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Promoting the sharing of idle resources to community residents is a potential means to building a low-carbon community. This study examined three communities with different attributes (college/university, middle and high income, and the elderly). An extended hypothesis model was constructed based on the theory of planned behavior. The influencing factors of community residents facing idle resource-sharing services were explored. Based on the equal sampling method, 100 questionnaires were randomly distributed in each community to verify the validity of the hypothesis model. The results show that residents’ attitudes, subjective behavioral norms, perceived behavioral control, service expectations, and environmental motivations positively influence residents’ behavioral intention to share their idle resources. The residents’ service expectations for idle resource-sharing are the most critical. Moreover, in terms of community attributes, its attitudes, subjective behavioral norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence residents’ behavioral intention to share idle resources. Specifically, the attitudes in the middle- and high-income community have opposite effects on residents from the attitudes in the college/university community and the elderly community. The hypothesis model proposed in this study provides a reference for building a low-carbon community from the perspective of residents’ restriction of resource-sharing.

The application of nematicidal microorganisms and their virulence factors provides more opportunities to control root-knot nematodes. Bacillus altitudinis AMCC 1040, previously isolated from suppressive soils, showed significant nematicidal activity, and in this study, nematicidal substances produced by Bacillus altitudinis AMCC 1040 were investigated. The results of the basic properties of active substances showed that these compounds have good thermal stability and passage, are resistant to acidic environment and sensitive to alkaline conditions. Further analysis showed that it is a volatile component. Using HS-SPME-GC/MS, the volatile compounds produced by Bacillus altitudinis AMCC 1040 were identified and grouped into four major categories: ethers, alcohols, ketone, and organic acids, comprising a total of eight molecules. Six of them possess nematicidal activities, including 2,3-butanedione, acetic acid, 2-isopropoxy ethylamine, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid and octanoic acid. Our results further our understanding of the effects of Bacillus altitudinis and its nematicidal metabolites on the management of Meloidogyne incognita and may help to find less toxic nematicides for root knot nematodes control.

The social robotics field has been growing in prominence. Many developed countries have begun to apply such robots in various fields, such as shopping reception, education, home companion, medical care, and security. However, expectations of social robots have also changed. In addition to performing their specific tasks, social robots are also expected to consider users’ emotional needs. Therefore, scholars have begun to explore robots’ social cues in an effort to enhance their role in society and enable them to provide higher-quality services. This study used the robot's voice type, head-light color, and application field as independent variables to discuss the optimal robot social cues for different applications and to provide a reference for future production and research. Education, shopping reception, and home companion applications were selected as the most common areas employing social robots. According to the vocal fundamental frequencies used in related studies, three voice types were included: male, female, and child. The three values for head-light color, namely warm, neutral, and cold colors, were set according to color temperature theory. The robot social attribute scale, with the addition of an acceptance component, was used to evaluate respondent perceptions. Results revealed that male voices provide users with the highest impression of competence, whereas children's voices have the lowest competence. However, results for the warmth component were completely different: in this aspect, children's voices had the highest evaluations and male voices the lowest. For head-light colors, neutral colors had the highest overall acceptance, the highest competence evaluation, and the lowest discomfort. The neutral color's warmth judgment was the same as that of the warm color, and its competence rating was the same as that of the cold color. For home companion robots, we recommend a child’s voice with neutral colors as the first choice, and a child’s voice with warm color as the second option. Because females rejected male voices, male voices are not recommended in home companion. For education and business, a male voice and neutral colors are the first choice. A female voice is also the second option. In cases with less focus on warmth impression but greater emphasis on competence impression, cold colors could be employed.

