-0.77), damage to more than 2 terminal branches (OR, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.07-0.71), sensory deficit at S2-S4 on the dermatome map (OR, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.05-0.90), and duration of pain (4 years) (OR, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.03-0.42) were significant prognostic factors for nonresponse to the pudendal nerve block.There are information biases for retrospective analysis, thus making it more difficult to come up with definitive conclusions. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are warranted to evaluate the risk factors for prediction of RPN.A longer duration of pain was correlated with a worse prognosis of the neurological disease. Patients with depression were prone to nonresponse to the pudendal nerve block treatment. Pain involved in more than 2 terminal branches and small fibers, affected at S2-S4 dermatome map, were considered to poor prognosis.

Herein, we report a method for C3-selective C-H tri- and difluoromethylthiolation of pyridines. The method relies on borane-catalyzed pyridine hydroboration for generation of nucleophilic dihydropyridines; these intermediates react with trifluoromethylthio and difluoromethylthio electrophiles to form functionalized dihydropyridines, which then undergo oxidative aromatization. The method can be used for late-stage functionalization of pyridine drugs for the generation of new drug candidates.

We designed a borane/gold(I) co-catalytic system and used it for C-H functionalization reactions and cycloaddition reactions between tertiary amines and α-alkynylenones. Both reactions effectively incorporated a furan ring into the amine.

In order to further improve the accuracy of fine particulate matter (PM

Based on the basic information of the Second National Pollution Source Census and the VOCs source profiles of industrial industries, we established the speciated emission inventory of major industrial sources in Chongqing in 2017, estimated their ozone formation potential (OFP), and identified the key control species of industrial VOCs and their sources. The results showed that the total VOCs emission from industrial sources and their OFPs were 144.12 kt and 477.34 kt, respectively. Automobile manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, plastic manufacturing, and chemical raw materials and chemical products were all industries that contributed significantly to VOCs emissions and OFP, with VOCs emissions of 37.18, 33.09, 19.47, and 18.14 kt and OFP of 191.43, 153.69, 27.21, and 57.51 kt, respectively. Aromatics were the components with the largest contribution to VOCs emissions and OFP, accounting for 62.55% of the total VOCs emissions and 82.15% of the total OFP, mainly from metal surface coating and petrochemical industries. The major reactive species of industrial source VOCs were

Achieving C3-selective pyridine functionalization is a longstanding challenge in organic chemistry. The existing methods, including electrophilic aromatic substitution and C-H activation, often require harsh reaction conditions and excess pyridine and generate multiple regioisomers. Herein, we report a method for borane-catalyzed tandem reactions that result in exclusively C3-selective alkylation of pyridines. These tandem reactions consist of pyridine hydroboration, nucleophilic addition of the resulting dihydropyridine to an imine, an aldehyde, or a ketone, and subsequent oxidative aromatization. Because the pyridine is the limiting reactant and the reaction conditions are mild, this method constitutes a practical tool for late-stage functionalization of structurally complex pharmaceuticals bearing a pyridine moiety.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with known valve calcification (VC) places individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. The study of VC in CKD is challenging due to the lack of a suitable research model. Here, we established a rat model of multivalve calcification induced by subtotal nephrectomy and a high-phosphate (HP) diet and analyzed the valve characteristics. Methods: We established a CKD model in Sprague-Dawley rats by performing 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) followed by feeding with chow containing different phosphate concentrations for 8, 12, or 16 weeks. The rats were divided into 4 groups: sham+normal phosphate (NP, 0.9% P), sham+high phosphate (HP, 2.0% P), 5/6Nx+NP, and 5/6Nx+HP. Serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, and 24-h urine protein levels were investigated. Pathological examinations included histological characterization, safranin staining, Alcian blue staining, and von Kossa staining at different time points. Using nanoanalytical electron microscopy, we examined valves from rats in the 5/6Nx+HP and sham+HP groups and detected spherical particles using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to observe microscopic changes in the valves. In addition, the calcified tissues were analyzed for phase and crystallization properties using an X-ray powder diffractometer. Results: The rats in the 5/6Nx+HP and 5/6Nx+NP groups presented with increased levels of Scr, BUN, and 24-h urine protein compared with those of the rats in the sham+HP and sham+NP groups. High levels of PTH were observed, and hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed parathyroid hyperplasia in rats in the 5/6Nx+HP group but not in the 5/6Nx+NP group. In rats in the 5/6Nx+HP group, extracellular matrix glycosylation was observed in the aortic valve in the 12th week and the mitral valve in the 16th week. In the 16th week, chondrocytes appeared in the aortic valve, as confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Calcified particles mainly composed of phosphorus and calcium were observed in both the aortic and mitral valves by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main mineral component of the calcified aortic valve particles was hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)], as shown by X-ray diffraction. However, there were no obvious differences in heart function between rats in the 5/6Nx+HP and sham+HP groups. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that multivalve calcification is involved in CKD following 16-week HP and that hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] is the main component of the calcified aortic valve particles of rats in the 5/6Nx+HP group.

