Search

Apatinib, a small-molecule multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is in phase III clinical trial for the treatment of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer and gastric cancer in China. In this study, we determined the effect of apatinib on the interaction of specific antineoplastic compounds with P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2). Our results showed that apatinib significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of ABCB1 or ABCG2 substrate drugs in KBv200, MCF-7/adr, and HEK293/ABCB1 cells overexpressing ABCB1 and in S1-M1-80, MCF-7/FLV1000, and HEK293/ABCG2-R2 cells overexpressing ABCG2 (wild-type). In contrast, apatinib did not alter the cytotoxicity of specific substrates in the parental cells and cells overexpressing ABCC1. Apatinib significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 and doxorubicin in the multidrug resistance (MDR) cells. Furthermore, apatinib significantly inhibited the photoaffinity labeling of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 with [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin in a concentration-dependent manner. The ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 was significantly increased by apatinib. However, apatinib, at a concentration that produced a reversal of MDR, did not significantly alter the ABCB1 or ABCG2 protein or mRNA expression levels or the phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Importantly, apatinib significantly enhanced the effect of paclitaxel against the ABCB1-resistant KBv200 cancer cell xenografts in nude mice. In conclusion, apatinib reverses ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR by inhibiting their transport function, but not by blocking the AKT or ERK1/2 pathway or downregulating ABCB1 or ABCG2 expression. Apatinib may be useful in circumventing MDR to other conventional antineoplastic drugs. Cancer Res; 70(20); 7981–91. ©2010 AACR.

Supplementary Figure 2 from Apatinib (YN968D1) Reverses Multidrug Resistance by Inhibiting the Efflux Function of Multiple ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

Supplementary Figure 1 from Apatinib (YN968D1) Reverses Multidrug Resistance by Inhibiting the Efflux Function of Multiple ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

Supplementary Figure 3 from Apatinib (YN968D1) Reverses Multidrug Resistance by Inhibiting the Efflux Function of Multiple ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

Gloeostereum incarnatum has edible and medicinal value and was first cultivated and domesticated in China. We sequenced the G. incarnatum monokaryotic strain GiC-126 on an Illumina HiSeq X Ten system and obtained a 34.52-Mb genome assembly sequence that encoded 16,895 predicted genes. We combined the GiC-126 genome with the published genome of G. incarnatum strain CCMJ2665 to construct a genetic linkage map (GiC-126 genome) that had 10 linkage groups (LGs), and the 15 assembly sequences of CCMJ2665 were integrated into 8 LGs. We identified 1912 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and detected 700 genes containing 768 SSRs in the genome; 65 and 100 of them were annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways, respectively. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified in 20 fungal genomes and annotated; among them, 144 CAZymes were annotated in the GiC-126 genome. The A mating-type locus (MAT-A) of G. incarnatum was located on scaffold885 at 38.9 cM of LG1 and was flanked by two homeodomain (HD1) genes, mip and beta-fg. Fourteen segregation distortion markers were detected in the genetic linkage map, all of which were skewed toward the parent GiC-126. They formed three segregation distortion regions (SDR1–SDR3), and 22 predictive genes were found in scaffold1920 where three segregation distortion markers were located in SDR1. In this study, we corrected and updated the genomic information of G. incarnatum. Our results will provide a theoretical basis for fine gene mapping, functional gene cloning, and genetic breeding the follow-up of G. incarnatum.

In modern societies, people are more likely to be exposed to technological devices that emit extreme low frequency (ELF