As the roles of social robots are increasingly diverse, it is important to design the robots according to their application fields and end-users needs. A robot’s voice is a strong social cue, the design of which can influence people’s affective evaluation and acceptance toward robots. The aim of this study is to investigate the affective evaluation of different robot voices in various application fields, and obtained suitable voice types for robots in different application fields. In particular, this study focused on the three applications (i.e., shopping reception, home companion, and education), investigated the effect of voice types (i.e., male, female, child, and synthetic) of social robots on the affective evaluation of users. Principal component analysis identified three latent influencing factors (i.e., social skills, competence and the state of the interaction relationships). Multivariable analysis proved that for overall acceptance, significant interaction effects existed between robots’ voice types and their application fields. For shopping reception robots, the most acceptable voice type is adult male voice and child voice. For home companion robots, the most acceptable robot voice types are adult male and child voices. For education robots, the most acceptable voice types are adult female and male voices. The results of this study are expected to construct design principles for robot voice design in various applications.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different LED colors on leather color shift to prevent misleading purchases. Six light sources consisting of three color temperatures (2700 K, 4000 K, and 6000 K) and two illuminances (750 lux and 1500 lux) were used. Red and brown leathers, common in the luxury goods market, with or without grain, were studied. The colors and patterns resulted in four leather surfaces for a color shift cognition experiment. The results indicated that: (1) Color temperature, illuminance, and leather color significantly affected color shift perception. (2) Two-factor combinations of color temperature and grain as well as color temperature and leather color generated interaction toward color shift. (3) The three-factor combination of color temperature, grain, and leather color also generated interaction toward color shift. The criticalness of factors affecting leather color shift was such that leather color > color temperature > illuminance > grain. The results can serve as references for the luxury goods and fashion industry in the management of retail display illumination and for color control of leather products under different illumination environments, thereby promoting the sustainability of leather product consumption.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between semaphorin 7a expression and cell proliferation and migration in pterygium fibroblasts. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with surgically diagnosed pterygium were enrolled, including 15 cases of primary pterygium and 11 cases of recurrent pterygium. In addition, 12 cases of normal conjunctival tissue were collected. The expression of semaphorin 7a in normal conjunctival tissue, primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Recurrent pterygium fibroblasts were isolated and cultured, and the expression of semaphorin 7a was silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference technique. Furthermore, the effects of si-semaphorin 7a interference on the mRNA and protein levels of β1-integrin, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and on fibroblast proliferation were analyzed. Transwell assay was used to detect the effect of semaphorin 7a interference on fibroblast migration. RESULTS: Semaphorin 7a was highly expressed in the primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium samples than that of the normal conjunctival tissue. Compared with the primary pterygium, the expression of semaphoring 7a in the recurrent pterygium samples was significantly increased (P

The limits of anthropomorphism in robots and how to successfully implement anthropomorphism are discussed in this study. Through a review of previous studies, we sorted through the discussion and controversy points of verbal and nonverbal cues for anthropomorphism. Open questions regarding robot design-related issues were proposed. Firstly, balancing the relationship between humans, application tasks, and robots should be the focus of future research. Secondly, consistency between verbal and nonverbal communication cues of humanoid robots is necessary, and the restricted relationship between these cues should be noted and further investigated.

In considering the changing world, the authors of the Integrated Science: Science without Borders were asked how you would see the future of your field 30 years later. The present chapter publishes authors’ views on this subject in 2050. Authors have integrated science into the person, thinking of complex problems, artificial intelligence, management under changing conditions, and a sustainable future.