Flavonoids are major secondary metabolites derived from the plant phenylpropanoid pathway that play important roles in plant development and also have benefits for human health. So-called MBW ternary complexes involving R2R3-MYB and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors along with WD-repeat proteins have been reported to regulate expression of the biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid pathway. MYB4 and its closest homolog MYB7 have been suggested to function as repressors of phenylpropanoid metabolism. However, the detailed mechanism by which they act has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4 and its homologs MYB7 and MYB32 interact with the bHLH transcription factors TT8, GL3 and EGL3 and thereby interfere with the transcriptional activity of the MBW complexes. In addition, MYB4 can also inhibit flavonoid accumulation by repressing expression of the gene encoding Arogenate Dehydratase 6 (ADT6), which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, the precursor for flavonoid biosynthesis. MYB4 potentially represses not only the conventional ADT6 encoding the plastidial enzyme but also the alternative isoform encoding the cytosolic enzyme. We suggest that MYB4 plays dual roles in modulating the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis.

Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). Serotonin4 (5-HT

Long non-coding RNA HOXA11-AS participated in heart disease. In this study, we aim to evaluate the potential roles of HOXA11-AS in atherosclerosis and its underlying mechanisms.The expression levels of HOXA11-AS in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs and arch tissues of high-fat diet-fed ApoEHOXA11-AS contributed to atherosclerotic injuries by directly regulating the miR-515-5p/ROCK1 axis. This study provided new evidence that HOXA11-AS might be a candidate for atherosclerosis therapy.

Alginate, the most abundant polysaccharides of brown algae, consists of various proportions of uronic acid epimers α-L-guluronic acid (G) and β-D-mannuronic acid (M). Alginate oligosaccharides (AOs), the degradation products of alginates, exhibit excellent bioactivities and a great potential for broad applications in pharmaceutical fields. Alginate lyases can degrade alginate to functional AOs with unsaturated bonds or monosaccharides, which can facilitate the biorefinery of brown algae. On account of the increasing applications of AOs and biorefinery of brown algae, there is a scientific need to explore the important aspects of alginate lyase, such as catalytic mechanism, structure, and property. This review covers fundamental aspects and recent developments in basic information, structural characteristics, the structure–substrate specificity or catalytic efficiency relationship, property, molecular modification, and applications. To meet the needs of biorefinery systems of a broad array of biochemical products, alginate lyases with special properties, such as salt-activated, wide pH adaptation range, and cold adaptation are outlined. Withal, various challenges in alginate lyase research are traced out, and future directions, specifically on the molecular biology part of alginate lyases, are delineated to further widen the horizon of these exceptional alginate lyases.

In this paper, a novel airfoil design method is proposed by introducing multiple physical characteristics to the process of parameterization. The new design method is to operate the camber and thickness distributions in a way that the chordwise mapping information is adjusted without using local geometrical parameters. A proper design space is expected to be constructed, in which the laws of optimization can be simply transmitted from a single airfoil to the whole blade and even stages. The capability of the method is firstly validated in the Pareto optimization of a 2D compressor airfoil, and then specialized for the optimization of a rotor in a 3-stage transonic compressor. The 3-stage transonic compressor studied in this paper is representative of the inlet stages of an industrial gas turbine, and the shock structure of the third rotor (R3) presents the peak strength near the mid span. The optimized design reduces the peak Mach number on the suction surface, and increases the efficiency of the third stage and the whole compressor by nearly 1% and 0.3% respectively. The mechanism of the loss optimization is analyzed in detail.