Gloeostereum incarnatum is an edible medicinal mushroom widely grown in China. Using the whole genome of G. incarnatum, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed and synthetic primers were designed to construct its first genetic linkage map. The 1,048.6 cm map is composed of 10 linkage groups and contains 183 SSR markers. In total, 112 genome assembly sequences were anchored, representing 16.43 Mb and covering 46.41% of the genome. Selfing populations were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) targeting, and the composite interval mapping method was used to co-localize the mycelium growth rate (potato dextrose agar and sawdust), growth period, yield and fruiting body length, and width and thickness. The 14 QTLs of agronomic traits had LOD values of 3.20-6.51 and contribution rates of 2.22-13.18%. No linkage relationship was found between the mycelium growth rate and the growth period, but a linkage relationship was observed among the length, width and thickness of the fruiting bodies. Using NCBI's BLAST alignment, the genomic sequences corresponding to the QTL regions were compared, and a TPR-like protein candidate gene was selected. Using whole-genome data, 138 candidate genes were found in four sequence fragments of two SSR markers located in the same scaffold. The genetic map and QTLs established in this study will aid in developing selective markers for agronomic traits and identifying corresponding genes, thereby providing a scientific basis for the further gene mapping of quantitative traits and the marker-assisted selection of functional genes in G. incarnatum breeding programs.

The bat algorithm (BA) is a heuristic algorithm that globally optimizes by simulating the bat echolocation behavior. In order to improve the search performance and further improve the convergence speed and optimization precision of the bat algorithm, an improved algorithm based on chaotic map is introduced, and the improved bat algorithm of Levy flight search strategy and contraction factor is proposed. The optimal chaotic map operator is selected based on the simulation experiments results. Then, a multipopulation parallel bat algorithm based on the island model is proposed. Finally, the typical test functions are used to carry out the simulation experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed improved algorithm can effectively improve the convergence speed and optimization accuracy.

Exposure to environmental electromagnetic fields, especially to the extremely low-frequency (ELF 300 Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) might produce modulation effects on neuronal activity. Long-term changes in synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) involved in learning and memory may have contributions to a number of neurological diseases. However, the modulation effects of ELF-EMFs on LTP are not yet fully understood. In our present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to ELF-EMFs on LTP in hippocampal CA1 region in rats. Hippocampal slices were exposed to magnetic fields generated by sXcELF system with different frequencies (15, 50, and 100 Hz [Hz]), intensities (0.5, 1, and 2 mT [mT]), and duration (10 s [s], 20 s, 40 s, 60 s, and 5 min), then the baseline signal recordings for 20 min and the evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded. We found that the LTP amplitudes decreased after magnetic field exposure, and the LTP amplitudes decreased in proportion to exposure doses and durations, suggesting ELF-EMFs may have dose and duration-dependent inhibition effects. Among multiple exposure duration and doses combinations, upon 5 min magnetic field exposure, 15 Hz/2 mT maximally inhibited LTP. Under 15 Hz/2 mT ELF-EMFs, LTP amplitude decreases in proportion to the length of exposure durations within 5 min time frame. Our findings illustrated the potential effects of ELF-EMFs on synaptic plasticity and will lead to better understanding of the influence on learning and memory.

Purpose: To study the different effects of single- and hybrid-frequency magnetic fields on long-term potentiation (LTP) in synaptic plasticity. Materials and methods: Based on the online electromagnetic field stimulation system and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recording system, we applied four different single- and hybrid-frequency magnetic fields with an intensity of 1 mT to the Schaffer collateral (CA1) pathway of rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Results: The amplitude of fEPSPs decreased significantly under both single- and hybrid-frequency magnetic stimulation. Lower single-frequency magnetic stimulation on LTP had a greater regulating effect, while the regulating effect among four different hybrid-frequency extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) stimulations on LTP showed no significant differences. Conclusion: Single-frequency magnetic stimulation produces more significant regulatory effects, and the lower the frequency, the more significant the regulatory effect. The effect of hybrid-frequency magnetic stimulation in each group was similar, and there was no significant difference between each group. The 15-Hz single-frequency magnetic stimulation group showed the most significant regulatory effect, but once it was mixed with other higher frequency magnetic stimulation, its regulation effect was significantly weakened.