Objetivos: Este artículo estudia principalmente las políticas de población (que comprenden la política de cambio demográfico y la política de planificación familiar, así como la política de cambio social; política de registro de hogares) y las cuestiones sociales relacionadas en China. Metodología: Se ha empleado el método de análisis bibliográfico para estudiar su dinámica. Conclusiones: La política de fertilidad sigue el proceso de; “Período sin política de planificación familiar - Período principal para la política de planificación familiar - Política de un solo hijo - Período de diversificación de la fecundidad"; mientras que la política de registro de hogares fue testigo de un proceso de “Período de migración administrativa - Reforma y el período de apertura - Período de desarrollo estable - Período de desarrollo rápido". Aunque estas políticas controlan el rápido desarrollo de la población y mejoran sus niveles de vida de manera efectiva, se produjeron algunos problemas sociales: problemas de envejecimiento, desequilibrio de género y ancianos/niños abandonados, etc. Originalidad: El análisis de la evolución de las políticas de población en China podría ayudar a comprender sus nuevas características a fin de formular un plan de ajuste de la población. Mientras tanto, los problemas sociales generados pueden contribuir a predecir la orientación posible de las políticas de población y promover un desarrollo poblacional equilibrado a largo plazo. Objectius: Aquest article estudia principalment les polítiques de població (que comprenen la política de canvi demogràfic i la política de planificació familiar, així com la política de canvi social; política de registre de llars) i les qüestions socials relacionades a la Xina. Metodologia: S'ha emprat el mètode d'anàlisi bibliogràfic per estudiar la seva dinàmica. Conclusions: La política de fertilitat segueix el procés de; “Període sense política de planificació familiar - Període principal per a la política de planificació familiar - Política d'un sol fill - Període de diversificació de la fecunditat”, mentre que la política de registre de llars va ser testimoni d'un procés de “Període de migració administrativa - Reforma i el període d'obertura - període de desenvolupament estable - període de desenvolupament ràpid”. Encara que aquestes polítiques controlen el ràpid desenvolupament de la població i milloren els seus nivells de vida de manera efectiva, es van produir alguns problemes socials: problemes d'envelliment, desequilibri de gènere i ancians/nens abandonats, etc. Originalitat: L'anàlisi de l'evolució de les polítiques de població a la Xina podria ajudar a comprendre les seves noves característiques per tal de formular un pla d'ajust de la població. Mentrestant, els problemes socials generats poden contribuir a predir l'orientació possible de les polítiques de població i promoure un desenvolupament poblacional equilibrat a llarg termini. Objectives: This article mainly concludes the population policies (which contain both the demographic change policy (the family planning policy) and social change policy (the household registration policy)) and related social issues in China. Methodology: Bibliographical method has been employed to trace their dynamics. Conclusions: In fact, the fertility policy follows the process of “Period without family planning policy- Primary period for family planning policy- One-child policy- Period of fertility diversification”; while the household registration policy witnessed a process of “Administrative migration period- Reform and the opening-up period- Stable development period-Rapid development period”. Even though these policies control the rapid development of the population and improve their living standards effectively, some social problems occurred: aging problem, gender imbalance and left-behind elders/children etc. Originality: Analysing the evolution of population policies in China could help to understand their new characteristics so as to formulate a population adjustment plan. Meanwhile, the generated social problems are able to contribute to predicting the possible orientation of population policies and promote a long-term balanced population development.

Yeast, bacterial, and mold strains in different stages during the daqubased production of Luzhou-flavored liquor were isolated and identified by analyzing the 26S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and internal trans...

Service robots are starting to become part of work life in many sectors including shopping, education, and companion. Previous studies in HRI have found that a number of aspects of robots, e.g. appearances, facial expression, voice, gesture can be manipulated to enhance robot’s service quality and interactive experiences. Among various social traits, the personality has been considered to be important to interpersonal relationship and human-robot interaction. The objective of this paper is to examine what personalities may be perceived by controlling robots’ voice and gesture. Kansei evaluation method was employed because of its flexibility and suitability with the purpose of studying the affective and emotional feedbacks about the robot personality from the customers. The results showed that the robot with children voice was more likely to be perceived having extroverted, passionate, relaxed personalities. Regarding to gesture types, the robots using gestures that contain specific information would be perceived to be more extroverted and more easily to be accepted by users during the conversation.

To confirm the most correct method between different analysis methods used in the activity analysis of glucoamylase of Koji, the analysis result by several methods used commonly were compared in this study. It is showed that results were quite different between different measurement methods. Glucoamylase activity in Koji by white spirit method was 36~200 u/g; it was 144.98~318.95 u/g by the method of national standard of China (GB), it was 26.96~146.67 u/g by the DSN method, it was 392.04~419 u/g by Japanese Sake Koji analysis method. It was particularly evident in the sample amount for GB; results by enzymes extraction at 30°C were greater than that at 40°C. By different enzyme extraction methods, the result show that, the activity with the extraction method in sake was greater than that with other two extraction methods of GB and DSN. By different measurement methods, but using same extraction method, the result show measurement methods in several assays had some adaptability. In shortly, glucoamylase activity by the method used in Sake was the most stable, best embodying. Activity of glucoamylase by the extraction method (by dialysis), measuring with DNS measurement method, the results were relatively stable, closest to it.