In order to study dependence of enantioseparation capability on structure of chiral selectors derived from N-cycloalkylcarbonyl chitosan, nine chitosan 3,6-bis(arylcarbamate)-2-(cyclopentylformamide)s were synthesized. The corresponding chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were prepared with the chitosan derivatives. Enantioseparation capability of the CSPs was evaluated under the same conditions with the same chiral analytes. Different from CSPs derived from cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl chitosans, all the CSPs with halo and methyl substituents in the present work showed good enantioseparation capability. Therefore, N-cyclopentylcarbonyl chitosan is more preferable to be used to develop enantiomeric separation materials among N-cycloalkylcarbonyl chitosans. Besides, the chitosan derivatives in this study and cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) are complementary in enantioseparation for some chiral analytes. It was also observed that the chitosan derivative with 3,4-dichlorophenyl substituent baseline separated the most chiral analytes, thus revealing that this substituent can be applied as a building block to construct enantiomeric separation materials.

Five halo-containing chitosan 3,6‑bis(phenylcarbamate)‑2‑(cyclobutylformamide) derivatives were synthesized with well-deacetylated chitosan and halo-substituted phenyl isocyanates. The structures of the derivatives were characterized by IR, elemental analysis, and 1H NMR spectrum. After being coated on silica gel, five new CSPs were obtained and their enantioseparation abilities were evaluated, and the enantioseparation abilities were compared with that of commercial CSP of Chiralcel OD-H. The results demonstrated that all the prepared CSPs showed satisfactory enantioseparation ability. The performance of CSP 2 with 3,4‑dichloro substituent on the phenyl group was the best with 11 analytes being baseline separated and 2 analytes being partially separated among 15 tested analytes. Besides, the influence of mobile phase composition, substituent on the phenyl moieties of the chitosan derivatives, as well as structure of analytes on enantioseparation ability was also discussed. In this study, the prepared CSPs exhibited excellent tolerance to “unusual solvents”, and some of them even could work in pure tetrahydrofuran. Therefore, the CSPs bear a universal solvent compatibility in comparison with coated-type CSPs of cellulose/amylose derivatives.

Conventional predictive deconvolution assumes that the reflection coefficients of the earth conform to an uncorrelated white noise sequence. The Wiener-Hopf (WH) equation is constructed to solve the filter and eliminate the correlated components of the seismic records, attenuate multiples, and improve seismic resolution. However, in practice, the primary reflectivity series of field data rarely satisfy the white noise sequence assumption, with the result that the correlated components of the primary reflectivity series are also eliminated by traditional deconvolution. This results in signal distortion. To solve this problem, we have proposed an improved method for deconvolution. First, we estimated the wavelet correlation from seismic records using the spectrum-modeling method. Second, this wavelet autocorrelation was used to construct a new autocorrelation function which contains the correlated components caused by the existence of multiples and avoids the correlated components of the primary reflectivity series. Finally, the new autocorrelation function was brought into the WH equation, and the predictive filter operator was calculated for deconvolution. In this paper, we have applied this new method to simulated and field data processing, and we have compared its performance with that of traditional predictive deconvolution. Our results show that the new method can adapt to non-white reflectivity series without changing the statistical characteristics of the primary reflection coefficient series. Compared with traditional predictive deconvolution, the new method reduces processing noise and improves fidelity, all while maintaining the ability to attenuate multiples and enhance seismic resolution.

As known that the cooling technology is commonly used in the turbine to protect the turbine blade. The mixing and heat transfer between the high pressure cooling air from the compressor and the turbine main flow would cause energy loss, and it will influence the gas turbine cycle performance. However, the existing definitions of the cooled turbine efficiency always take no account of the work which is added to the cooling air to product high pressure in the compressor, thus, the cooling influence on the gas turbine cycle performance cannot be indicated by using the existing cooled turbine efficiency. In this paper, a definition of cycle based comprehensive efficiency for a cooled turbine is presented, in which the work added to the cooling air during its compression process is considered. The existing efficiency definitions are first reviewed, then, the definition of the cooled turbine comprehensive efficiency is presented and validated numerically to show its capacity. Finally, the redesign of a high-pressure turbine is provided. The result shows that the new efficiency can evaluate a cooled turbine performance comprehensively, and can be used as a reliable evaluation criterion for the optimal design of a turbine or a gas turbine cycle.