Urinary albumin is an important diagnostic and prognostic marker for cardiorenal disease. Recent studies have shown that elevation of albumin excretion even in normal concentration range is associated with increased cardiorenal risk. Therefore, accurate measurement of urinary albumin in normal concentration range is necessary for clinical diagnosis. In this work, thiourea-functionalized silica nanoparticles are prepared and used for preconcentration of albumin in urine. The adsorbent with the analyte was then used for near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurement directly and partial least squares model was established for quantitative prediction. Forty samples were taken as calibration set for establishing PLS model and 17 samples were used for validation of the method. The correlation coefficient and the root mean squared error of cross validation is 0.9986 and 0.43, respectively. Residual predictive deviation value of the model is as high as 18.8. The recoveries of the 17 validation samples in the concentration range of 3.39–24.39 mg/L are between 95.9%–113.1%. Therefore, the method may provide a candidate method to quantify albumin excretion in urine.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an important aspect of synaptic plasticity and is one of the main mechanisms involved in memory. Low-frequency electromagnetic fields (LF-EMFs) such as transcranial magnetic stimulation are emerging neuromodulation tools for the regulation of LTP. However, whether LF-EMFs have different effects on different types of LTP has not yet been verified. Herein, we studied the regulatory effects of 15 Hz/2 mT sinusoidal magnetic field as pre-magnetic stimulation on several types of LTP, which were induced by theta-burst(TBS) or high-frequency stimulation (HFS) or some combination of them, and applied N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR) antagonists to observe the relationship between the regulation of LTP by LF-EMFs and NMDAR in the Schaffer collateral pathway of rat brain slices in vitro. The results presented in this paper are the performance of TBS and HFS was not exactly the same and the recovery speed of TBS-LTP was faster than HFS-LTP after receiving the regulation of LF-EMFs; moreover, the LTP level was affected by the order of combination and the effect of pre-magnetic stimulation could maintain the entire process of the combined induction experiment, while NMDAR antagonists could not completely offset the influence of LF-EMFs. The memory patterns are diverse, and this study has shown LF-EMFs can regulate LTP such as TBS-LTP and HFS-LTP and can continuously affect multiple LTP induction processes. However, different memory processes may have different performance in the face of LF-EMFs regulation. In terms of the mechanism of LF-EMFs-induced LTP regulation, NMDARs may be involved in the process of LF-EMF regulation of LTP, but are not the only factor.

To determine the expression of Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and analyze the correlation between serum Sema3A and the pathogenesis of RA. The concentration of serum Sema3A and its mRNA expression level were detected in RA patients. The association of serum Sema3A level with clinical and laboratory features of RA were analyzed. Serum Sema3A of 130 RA patients (15.89 ± 8.58 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of 150 HC (6.96 ± 2.62 ng/ml) and 215 patients with other rheumatic diseases (P

With the rapid development of wind power technology and industry, the structural loads become a limiting factor for safe wind turbine operation and wind turbine operation life. In this paper we present a design of dynamic torsional load control and the design are based on fuzzy control. Simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of our design.

Improved structure design has been acknowledged as an effective approach to obtain thermal barrier coating (TBC) with excellent resistance to high-temperature oxidation and spallation. Since ceramic composites can effectively enhance the strength and durability of ceramic components and improve their fracture toughness, it is reasonable to propose that composite structure of TBC should possess improved mechanical properties than its traditional structure with single phase in bond coat and top coat. In this paper, the progress in novel composite TBC developed by the authors’ research group has been summarized, including TBCs with bond coat of ceramic/ceramic and ceramic/noble metal composite coatings which replace the traditional alloy bond coat, and also TBCs with novel composite structure have been studied. It has been investigated that these TBCs exhibit not only excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance, but also excellent resistance to cracking, spallation and buckling under thermal cycling. Such beneficial effects can be attributed to the sealing mechanism of these coatings on oxygen diffusion, the improvement of thermal expansion mismatch and the toughening effects of these composite structures. It would be a growing trend in introducing various composite modes into the traditional thermal barrier coating or developing new composite structure of thermal barrier coating.