Commercially available Sichuan Xiaoqu Liquor of Chongqing Jiangjin, Chongqing Yongchuan, Sichuan Kaijiang, Sichuan Zigong were studied in this experiment. Gas Chromatography (GC) with direct injection was used for analysis on main aromatic components i.g., fusel oil (advanced alcohol), ethyl acetate, etc. The results showed that chromatogram with the similar peaks and kinds of aromatic components in four samples. And the highest among all aromatic components in Xiaoqu Liquor samples of Chongqing Jiangjin, Chongqing Yongchuan, Sichuan Kaijiang were isoamyl alcohol. The concentrations in these saples were 99.53 mg/100 mL, 117.01 mg/100 mL, 77.21 mg/100 mL, respectively. But the highest in the liquor of Sichuan Zigong was the ethyl acetate, mass concentration was up to 208.08 mg/100 mL. Isoamyl alcohol and normal propyl alcohol had close quantity relative ratio relationships in four samples, the ratio respectively were 1.0, 1.2, 1.1, 1.5, isoamyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol ratio were 2.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4, respectively. Special ratio relationships among fusel oil can be used as a sign of Sichuan Xiaoqu Liquor. The main aromatic components of recovery test results was 82.09-116.53%, Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) was 1.23-6.88%. The method had fine accuracy and precision and suitable for quantitative analysis of aromatic constituents of Sichuan Xiaoqu Liquor.

In this study, the effects of low temperature on the quality of 11 kinds of curciferae vegetables cultivated in autumn with different sowing date in Niigata of Japan was studied by evaluating the ascorbic acid, nitrate nitrogen and sugar content. The results showed that vegetables sown at Oct. 28 tended to higher sugar concentration, higher ascorbic acid content and lower nitrate nitrogen content in their leaves than that sown at the date of Sep. 7 and 28. It is indicated that changing the sowing date can improve the quality of vegetable by the low air temperature. The results also showed that it is possible to cultivated vegetables in autumn in Niigata prefecture of Japan, especially for chingensai and serihon.

In this paper, taking the scene design in gothic style for Alice: Madness Return and the scene design in surrealism for Samorost 1-3 for examples, authors analyze the stylized tendency of scene design in digital game. The stylized game scene design sends out avant-garde design thinking, which provides infinite creative potential and aesthetic view to the game design, and which makes the game scene design presents an aesthetic concept with rich individual characters and cultural accumulation.

The catalytic effects of Zn on the release of the gaseous products during pyrolysis of Shenhua lignite was investigated by using a fixed-bed quartz reactor. The product gas compositions from the coal pyrolysis were analyzed by a gas chromatography (GC). Experimental results show that Zn had noticeable catalytic effects on lignite pyrolysis. With the increase in Zn content, lignite weight loss increases during pyrolysis. However, there was an optimum content for amount Zn into the coal. Pyrolysis temperature had a great impact on the composition of pyrolysis gas. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, char yield decreased and gas yield increased. There existed a temperature that tar yield reached its maximum value.

The catalytic effects of Zn on the yield of the gaseous products during steam gasification of lignite char were investigated by using a fixed-bed reactor. The gas composition was measured using a gas chromatography (GC). The experimental results show that Zn has catalytic effects on steam gasification and increased the yield of H2. There was an optimum content of Zn implanted into the coal above which zinc does not show further catalytic activity.

Selected reducing agents were applied to cotton knitting dyeing with C.I. sulfur black 1, and followed by acid cellulase treatment. The K/S value, fuzz removal rate, sulphurs content of fabric and COD value of the residues was measured to evaluate the cellulase performance. The results show that minimum sulphur content detected when glucose was used as reducing agent, which exhibited maximum fuzz removal, whereas maximum sulphur content detected when sodium sulfide was used as reducing agent, which gave minimum fuzz removal. It is concludes that ecological sulfur black dyeing with sulphur-free reducing agent could decline the suphur content in the fabric and promote cellulase performance.