The hot-rolled yoke steel plate is used in the manufacture of motor rotors for core components of large generators, which is required to ensure high strength and high-precision plate profile, especially the control of the thickness difference. High-precision cross-section control technology from rough rolling to finishing rolling for high-strength yoke steel is designed. First, through the varying contact backup roll technology and optimization of load distribution in the roughing stand, the profile of transfer bar is improved, which provides the basis for the strip shape control in the finishing mills. Secondly, the approximate rectangular section of a hot strip is obtained by high-precision shape setting and control model for finishing rolling, symmetrical variable taper work roll technology and smart shifting technology in the downstream stands. These methods solve the problem that the shape of the high-strength strip is difficult to control, and significantly enhance the shape regulation ability and control accuracy of the hot-rolled yoke. In addition, this technology has been applied to hot rolling mills with remarkable results and economic benefits.

In order to provide an accurate prediction of the flow stress during the thermal deformation process, a physical model is established. In the model, it is assumed that the flow stress is mainly composed of short-range stress and long-range stress. The short-range stress is a friction stress needed to be overcome when dislocations pass short-range obstacles and through the lattice, and the long-range stress is athermal stress caused by the interaction of dislocation substructure. The model is established mainly based on the evolution of dislocation density which is described as a competitive process of work hardening and recovery. Meanwhile, the interaction between vacancies and dislocations is also taken into account. The effect of solutes and precipitation on stress is quantified. In addition, some experiments have been performed using two steels containing different amounts of Nb under various deformation conditions. The experimental results indicate the prediction accuracy of the model is satisfactory.

The hot-rolled strip skin-pass mill is the important technological equipment of finishing process in the hot rolling plant, and its role is to apply a slight thickness reduction of approximately 1% - 4% to the finished products cooled to room temperature to repair flatness defects and improve the surface quality and mechanical properties. In this study, the initial flat roll contours were optimized to solve some problems such as the serious and non-uniform wear of work rolls and the poor shape control abilities of the strip. A three-dimensional rolls–strip coupling model of hot-rolled strip skin-pass mill was established using the nonlinear finite element software ABAQUS. The effects of the roll contours on the contact pressure between rolls and the control effect of bending forces were analyzed, and a variable contact-length backup roll (VCR) contour configured with a positive crown contour for work rolls was proposed. Compared with the initial flat roll contours, the average replacement cycle of work rolls for the optimized roll contours increased from 465.4 tons to 701.3 tons, the non-uniform wear amount was reduced by nearly 15%, and the adjustment ratio of the negative bending forces decreased from -100% to -40% by industrial experiments in the 1580 mm single-stand four-high hot-rolled strip skin-pass mill.

Currently, studies on the association between per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations and the renal function of residents, especially teenagers, living near fluorochemical industrial plants, are relatively rare, and not all these studies suggested associations. In this cross-sectional study, 775 local teenagers (11-15 years old) were included, and serum concentrations of 18 PFAS were measured. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was found to be the dominant PFAS with a concentration of 22.3-3310 ng/mL (mean = 191 ng/mL), accounting for 71.5-99.1% of ΣPFAS. Statistical analyses demonstrated that internal exposure of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA, C8-C10) was related to the plant. In addition, the prevalence rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (35.0%) in the participants was relatively high. A significantly positive association was observed between the increase in PFOA concentration and increasing risk of CKD (OR = 1.741; 95% CI: 1.004, 3.088; p = 0.048) by adjusting for gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and household income. Similar positive correlation was also observed in PFHpA with CKD (OR = 1.628, 95% CI: 1.031, 2.572; p = 0.037). However, no significant correlation was observed for concentrations of other PFAS and CKD (p 0.05). Furthermore, linear regression analyses demonstrated that none of the PFAS concentrations were significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or urine albumin/urine creatinine ratio (ACR) (p 0.05). However, a significantly negative correlation was observed between PFOA concentration and abnormal ACR (β = -0.141, 95% CI: -0.283, 0.001; p = 0.048) after stratifying by CKD. Sensitivity analyses further confirmed these results. This cross-sectional study is the first, to our knowledge, to investigate the association between PFAS concentrations and renal function in teenagers living near a Chinese industrial plant. Further prospective and metabonomic studies are needed to interpret the results and clarify the biological mechanisms underlying this association.