This paper presents an experimental study on total heat transfer coefficient (ht) in oscillating heat pipe heat exchanger hot air flow tunnels, ht plays an important role in the oscillating heat pipes design process. In this paper, ht and the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) was investigated by experimentally and theoretical calculation respectively. From experimental study, the relationship between the ratio of heat transfer coefficient and the relative humidity is obtained. The results show that the ratio of ht to h increases from 5 to 20 as the relative humidity of the hot gas increasing from 19.22% to 60%. According to the experimental data, a matched curve and an empirical equation were presented, which can be described as ht=h(1.87783+0.09631x+0.0032x2).

The transmission line is an important part of the power system, its reliability will directly affect the reliability of the power system. The reliability of the overhead line plays a crucial role for the power system reliability. This paper analyze the reasons of the falling of the overhead lines, establish a fault tree, and make qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fault tree.

This paper presents experimental performance of a concentrator photovoltaic thermal (CPV/T) dryer for drying of honeysuckle flowers. The dryer consists of a perspex box structure. Heat for drying is provided by the excess heat of concentrator PV module and one fan powered by this concentrator PV ventilate the dryer. To investigate the experimental performances of the solar dryer for drying of honeysuckle flowers, 2 full scale experimental runs were conducted. Of which one experimental runs were conducted by hot air and the drying air temperature varied from 65°C to 80°C, the drying time was 5 hours. The other t experimental runs were conducted for natural sun drying for comparison, and the drying time was 5 hours too. Experiments were conducted for drying of honeysuckle in the month of June, 2012. Various half hourly experimental data namely moisture evaporated, honeysuckle surface temperatures, ambient air temperature and humidity, etc. were recorded to evaluate heat and mass transfer for the proposed system. The experimental results show that the quality of hot air dried products in terms of color, form, texture, etc. was high-quality dried products.

Intracranial hypotension, especially spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), is a well—recognized entity associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, and has being recognized better in resent years, while still woefully inadequate. An increasing number of factors including iatrogenic factors are realized to involve in development and progression of intracranial hypotension. The diagnosis remains difficult due to the various clinical manifestations, some of which are nonspecific and easily to be neglected. Multiple imaging tests are optional in CSF leakage identification while clinicians are still confronted with difficulties when making selection resulting from superiorities and disadvantages of different imaging tests. Treatments for intracranial hypotension are multifarious but evidence is anecdotal. Values of autologous epidural blood patching (EBP), the mainstay of first-line interventional treatment currently, is getting more and more regards while there are no systematic review of its efficacy and risks. Hereby, the purpose of this review was to reveal the present strategy of intracranial hypotension diagnosis and treatment by reviewing literatures, coupled with our experience in clinical work.

The emulsification ratio of ink has an important effect on ink-transfer performance and printing quality. The UV offset ink of gold and silver cardboard was prepared by three-roll grinder. Ink was emulsified by adding different amounts of water and the ink samples with different emulsification ratio were made. Printability tester was used to proof, test the ink transfer performance, set up Ink transfer equation, confirm the parameters of f’，b and k, and investigate the influence of emulsification ratio on ink-transfer performance. Test the solid density, dot gain and relative contrast value of proofs, analyze the effect of emulsification ratio on printing quality. The research results show that when the ink of plate was large, the amount of ink transfer and the volume of ink on the plate are basic in a linear relationship. When the emulsification ratio of ink is 11.76%, the value b, the solid density and relative contrast value are the biggest. When the emulsification ratio of ink is 6.25%, the value f’ is the biggest. The dot gain is the smallest while the emulsification ratio is 15.67%.

Prepolymer and monomer which are the main components of the UV ink have significant influence on the performance. By changing the proportion of prepolymer and monomer to make the different kinds of UV offset ink samples, the samples’ flow curve, yield stress, curing rate, glossiness, emulsification ratio, solid density and ink transfer rate were tested. And the effects of the proportion of prepolymer and monomer on the performance of UV offset ink were studied. The results show that with the decrease of prepolymer, the viscosity, yield stress and glossiness of the ink were reduce, and the curing rates were more or less the same. The emulsification ratio, solid density and ink transfer rate increased with the decrease of prepolymer.