To attract customers and increase market opportunities, retailers frequently use lighting to highlight the color of their products. However, differences between perceived and actual color, triggered by display lighting, can motivate buyers to discard products after purchase. Few studies have been reported on differences in perceived color, caused by LEDs. This study focuses on two correlated color temperatures (2800 K, 4000 K) and illuminance levels (500 lx, 1500 lx) to create four LED-lit environments, and measures the differences in the color perceived by 20 observers on acrylonitrile&ndash, butadiene&ndash, styrene (ABS) plastics, with different surfaces, under these four environments. The results reveal that correlated color temperature results in larger perceived differences in color than illuminance, and the effects of LED light sources on green and yellow ABS plastic products are more obvious than their effects on red and blue products. One possible reason for this can be attributed to the visual sensitivity effect of human eyes. The results of this study can serve as a reference for designers fabricating ABS plastic products for practical lighting applications, and improving the role of LED lighting in sustainable development.

This paper introduces the definition of ottoman stitch in details, provides some fabric panels of ottoman and describes the appearance of fabric structure. In addition, the knitting method and technology design for whole-ottoman and part-ottoman in Knit CAD are introduced and analyzed respectively. Finally, some typical examples for application of ottoman on sweater design are enumerated, which can enlarge and enrich the fields of sweater design.

The development of flue gas desulphurization technologies and the control and reduction of SO2 pollution from coal combustion have become a hot research topic due to environmental concerns. Carbonaceous and carbon supported desulfurizing sorbents have highly porous structures, large specific surface area and low production costs and can be widely used as desulfurizer. This paper provides a comprehensive review of carbonaceous and carbon-based desulfurizing sorbents, including active components, compositions of raw gas and effects of process operation conditions. It can be concluded that the use of char supported metal desulfurizing sorbents for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gas is a promising technology. Different aspects of applications of carbonaceous and carbon-supported desulfurization sorbents are discussed in detail.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the R&D status and advances of the cleaning of hydrogen sulfide from coal gas streams using zinc-based sorbents including ZnO, ZnFe2O4, Zn2TiO4 and supported zinc-based sorbents. The characteristics of single oxides sorbents, complex zinc-base sorbents and supported zinc-based sorbents are compared, including the preparation processes,desulfurization behavior and desulfurization precision, etc. Supported zinc-based sorbents are regarded as prospective sorbents in industrial applications due to their better desulfuization precision and regeneration properties. Char supported zinc-based sorbents have good performance during desulfurization at medium temperatures.

Reject water generated from sludge thickening, dewatering and stabilization process contains high-content and complex dissolved organic matters (DOM). The spectral characteristics of DOM in the reject water were investigated by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Fluorescent DOM (FDOM) from reject water were decomposed into six components by parallel factor analysis, the protein-like C1 (275/355 nm), C4 (235/350 nm) and C6 (275/305 nm) and the humic-like C2 (250, 340/440 nm) , C3 (320/380 nm) and CS (250/465 nm). Soluble COD in the sludge thickening reject water was positively correlated with all the three humic-like substances at P0.01 level, and was insignificantly influenced by protein-like substances. The tryptophan-like C1, C4 and humic-like CS increased in the centrifugal dewatering reject water (CDRW). FDOM in the advanced dewatering reject water (ADRW) were significantly different from those of other reject water in fluorescence peak locations and intensities, and humic-like C3 and tyrosine-like C6 in the DOM were 15.63 and 7.30 times higher than those in CDRW. Compared to sludge thickening reject water, infrared peaks related to polysaccharide and humic substances in CDRW were enhanced and massive proteins were released into ADRW. DOM structures in ADRW were changed owing to the complexation between metals and both humic substances and proteins.

The effect of mobile phase composition (CH3OH/H2O) on the retention of solutes in RPLC was investigated by the molecular dynamics simulation method. A molecular model consisting of silica surface, solvent molecules, and a solute molecule was constructed. The conformation and the mobility of C18 ligands were characterized by the relative number density profiles of ligands, C1‐to‐C18 length distribution profiles, and the average mean squared displacement(MSD) of carbon atoms of ligands, respectively. The difference in all profiles due to a change in mobile phase composition is observed clearly, and the facts accord well with other spectroscopic and chromatographic data. The relative number density profiles of methanol and water molecules were constructed to characterize the distribution of solvent molecules around C18 ligands at each composition. With the increase of methanol content in the mobile phase, solvent molecules penetrate into the bonded phase, which shows the different solvation of the b...