Background Endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a common pathophysiology in valvular calcification (VC) among non‐chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, few studies were investigated in CKD‐induced VC. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was considered to be an important component of EndMT in CKD‐induced cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, determining whether PTH could induce valvular EndMT and elucidating corresponding mechanism involved further study. Methods Performing a 5/6 nephrectomy with a high phosphorus diet was done to construct VC models in rats with CKD. miRNA sequencing was used to ascertain changes in microRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) intervened by PTH. VC was observed by Von Kossa staining and scanning electron microscope. Results PTH induced valvular EndMT in VC. Global microRNA expression profiling of HUVECs was examined in PTH versus the control in vitro, in which miR‐29a‐5p was most notably decreased and was resumed by PTHrP(7‐34) (PTH‐receptor1 inhibitor). Overexpression of miR‐29a‐5p could inhibit PTH‐induced EndMT in vitro and valvular EndMT in vivo. The dual‐luciferase assay verified that γ‐secretase‐activating protein (GASP) served as the target of miR‐29a‐5p. miR‐29a‐5p‐mimics, si‐GSAP and DAPT (γ‐secretase inhibitor) inhibited PTH‐induced γ‐secretase activation, thus blocking Notch1 pathway activation to inhibit EndMT in vitro. Moreover, Notch1 pathway activation was observed in VC. Blocking Notch1 pathway activation via AAV‐miR‐29a and DAPT inhibited valvular EndMT. In addition, blocking Notch1 pathway activation was also shown to alleviate VC. Conclusion PTH activates valvular EndMT via miR‐29a‐5p/GSAP/Notch1 pathway, which can contribute to VC in CKD rats., A model depicting how miR‐29a‐5p regulating VECs EndMT. PTH could trigger a decrease in miR‐29a through PTHR1 of VECs, leading to an increase in GSAP at the protein level. GSAP further activated γ‐secretase to increase the level of NICD in the cytoplasm, which promoted the increase of HES1 and Snail expression in the nucleus to mediate the activation of Notch1 signal and endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) which cause VECs transferring to valvular interstitial cells (VICs).

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease that is regionally distributed in Asia with high fatality. Constructing the transmissibility model of SFTS could help provide clues for the intervention of disease control and fill the gap in the research of the SFTS model.Methods: Based on the Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Symptomatic–Recovered (SEIAR) model and combined with the epidemiological characteristics of SFTS in Jiangsu Province. An SFTS transmission dynamics model was built to evaluate the effect through cutting off the different transmission routes and taking different interventions, to offer clues for disease prevention and control, and filled the gap in research of the SFTS model. Results: For the transmission model of SFTS, the fitting effect of case data and model is great. Meanwhile, cutting off the transmission routes of the environment have the greatest effect on the prevention and control of SFTS, but isolation and shorten the course of the disease did not gain more effect.Conclusions: This study is determined that cutting off the transmission routes from the environment to humans had the greatest effect on SFTS prevention and control.

A simplified configuration of variable stator vanes, which has a uniform hub clearance and a stationary hub surface, is applied to a high-loaded multistage compressor. Comparisons of endwall flow structures are made between the ideal and the simplified configurations. After validating numerical results of the ideal stator configuration with experiment data, the third stator and all stators are modified with the simplified configuration in two separate cases. Flow structures and loss characteristics in the endwall region are investigated numerically in detail at design point. Limited corner separation near the suction side and comparatively strong secondary flow near the pressure side make similar contributions to endwall loss at design point for the baseline configuration, while the shear flow of the blade tip and the endwall boundary layer are regarded as important sources of loss for the modified configuration.