By means of simplex-centroid experimental design, three prepolymers EB3700，6358H and 6353-1 were used to define the proportion of composite prepolymers and the performances of the samples of UV offset ink with single prepolymer and composite prepolymers such as flow curve, thixotropy crack index, curing rate, glossiness, ink transfer rate and solid density were studied. The research shows that the ink sample with the prepolymer 6358H has higher viscosity and its thixotropy crack index is higher; the ink sample with the prepolymer 6353-1 has higher glossiness; the ink sample with the prepolymer EB3700 has faster curing rate, and its proof’s solid density is higher; the ink sample with the composite prepolymers EB3700 and 6353-1 has higher ink transfer rate. By means of simplex-centroid experimental design, the best proportion of three prepolymers EB3700, 6358H and 6353-1 is1.4:1:1.

Summary What is known and Objectives The serotoninergic receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3 (HTR3) is instrumental in the regulation of nausea and emesis (vomiting).This study investigated whether common genomic variations of the A and B subunits of HTR3 (HTR3A, HTR3B) are associated with the incidence of post-operative vomiting in a Chinese Han population. Methods Two hundred and thirty-one female Chinese Han patients undergoing gynaecological surgery with standardized general anaesthesia were recruited for the study. Clinical symptoms after surgery were recorded and direct DNA sequencing was performed to detect polymorphisms of HTR3A and HTR3B. Results Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HTR3A and HTR3B were found, with R2 > 0·8 and minor allele frequency > 10%. One of these (rs3758987 in HTR3B) was statistically associated with vomiting, after adjusting for body weight, body mass index and duration of general anaesthesia in dominant and additive models (P = 0·047 and P = 0·034). What is new and Conclusion The HTR3B rs3758987 SNP might serve as a predictor of post-operative vomiting in Chinese Han patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.

Sedation for the coblation-assisted upper airway procedure has lacked easy modulation between appropriate pain control and airway protection. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine versus target controlled propofol infusion in providing sedation during a coblation-assisted upper airway procedure.In a prospective, randomized trial, 60 adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome due to undergoing a coblation-assisted upper airway procedure were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine, 1.0 µg/kg over 10 minutes and maintain dosage 0.7 µg×kg(-1)×h(-1) (n=30) or propofol target controlled infusion (n=30). Satisfaction with the analgesia and tolerance of the procedure by the patient, as assessed by a visual analogue scale, were evaluated as primary outcomes. Cardiopulmonary parameters and some side effects were monitored and recorded.Both groups of 30 patients had comparable demographics and initial parameters. Patients in the propofol group reported more pain (P0.05), tolerated the procedure less well (P0.05), and were less satisfied with the different stages of procedure (P0.05 or P0.01). Changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate were more dramatic in the propofol group (P0.05). The dexmedetomidine group experienced fewer airway events and less respiratory depression than did the propofol group.Dexmedetomidine in conjunction with local anesthesia offered better analgesia and conscious sedation for a coblation-assisted upper airway procedure as well as less airway obstruction, apnea and greater haemodynamic stability.

Apatinib, a small-molecule multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is in phase III clinical trial for the treatment of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer and gastric cancer in China. In this study, we determined the effect of apatinib on the interaction of specific antineoplastic compounds with P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2). Our results showed that apatinib significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of ABCB1 or ABCG2 substrate drugs in KBv200, MCF-7/adr, and HEK293/ABCB1 cells overexpressing ABCB1 and in S1-M1-80, MCF-7/FLV1000, and HEK293/ABCG2-R2 cells overexpressing ABCG2 (wild-type). In contrast, apatinib did not alter the cytotoxicity of specific substrates in the parental cells and cells overexpressing ABCC1. Apatinib significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 and doxorubicin in the multidrug resistance (MDR) cells. Furthermore, apatinib significantly inhibited the photoaffinity labeling of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 with [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin in a concentration-dependent manner. The ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 was significantly increased by apatinib. However, apatinib, at a concentration that produced a reversal of MDR, did not significantly alter the ABCB1 or ABCG2 protein or mRNA expression levels or the phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Importantly, apatinib significantly enhanced the effect of paclitaxel against the ABCB1-resistant KBv200 cancer cell xenografts in nude mice. In conclusion, apatinib reverses ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR by inhibiting their transport function, but not by blocking the AKT or ERK1/2 pathway or downregulating ABCB1 or ABCG2 expression. Apatinib may be useful in circumventing MDR to other conventional antineoplastic drugs. Cancer Res; 70(20); 7981–91. ©2010 AACR.