Nitrogen source is one of the important factors that affect the microalgae growth and lipid accumulation. We studied the effects of various nitrogen sources (i.e. NaNO3, CO(NH2)2, NH4Cl and CH3COONH4) and amount on the growth density, lipid yield, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of Nannochloropsis oculata by single factor experimental method. The results show that N. oculata preferred NH4+ as nitrogen source rather than NO3- and CO(NH2)2. NH4+ could promote the growth and lipid accumulation of N. oculata. With the increase of nitrogen concentration, the biomass and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) increased, but the content of lipid decreased. CH3COONH4 was the most suitable for growth, accumulation of lipid and EPA of N. oculata among the four investigated nitrogen sources. The optimal concentration was 5.29 mmol/L.

Under the background of global economy, urban growth considering the city center as basic development point has expanded all around the world, small cities began to expand outside as big cities and metropolitans. At the same time, population migration has become more and more popular. People try to move to other regions for jobs and opportunities. Sustainable, high-speed, ultra-conventional development of the social economy accelerated China's urbanization, most of Chinese cities witnessed rapid development period with the characteristic of urban expansion and population migration. These gradually increased built-up areas offered spaces for population and the development of industries and offices. In turn, growth of the population and social economy promoted the extension of the city areas, and migration has become the most important factor for population growth. As a result, we can put forward the hypothesis that population migration is essential for urban expansion, and vice versa, they are in close contact with each other. The main purpose of this article is taking Shanghai for example to investigate the inside relationship between population migration and urban expansion in order to determine the right way for urban development and try to find out some ideas and suggestions for strengthening the managements of floating population and help the governments for better population policies. These can help to master the substance for the city development and lay the function for the harmonious development of cities and population. In this thesis, I summarized and generalized the theories and models of population migration and urban expansion as well as some articles relating to the connections between them to get extended models and theories. In order to analyze their relationships, it is better to understand historical evolution of migration and expansion process of Shanghai first. Shanghai has experienced tortuous processes of urban expansion since 1949. Generally, Shanghai can be counted as a in-migrated city, and based on the same social backgrounds and urban development policies as urban expansion, the migration of Shanghai can be divided into several periods: the fluctuated twenty years, abnormal period with lower level of migratory activity and a dominance of outmigration and prosperous development. Using the theories and models before to research qualitatively and quantitatively on their relationships and connections, it is helpful in determining rational size for the urban expansion for a city and making policies and managements for the population migration which can feedback for the promotion of the development of the theories and models.

Novel methanocarba adenosine analogues, having the pseudo-ribose northern (N) conformation preferred at adenosine receptors (ARs), were synthesized and tested in binding assays. The 5'-uronamide modification preserved [N6-(3-iodobenzyl)] or enhanced (N6-methyl) affinity at A3ARs, while the 2'-deoxy modification reduced affinity and efficacy in a functional assay.

Hollow porous micro/nanostructures with high surface area and shell permeability have attracted tremendous attention. Particularly, the synthesis and structural tailoring of diverse hollow porous materials is regarded as a crucial step toward the realization of high-performance electrode materials, which has several advantages including a large contact area with electrolyte, a superior structural stability, and a short transport path for Li(+) ions. Meanwhile, owing to the inexpensive, abundant, environmentally benign, and renewable biological resources provided by nature, great efforts have been devoted to understand and practice the biotemplating technology, which has been considered as an effective strategy to achieve morphology-controllable materials with structural specialty, complexity, and related unique properties. Herein, we are inspired by the natural microalgae with its special features (easy availability, biological activity, and carbon sources) to develop a green and facile biotemplating method to fabricate monodisperse MnO/C microspheres for lithium-ion batteries. Due to the unique hollow porous structure in which MnO nanoparticles were tightly embedded into a porous carbon matrix and form a penetrative shell, MnO/C microspheres exhibited high reversible specific capacity of 700 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1), excellent cycling stability with 94% capacity retention, and enhanced rate performance of 230 mAh g(-1) at 3 A g(-1). This green, sustainable, and economical strategy will extend the scope of biotemplating synthesis for exploring other functional materials in various structure-dependent applications such as catalysis, gas sensing, and energy storage.