To explore the protective effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES)(130/0.4) against ischemia reperfusion injury of kidney and its impact on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).Forty SD rats underwent resection of the right kidney and clamping of the left renal artery for 60 min to establish renal ischemia reperfusion model, and then were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: Group S, undergoing infusion of normal saline 20 mg/kg 20 min before the reopening of the renal artery, Group W1, undergoing infusion of HES 5 mg/kg 20 min before the reopening of the renal artery, Group W2, undergoing infusion of HES 10 mg/kg, and Group W3, undergoing infusion of normal saline 20 mg/kg. Ten rats underwent sham operation and were used as controls (Group C). 24 h after reperfusion arterial blood samples were collected to detect 6 the levels of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and then the rats were killed with their kidneys taken out to undergo pathological examination and calculation of Paller's score. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).The levels of BUN and Cr of Group S were 152 +/- 22 and 3.17 +/- 1.00 mmol/L respectively, both significantly higher than those of Group C, and the levels of BUN and Cr of Groups W2 and W3 were 99 +/- 23 and 1.82 +/- 0.86 mmol/L and 92 +/- 28 and 1.57 +/- 0.70 mmol/L respectively, all significantly lower than those of Group S (P0. 05 or P0.01). The Paller's scores of W2 and W3 were 33.6 +/- 16.6 and 29.2 +/- 12.3 respectively,both significantly lower that of Group S (43.2 +/- 15. 8, both P0.05). The absorption levels of ICAM-1 of Groups W2 and W3 were 182 +/- 22 and 161 +/- 25 respectively, both significantly lower than that of Group S (212 +/- 32, P0.01).Infusion of 10-20 ml/kg HES (130/0.4) significantly alleviates the ischemia-reperfusion injury, probably by reducing the ICAM-1 expression.

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of impedance pneumography in determining the tube placement during endotracheal intubation.Thirty-six endotracheally-intubated patients for elective operations underwent general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, and then a second identical tube was inserted into the esophagus under laryngoscopic control. The ventilation circuit was then attached either to tracheal or esophageal tube. The tube position was determined by 2 blinded examiners, one experienced and the other inexperienced, using three methods: impedance pneumography, capnography, and auscultation. The order of the tubes tested and the order of the methods used were randomized. The observation results and the time needed to determine were recorded by another assistant.Of the 216 tests conducted, both examiners correctly diagnosed the position of the tube using impedance pneumography and capnography. In the auscultation method there were two false-negative results (with the tracheal tube identified as esophageal) and one false-positive (with the esophageal tube identified as tracheal) by the experienced examiner, while five false-negative results (with the tracheal tube identified as esophageal) and nine false-positive (with the esophageal tube identified as tracheal) by the inexperienced examiner. With the sensitivity and specificity of impedance pneumography as standards (100%), the sensitivity and specificity of the capnography were both 100% too, and the sensitivity and specificity of the auscultation method were 90% and 86% respectively, both significantly lower than those of the other 2 methods (all P0.01). Capnography needed 3.4 s+/-1.3 s and 3.7 s+/-1.4 s to verify tracheal intubation and esophageal intubation respectively, both significantly longer than those of the auscultation methods (1.7 s+/-0.7 s and 2.5 s+/-1.7 s) and impedance pneumography (1.6+/-0.3 and 2.1+/-1.1s, all P0.01). It took less time for impedance pneumography and auscultation to verify the tracheal intubation than to verify esophageal intubation (both P0.01).Impedance pneumography is one of the reliable methods for diagnosing tracheal tube position.